大口径光学平面的子孔径拼接检验研究

研究了检测大口径光学平面的子孔径拼接法。通过采用最小二乘法对相邻两个子孔径重叠区域的数据进行分析,获得了子孔径之间的拼接参量,得到了被检验镜面的整体面形信息。编制了拼接检验的计算程序,并完成了原理性实验。采用一台口径为100mm的移相干涉仪检测了两个样品,给出了拼接检测与全口径检测的对比结果。样品的口径分别为100mm和91mm。对比检测结果表明,拼接检测与直接检测两种方法的RMS之差小于5nm。     

Vapour and plasma ignition thresholds for visible pulsed-laser ablation of metallic targets

The coupling of visible nanosecond laser pulses to metallic targets irradiated in vacuum is studied. The expressions of the vapour and plasma ignition times are obtained. Two cases for vapour breakdown in the plasma ignition process are considered. The first case is that 40 generations of new electrons are born in vapour generation time before plasma formation as assumed in the literature. The second case is that 10 generations of new electrons are born in vapour generation time. Molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb) and aluminium (Al) targets are considered for illustrations of our results. The expression of the plasma ignition time for the Al target is substantially different from that reported in the literature. The vapour and plasma ignition threshold laser intensities are calculated and compared with those reported in the literature. Reasons for disagreement are discussed. The plasma ignition threshold estimated in the second case is noted to be in good agreement with the reported experimental result.     

Multiple-quantum polarization-transfer coherence pathways in liquids

Polarization-transfer processes in liquid-state NMR are discussed in terms of a simplified operator formalism. The operator model is introduced and the various transformation rules are tabulated. The idea of a coherence pathway is also introduced and the various coherence pathways for the SPT, INEPT, and DEPT polarization-transfer experiments are discussed briefly. The bulk of the paper is devoted to the POMMIE family of pulse sequences and a detailed analysis is made of the extensive phase cycling possible with this pulse train. General expressions are derived for the signal acquired as the phase of the various pulses is changed. Subspectral editing using the POMMIE procedure is discussed in detail and it is shown to be superior to all other polarization-transfer techniques. Edited proton-decoupled carbon-13 spectra of cholesterol are generated using the POMMIE procedure.     

Gauge quantization for spin-32 fields

The free massless Rarita-Schwinger equation and a recently constructed interacting field theory known as supergravity are invariant under fermionic gauge transformations. Gauge field quantization techniques are applied in both cases. For the free field the Faddeev-Popov ansatz for the generating functional is justified by showing that it is equivalent to canonical quantization in a particular gauge. Propagators are obtained in several gauges and are shown to be ghost-free and causal. For supergravity the Faddeev-Popov ansatz is presented and the gauge fixing and determinant terms are discussed in detail in a Lorentz covariant gauge. The Slavnov-Taylor identity is obtained. It is argued that supergravity theory is free from the difficulty of acausal wave propagation of the type found by Velo and Zwanziger and that pole residues in tree approximation S-matrix elements are positive as required by unitarity.     

Nonlinear free vibrations of beams in space due to internal resonance

The geometrically nonlinear free vibrations of beams with rectangular cross section are investigated using a p-version finite element method. The beams may vibrate in space, hence they may experience longitudinal, torsional and non-planar bending deformations. The model is based on Timoshenko’s theory for bending and assumes that, under torsion, the cross section rotates as a rigid body and is free to warp in the longitudinal direction, as in Saint-Venant’s theory. The geometrical nonlinearity is taken into account by considering Green’s nonlinear strain tensor. Isotropic and elastic beams are investigated and generalised Hooke’s law is used. The equation of motion is derived by the principle of virtual work. Mostly clamped–clamped beams are investigated, although other boundary conditions are considered for validation purposes. Employing the harmonic balance method, the differential equations of motion are converted into a nonlinear algebraic form and then solved by a continuation method. One constant term, odd and even harmonics are assumed in the Fourier series and convergence with the number of harmonics is analysed. The variation of the amplitude of vibration with the frequency of vibration is determined and presented in the form of backbone curves. Coupling between modes is investigated, internal resonances are found and the ensuing multimodal oscillations are described. Some of the couplings discovered lead from planar oscillations to oscillations in the three dimensional space.     

Intensity streamlines and vorticity streamlines in three-dimensional sound fields

The properties of intensity streamlines and vorticity streamlines are discussed in this paper. It is found that the properties in three-dimensional sound fields are different from the properties in two-dimensional sound fields. The integral behavior of intensity streamlines is that the beginning and the end are attached to a sound source surface or that the beginning is on the sound source surface and the end extends into the infinite. For the vorticity streamlines, the integral behavior is that it is a closed curve or that the beginning and the end are attached to the sound source surface. Three examples are given for intensity and vorticity streamlines.     

光交叉连接结构的分类和推演

光交叉连接(OXC)是波分复用(WDM)全光网的核心节点技术,其结构直接决定了其性能,严格无阻塞是最根本的要求.对于已经提出的多种多样的OXC结构,本文归纳出四种最基本的无阻塞结构,在此基础上具体推演分析其它OXC结构,这样便清晰地论证了OXC结构的阻塞性.对部分阻塞结构提出了消除阻塞的修正方法.     

Equivalent circuits and directivity patterns of air-coupled ultrasonic transducers

Air-coupled transducers for producing ultrasonic radiation in gases are studied. The transducer consists of a circular thin plate in flexural vibration and a sandwich longitudinal electromechanical vibrator that is attached to the center of the plate. The lowest-order axially symmetric flexural vibrational mode of a circular thin plate is analyzed. The equivalent circuits of the circular plate in flexural vibration and the compound transducer are presented and the frequency equation is derived. The radiated ultrasonic field of the circular thin plate in flexural vibration is calculated and the directivity pattern is obtained theoretically. Some transducers of this type are designed according to the frequency equation, and their resonance frequencies are measured. The measured resonance frequencies are in good agreement with the theoretical results, and the calculated radiation ultrasonic field is also in good agreement with the measured results of a previous work.     

Classification in bifurcation theory and reaction-diffusion systems

The fundamental open problem in bifurcation theory is to determine when linearization and construction are valid. This problem and the problem of matching a critical exponent with a bifurcation point are solved through the application of selection rules. Selection rules are also central for a classification theory which is a natural extension of the above problems. Solutions are classified by four equivalence relations differing in their coarseness. Canonical function bases and bifurcation points are studied. The direction of increased vanishing of integrals involved in existence theorems correspond to various interesting similar order relations, for example to increased phase symmetry and decreased solution symmetry. The symmetries of physical and phase spaces are correlated and the closure of the solutions under the symmetry group is shown and analyzed. The common group theoretical basis for equilibrium and nonequilibrium transitions is emphasized throughout. Thus in both settings the same selection rules determine if the transition is continuous or discontinuous. A theory of symmetry breaking for nonequilibrium-bifurcation systems is described. After discussion of stability and jumps, the theory and the history of potentials in chemical systems far from equilibrium are reviewed from the mathematical, thermodynamic and catastrophe theory points of view. Implications to biological control, morphogenesis and pattern formation are briefly indicated. Throughout, reaction-diffusion is of central importance and it also serves as a carrier for the general ideas in bifurcation theory .     

沟槽型发射极SiGe异质结双极化晶体管新结构研究

提出了一种沟槽型发射极SiGe异质结双极化晶体管新结构. 详细分析了新结构中沟槽型发射极的引入对器件性能的影响,并对其机理进行研究. 新型发射极结构通过改变发射极电流路径使电阻分区并联,在不增大结电容的前提下,有效减小发射极电阻,提高器件的频率特性. 结果表明,新结构器件的截止频率和最大振荡频率分别增加至100.2 GHz和134.4 GHz,更重要的是沟槽型发射极结构的引入,在提高器件频率特性的同时,不会降低器件的电流增益,也不会增加结电容,很好实现了频率特性、电流增益和结电容之间的折中. 对沟槽型发射极进行优化设计,改变侧墙高度和侧墙宽度. 沟槽型发射极电阻不受侧墙高度改变的影响,频率性能不变;侧墙宽度增加,频率性能降低. 关键词： SiGe 异质结双极化晶体管 沟槽型发射极 发射极电阻     

Critical comments on the discussion about tachyonic causal paradoxes and on the concept of superluminal reference frame

The discussions of the tachyonic causal paradoxes and the concept of superluminal reference frame are criticized. The essence of the construction of the known paradoxes is revealed. Some possibilities of eliminating these paradoxes without contradicting the theory of relativity, are discussed. The tachyonic causal loop in an arbitrarily dimensional flat space-time is formally defined. The logical relations between assumptions on existence (or nonexistence) of the tachyonic causal loops and of inertial reference frames preferred in the tachyon kinematics are given. Such frames are not preferred in relation to bradyons and luxons, and maybe are not preferred in the dynamics of the tachyons. The theorem is proved which shows that the discussion on the tachyonic causal loops concerns also the preferred frames. The operational definitions of spacelike, timelike, and null vectors are given. It is shown that superluminal transformations and reference frames do not exist inside the theory of relativity. It is also shown that the so-called superluminal Lorentz transformations are not in fact transformations but mappings. It is concluded that the existence of tachyonic phenomena is not contradictory to the theory of relativity, while the concept of usual superluminal reference frame is contradictory to that theory.     

Anomalies of radiation absorption and superluminal propagation of light: I. An isotropic layer

The features of superluminal propagation of light through an isotropic layer are investigated and the group velocity is calculated. Multilayer systems providing superluminal propagation of light over large distances with compensation of losses upon light transmission through the system are considered. The situations in which the propagation speed of a light pulse decreases or in which it is equal to zero are also investigated. The features of radiation absorption in a thin isotropic layer are considered. The effects of anomalously high and anomalously low absorption are found. It is shown that these effects are caused by an increase (decrease) in the density of light energy in the layer and by changes in the group velocity. The possibility of experimental observation of the effects discovered is discussed.     

基于偏振成像技术的目标探测研究进展及分析

简述了利用偏振成像技术进行目标探测的物理特性,介绍了偏振成像技术的应用优点,概括分析了我国利用偏振成像技术进行目标探测的发展状况,指出了发展中存在的问题,叙述了国外在该研究方向所取得的主要成就。总结分析了基于偏振成像技术的目标探测的研究进展,并对其未来发展方向进行了展望。     

Investigation of the influence of molecule deformation on the dynamics and collective excitation spectra in nematic liquid crystals

The generalization of dynamic equations in uniaxial and biaxial nematic liquid crystals is obtained yielding an approach accounting for the deformation of structural elements of these media. Collective excitation spectra are calculated and their angular dependence is established. The possibility of propagation of one, two, and three acoustic waves in nematics is predicted, and extreme angular characteristics of these waves are elucidated. Results of investigation are compared with available experimental data and satisfactory agreement between them is demonstrated. Low-frequency asymptotics of two-time Green’s functions of uniaxial nematics are calculated. It is found that their structure depends essentially on the character of spatial anisotropy of the considered condensed medium and the shape of molecules. Polarization specific features of acoustic waves in uniaxial nematics are studied. It is shown that the first and second sounds are the superposition of the longitudinal and transverse components. The ratio of amplitudes of these components as a function of angle between the wave vector and the anisotropy axis is established.     

Recoil corrections to elastic electron scattering in the Breit approximation

Recoil corrections to the cross sections for elastic electron scattering from spin-0 nuclei are investigated in the Breit approximation. The form of the scattering amplitude in first- and second-Born approximation is investigated in detail using time-dependent perturbation theory, and it is found that the center-of-mass (CM) frame is particularly convenient to work in. Transformation equations relating the lab and CM frames are developed. Those parts of the second-Born amplitude which correspond to the Breit amplitude are isolated, and the Breit equation with the electromagnetic Breit interaction is investigated in detail. Corrections to the scattering cross sections which are inversely proportional to the nucleus mass (recoil corrections) are calculated. Numerical results are presented for the particular case of ¹⁶O.     

Angle Compensation and Asymmetry Effect of Light Diffracted by Millimeter Liquid Surface Slosh Wave

The angle compensation method is adopted to detect sloshing waves by laser diffraction,in the case that the wavelength of the sloshing waves is much greater than that of the incident light.The clear diffraction pattern is observed to be of asymmetry,involving orders,position and interval of the diffraction spots that are discovered during the light grazing incidence.It is found that the larger the angle of incidence is,the more obvious the asymmetry is.The higher the negative diffraction orders are,the smaller the intervals between spots are.On the contrary,in the positive region,the higher the diffraction orders are,the larger the spot intervals are.The positive interval is larger than that of the same negative diffraction order.If the incident angle reaches 1.558 rad in the experiment,all positive diffraction orders completely vanish.Based on the mechanism of phase modulation and with the Fourier transform method,the relations between the incident angle and position,interval spaces,and orders of diffraction spots are derived theoretically.The theoretical calculations are compared with the experimental data,and the comparison shows that the theoretical calculations are in good agreement with the experimental measurement.     

Nd-Glass laser with plasma mirror

A high power pulse Nd-glass laser system with plasma mirror is studied. Plasma is created on the surface of a solid target and the action is superradiantly triggered. Long trains of modelocked pulses are generated if the carbon or metal targets are used and Q-switched pulses are observed with dielectric targets like PVC. Tens of joules of light energy are extracted from the laser medium and absorbed by plasma in both regimes. Spatial and temporal structures of the laser beam are very reproducible, the laser action is insensitive to variations in air pressure inside the target chamber. Stimulated Brillouin back-scattering in the underdense plasma is discussed as the nonlinear mechanism governing the plasma reflectivity.     

Analysis of the Hamiltonian formulations of linearized general relativity

The different forms of the Hamiltonian formulations of linearized General Relativity/spin-2 theories are discussed in order to show their similarities and differences. It is demonstrated that in the linear model, non-covariant modifications to the initial covariant Lagrangian (similar to those modifications used in full gravity) are in fact unnecessary. The Hamiltonians and the constraints are different in these two formulations but the structure of the constraint algebra and the gauge invariance derived from it are the same. It is shown that these equivalent Hamiltonian formulations are related to each other by a canonical transformation, which is explicitly given. The relevance of these results to the full theory of General Relativity is briefly discussed.     

光学元件损伤在线检测中的图像处理

 利用在传统的边缘提取方法上加入灰度抑制,并在梯度计算中考虑每个像素与周围8个邻域的关系的图像处理方法,解决了在线检测中被检测元件以布儒斯特角放置、元件片数较多、CCD所采集的损伤图像噪声成分复杂等造成的像质较差的图像处理问题,并系统地进行了光学元件疵点分析和计算。分析计算结果表明:此图像处理方法得到的损伤疵点尺寸与实际尺寸相符,误差在检测的范围内;为大型光学系统中光学元件损伤的在线、自动化检测提供了一种有用的技术途径。