概念图及其在理科教学中的应用

概念图是基于建构主义和意义学习理论的组织和表征知识的工具,是一种知识及知识之间的关系的网络图形化表示.概念图在教学中可以作为教的工具、学的工具和评价的工具.本文将概念图在理科教学中的应用举例介绍.     

概念图及其在物理教学中的功能

文章首先对概念图的研究现状进行了概速，然后用概念图的形式阐释了其物理教学功能：可用作教师的整体备课，帮助师生逾越教学难点；可作学习的“脚手架”，能加速知识同化，促进知识整合;可用作教学评价及合作性学习。     

学科思维导图与物理知识网络的构建

大学物理作为理工科学生的一门基础课程,在高校教学中的重要性毋庸置疑。学习大学物理,不仅要掌握自然界的客观规律、分析和研究方法,重要的是从整体上认识和掌握物理学并应用于实际。物理学中很多物理量有着内在的必然的联系,通过绘制学科思维导图或概念图,来探究这些相关联的物理量的关系和本质、物理规律的适用范围,可以更透彻地理解和掌握物理知识。本文将思维导图工具引入大学物理的教学中,利用思维导图帮助学生通过物理量间的关联,构建知识网络,激发学生的学习热情,提高学习效率和教学效果。     

物理教学中如何转变学生头脑中的错误概念

物理概念是物理知识体系中重要的组成部分，是用浓缩了的形式表现大量知识的手段，是科学抽象的直接产物，它反映自然界各种丰富多彩复杂的物理现象中最基本的质的规律性．物理概念掌握不好，会直接影响物理规律的掌握，直接影响对物理世界的认识．因此，在物理教学中，重视学生对基本物理概念的理解，已成为物理教师和研究者的共识．本文以建构主义学习理论为指导，分析了学生头脑中错误概念形成的途径，阐述了教师如何制造“冲突”来转变学生头脑中错误概念．     

谈概念转变教学之策略

 概念转变新一轮的课程改革注重学生的发展,关注物理同生活、同社会的联系,注重学生已有的知识、经验在以后学习中的作用。这些在物理学习之前形成的对现象、事实的感知理解,其中一些与科学概念相一致,为进一步学习科学知识打下基础,而另一些则与科学知识相矛盾,即存在错误的前概念。建构主义者认为,学生总是在自己原有经验和认知能力的基础上,建构他对新知识的理解,所以物理学习中学生头脑中的前概念是必然存在的。前概念对于学生来说,那是他们的精神财富,曾经“成功地”解释某些现象,是认识特殊现象的宝贵工具,例如,物体不推不动,运动方向受力等等。     

初中物理概念复习课的策略探讨

探讨了初中物理概念复习教学中通过紧抓核心概念、 读准概念内涵、 建构概念图、 关注认知方式的一 致性和问题引导等多种策略, 帮助学生建立条理化、 完整的概念体系, 学会建构物理知识体系的一般方法     

思维地图在优化物理教学中的应用

随着“读图时代”的到来,知识可视化越来越受到教育研究者的关注,同时,越来越多的知识可视化工具被开发和研究,如概念图、思维导图、思维地图等。本文初步介绍了思维地图,并且具体列举了思维地图的8种类型在物理教学中的应用。     

高中生物理问题解决中错误类型及成因的实证研究

分析学生物理问题解决过程中的错误类型及成因有助于改进物理问题解决教学、提高学生物理问题解决能力.学生在解决物理问题时主要的错误类型可分为理解性错误、思维性错误和数学性错误3类,运用自制《学生物理错题错因反思单》展开的实证研究表明,学生的主要错因依次为"不理解概念、规律""运算错误""不理解题意""缺乏解题方法"等,且不同分数段的学生错因分布特点不同.因此,教学中要及时了解学情,科学进行学法指导;重视过程,扎实搞好物理概念、规律教学;深度研讨,切实进行审题方法训练;数理结合,灵活培养数理逻辑思维能力.     

实施概念图教学对学生物理学习影响的实证研究

概念图教学作为一种教学策略，在国外有着广泛的研究和应用．国内也有不少文献对此进行了介绍．概念图教学在物理教学中的实验研究，在一定程度上证实了概念图教学对学生的物理学习有影响，概念图教学优于传统的物理教学．     

大学物理课程中“概念转变”与“探究性教学”的探讨

1引言 近年来国际物理教育领域以建构主义为范式开展了大量研究,采用实证性方法研究不同学习阶段的学生在物理学的各个领域存在的原有经验,这些经验在不同情境中与新知识的相互作用模式,学生的认识和推论模式以及学生在学习过程中出现的错误概念或相异构想等,从而加深了教育界对学生如何学习物理的认识和理解[1].     

Raman spectral detection and assessment of thin organic layers on metal substrates: systematic approach from substrate preparation to map evaluation

Raman spectral mapping of thin organic layers on metal substrates is an important analytical tool to characterize these systems. Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy is a suitable technique for analysis of such layers. Development of new SERS‐active surfaces with repeatable properties and without disturbing adsorbed species is one of the important steps for reliable assessment of the thin organic layers designed. This paper presents new SERS‐active substrates suitable for both macro (millimeter scale) and microscopic (micrometer scale) spectral mapping, which allow easy regeneration for repetitive experiments. Both gold and silver SERS‐active surfaces prepared by electrochemical deposition were tested. Complete map data evaluation utilities were newly designed and applied, using both ordinarily used and newly modified mathematical algorithms and chemometric procedures. Evaluation of data starts with finite impulse response (FIR) filtration algorithms to eliminate spectral interferences in individual spectra. Principal component analysis was used for transformation of multidimensional data to understandable dimensions. Various mathematical/statistical techniques were then used for data visualization as spectral maps and for similarity testing. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Variable Field Proton–Electron Double-Resonance Imaging: Application to pH mapping of aqueous samples

A new concept of Variable Field Proton–Electron Double-Resonance Imaging (VF PEDRI) is proposed. This allows for functional mapping using specifically designed paramagnetic probes (e.g. oxygen or pH mapping) with MRI high quality spatial resolution and short acquisition time. Studies performed at 200 G field MRI with phantoms show that a pH map of the sample can be extracted using only two PEDRI images acquired in 140 s at pre-selected EPR excitation fields providing pH resolution of 0.1 pH units and a spatial resolution of 1.25 mm. Note that while concept of functional VF PEDRI was demonstrated using the pH probe, it can be applied for studies of other biologically relevant parameters of the medium such as redox state, concentrations of oxygen or glutathione using specifically designed EPR probes.     

Development of high-throughput combinatorial terahertz time-domain spectrometer and its application to ternary composition-spread film

We have developed a high-throughput combinatorial terahertz (THz) time-domain spectrometer (CTTDS) and applied to a ternary composition-spread film. This technique has possibilities to reveal a variety of physical properties such as complex refractive index, complex dielectric constant, and complex electrical conductivity. Further, this method is a non-contact and non-destructive way to map those physical properties. The demonstration of THz transmittance mapping of ternary composition-spread film, with a spatial resolution of 1 mm, reveals metallic behavior in specific range of film compositions. This prospective technique may serve as a convenient tool for the high-throughput, non-contact, non-destructive, and spatially resolved characterization suited for combinatorial composition-spread films.     

Global Properties of Gravitational Lens Maps¶in a Lorentzian Manifold Setting

In a general-relativistic spacetime (Lorentzian manifold), gravitational lensing can be characterized by a lens map, in analogy to the lens map of the quasi-Newtonian approximation formalism. The lens map is defined on the celestial sphere of the observer (or on part of it) and it takes values in a two-dimensional manifold representing a two-parameter family of worldlines. In this article we use methods from differential topology to characterize global properties of the lens map. Among other things, we use the mapping degree (also known as Brouwer degree) of the lens map as a tool for characterizing the number of images in gravitational lensing situations. Finally, we illustrate the general results with gravitational lensing (a) by a static string, (b) by a spherically symmetric body, (c) in asymptotically simple and empty spacetimes, and (d) in weakly perturbed Robertson–Walker spacetimes. Received: 16 October 2000 / Accepted: 18 January 2001     

Fringe contrast-based 3D profilometry using fringe projection

Quality-guided algorithm is a widely used method in phase unwrapping. This paper shows an accurate quality map based on fringe contrast for 3D shape measurement. Phase-shifted fringe patterns are projected onto an object surface by a programmable liquid crystal projector and recorded by a CCD camera. A wrapped phase map and a fringe contrast map are extracted from the deformed fringe patterns by the phase-shifting technique. Guided by the contrast map, the quality-guided unwrapping algorithm minimizes unwanted shadow and non-uniform surface reflectance effects and is able to retrieve a correct surface profile. Validity of the proposed method is tested on a fish model and a cutting tool specimen.     

An Analytic Approach to Torus Bifurcation in a Quasiperiodically Forced Duffing Oscillator

Abstract

A weakly nonlinear quasiconservative Duffing oscillator under quasiperiodic forcing is studied with the help of an analytic expression for the complex Poincare mapping. This mapping is then used to analyze the quasiperiodic response of the oscillator and the different zones of various periodicity. This map plays the same significant role as the averages equations in the theory of a periodically forced Duffing oscillator.     

Simultaneous four-photon luminescence, third-harmonic generation, and second-harmonic generation microscopy of GaN

We demonstrate what is to our knowledge the first example of four-photon luminescence microscopy in GaN and apply it to quality mapping of bulk GaN. The simultaneously acquired second- and third-harmonic generation can be used to map the distribution of the piezoelectric field and the band-tail state density, respectively. Through spectrum- and power-dependent studies, the fourth power dependence of the band edge luminescence is confirmed. The superb spatial resolution of the four-photon luminescence modality is also demonstrated. This technique provides a high-resolution, noninvasive monitoring and tool for examining the physical properties of semiconductors.     

Application of the schwarz-christoffel mapping to planar gravity: static solutions

Point-like masses on a given initial domain of the complex plane are interacting globally under gravity and as a consequence the initial domain is mapped into a final domain which encodes all effects of localized sources . The mapping between the two domains is a truncated beta function which so far has not been fully investigated. In this paper we propose to know more about the final domain and so we start from the remark that when the masses are put on the real axis of the upper half plane, the mapping in question is the Schwarz-Christoffel mapping (SCM), a popular and useful tool in computational geometry. The linking of planar gravity with the SCM will allow us to use all what we know from this mapping to get answer for certain static solutions in planar gravity. Among the problems we will study we mention: masses distributed on the real axis of the full complex plane, masses distributed on a circle, the dust string either closed or infinite open. Strings with tensions are however not linked to SCM as these mappings do not involve the concept of tension.     

A new perturbation method to the Tent map and its application

Disturbance imposed on the chaotic systems is an effective way to maintain its chaotic good encryption features. This paper proposes a new perturbation method to the Tent map. First it divides the Tent map domain into 2^N parts evenly and selects a particular part from them, then proliferates the Tent map mapping trajectory of this particular part, which can disturb the entire system disturbance. The mathematical analysis and simulated experimental results prove that the disturbed Tent map has uniform invariant distribution and can produce good cryptographic properties of pseudo-random sequence. These facts avoid the phenomenon of short-period caused by the computer's finite precision and reducing the sequence's dependence on the disturbance signal, such that effectively compensate for the digital chaotic system dynamics degradation.     

GaAs光阴极量子效率分布测量

基于负电子亲和势GaAs光阴极直流高压注入器,设计并搭建了国内首套光阴极量子效率分布测量系统。该系统利用单透镜实现逐点扫描,并采用LabVIEW进行控制和数据读写。实验表明,该系统单点采样时间小于2.3s,分辨率优于0.32mm。初步测量了GaAs阴极的量子效率分布,观察到量子效率分布及其衰减的不均匀性,量子效率较高区域的衰减速率更低。