Thickness-shear vibration of a circular cylindrical ceramic cylinder with unattached electrodes and air gaps

We analyze thickness-shear vibration of an axially poled circular cylindrical tube with unattached electrodes and air gaps. Both free and electrically forced vibrations are studied. Exact solutions are obtained from the equations of linear piezoelectricity. Resonant frequencies and the impedance of the transducer are calculated from the solution. Results show that the resonant frequencies are sensitive to the dimensions of the air gaps when the gaps are thin. The impedance depends strongly on the air gaps. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50778179)     

The determination of electrical parameters of quartz crystal resonators with the consideration of dissipation

Recently, as the dissipation of quartz crystal through material viscosity is being considered in vibrations of piezoelectric plates, we have the opportunity to obtain electrical parameters from vibration solutions of a crystal plate representing an ideal resonator. Since the solutions are readily available with complex elastic constants from Mindlin plate equations for thickness-shear vibrations, the calculation of resistance and other parameters related to both mechanical deformation and electrical potential is straightforward. We start with the first-order Mindlin plate equations of a piezoelectric plate for the thickness-shear vibration analysis of a simple resonator model. The electrical parameters are derived with emphasis on the resistance that is related to the imaginary part of complex elastic constants, or the viscosity. All the electrical parameters are frequency dependent, enabling the study of the frequency behavior of crystal resonators with a direct formulation. Through the full consideration of complications like partial electrodes and supporting structures, we should be able obtain electrical parameters for practical applications in resonator design.     

Nonlinear vibrations of clamped-free circular cylindrical shells

Only experimental studies are available on large-amplitude vibrations of clamped-free shells. In the present study, large-amplitude nonlinear vibrations of clamped-free circular cylindrical shell are numerically investigated for the first time. Shells with perfect and imperfect shape are studied. The Sanders-Koiter nonlinear shell theory is used to calculate the elastic strain energy. Shell displacement fields (longitudinal, circumferential and radial) are expanded by means of a double mixed series, i.e. harmonic functions for the circumferential variable and Chebyshev polynomials for the longitudinal variable. All boundary conditions are satisfied. The system is discretized by using natural modes of the shell and Lagrange equations by an energy approach, retaining damping through Rayleigh's dissipation function. Different expansions involving from 18 to 52 generalized coordinates are used to study the convergence of the solution. The nonlinear equations of motion are numerically studied by using arclength continuation method and bifurcation analysis. Numerical responses to harmonic radial excitation in the spectral neighborhood of the lowest natural frequency are compared with experimental results available in literature. The effect of geometric imperfections and excitation amplitude are numerically investigated and fully explained.     

Internal resonance of axially moving laminated circular cylindrical shells

The nonlinear vibrations of a thin, elastic, laminated composite circular cylindrical shell, moving in axial direction and having an internal resonance, are investigated in this study. Nonlinearities due to large-amplitude shell motion are considered by using Donnell’s nonlinear shallow-shell theory, with consideration of the effect of viscous structure damping. Differently from conventional Donnell’s nonlinear shallow-shell equations, an improved nonlinear model without employing Airy stress function is developed to study the nonlinear dynamics of thin shells. The system is discretized by Galerkin’s method while a model involving four degrees of freedom, allowing for the traveling wave response of the shell, is adopted. The method of harmonic balance is applied to study the nonlinear dynamic responses of the multi-degrees-of-freedom system. When the structure is excited close to a resonant frequency, very intricate frequency–response curves are obtained, which show strong modal interactions and one-to-one-to-one-to-one internal resonance phenomenon. The effects of different parameters on the complex dynamic response are investigated in this study. The stability of steady-state solutions is also analyzed in detail.     

Nonlinear dynamics of harmonically excited circular cylindrical shells containing fluid flow

In the present study, the geometrically nonlinear vibrations of circular cylindrical shells, subjected to internal fluid flow and to a radial harmonic excitation in the spectral neighbourhood of one of the lowest frequency modes, are investigated for different flow velocities. The shell is modelled by Donnell's nonlinear shell theory, retaining in-plane inertia and geometric imperfections; the fluid is modelled as a potential flow with the addition of unsteady viscous terms obtained by using the time-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. A harmonic concentrated force is applied at mid-length of the shell, acting in the radial direction. The shell is considered to be immersed in an external confined quiescent liquid and to contain a fluid flow, in order to reproduce conditions in previous water-tunnel experiments. For the same reason, complex boundary conditions are applied at the shell ends simulating conditions intermediate between clamped and simply supported ends. Numerical results obtained by using pseudo-arclength continuation methods and bifurcation analysis show the nonlinear response at different flow velocities for (i) a fixed excitation amplitude and variable excitation frequency, and (ii) fixed excitation frequency by varying the excitation amplitude. Bifurcation diagrams of Poincaré maps obtained from direct time integration are presented, as well as the maximum Lyapunov exponent, in order to classify the system dynamics. In particular, periodic, quasi-periodic, sub-harmonic and chaotic responses have been detected. The full spectrum of the Lyapunov exponents and the Lyapunov dimension have been calculated for the chaotic response; they reveal the occurrence of large-dimension hyperchaos.     

柱面非线性麦克斯韦方程组的行波解

柱面电磁波在各种非均匀非线性介质中的传播问题具有非常重要的研究价值.对描述该问题的柱面非线性麦克斯韦方程组进行精确求解,则是最近几年新兴的研究热点.但由于非线性偏微分方程组的极端复杂性,针对任意初边值条件的精确求解在客观上具有极高的难度,已有工作仅解决了柱面电磁波在指数非线性因子的非色散介质中的传播情况.因此,针对更为确定的物理场景,寻求能够精确描述其中更为广泛的物理性质的解,是一种更为有效的处理方法.本文讨论了具有任意非线性因子与幂律非均匀因子的非色散介质中柱面麦克斯韦方程组的行波精确解,理论分析表明这种情况下柱面电磁波的电场分量E已不存在通常形如E=g(r-kt)的平面行波解;继而通过适当的变量替换与求解相应的非线性常微分方程,给出电场分量E=g(lnr-kt)形式的广义行波解,并以例子展示所得到的解中蕴含的类似于自陡效应的物理现象.     

Polynomial versus trigonometric expansions for nonlinear vibrations of circular cylindrical shells with different boundary conditions

Large-amplitude (geometrically nonlinear) forced vibrations of circular cylindrical shells with different boundary conditions are investigated. The Sanders-Koiter nonlinear shell theory, which includes in-plane inertia, is used to calculate the elastic strain energy. The shell displacements (longitudinal, circumferential and radial) are expanded by means of a double mixed series: harmonic functions for the circumferential variable and three different formulations for the longitudinal variable; these three different formulations are: (a) Chebyshev orthogonal polynomials, (b) power polynomials, and (c) trigonometric functions. The same formulation is applied to study different boundary conditions; results are presented for simply supported and clamped shells. The analysis is performed in two steps: first a liner analysis is performed to identify natural modes, which are then used in the nonlinear analysis as generalized coordinates. The Lagrangian approach is applied to obtain a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Different expansions involving from 14 to 34 generalized coordinates, associated with natural modes of both simply supported and clamped-clamped shells, are used to study the convergence of the solution. The nonlinear equations of motion are studied by using arclength continuation method and bifurcation analysis. Numerical responses obtained in the spectral neighborhood of the lowest natural frequency are compared with results available in literature.     

Nonlinear modes and traveling waves of parametrically excited cylindrical shells

Donnel's equations are used to predict nonlinear vibrations of cylindrical shells, which are excited by parametric dynamical load. A multi-degree-of-freedom dynamical system of cylindrical shells is derived. The nonlinear modes of the parametrically excited system are treated. The analyses have been carried out both with and without dissipation, using the Harmonic Balance Method. These nonlinear modes correspond to the standing waves in the shell. Traveling waves are also analyzed in detail. We come to the conclusion that the behavior of the nonlinear modes and the traveling waves are similar.     

Thickness-shear vibration of a quartz plate connected to piezoelectric plates and electric field sensing

We study thickness-shear vibration of a quartz plate connected to two piezoelectric ceramic plates with initial deformations caused by a biasing electric field. The theory for small deformations superposed on finite biasing deformations in an electroelastic body is used. It is shown that the resonant frequencies of the incremental thickness-shear vibration of the quartz plate vary with the biasing electric field. The biasing electric field induced frequency shift depends linearly on the field. Therefore this effect may be used for electric field sensing. The dependence of the electric field induced frequency shift on various material and geometric parameters is examined. When the electric field is of the order of 100 V/mm, the relative frequency shift is of the order of 10⁻⁵. The case when the piezoelectric plates are replaced by piezomagnetic plates is also investigated for magnetic field sensing, and similar results are obtained.     

Low-dimensional models for the nonlinear vibration analysis of cylindrical shells based on a perturbation procedure and proper orthogonal decomposition

In formulating mathematical models for dynamical systems, obtaining a high degree of qualitative correctness (i.e. predictive capability) may not be the only objective. The model must be useful for its intended application, and models of reduced complexity are attractive in many cases where time-consuming numerical procedures are required. This paper discusses the derivation of discrete low-dimensional models for the nonlinear vibration analysis of thin cylindrical shells. In order to understand the peculiarities inherent to this class of structural problems, the nonlinear vibrations and dynamic stability of a circular cylindrical shell subjected to static and dynamic loads are analyzed. This choice is based on the fact that cylindrical shells exhibit a highly nonlinear behavior under both static and dynamic loads. Geometric nonlinearities due to finite-amplitude shell motions are considered by using Donnell's nonlinear shallow-shell theory. A perturbation procedure, validated in previous studies, is used to derive a general expression for the nonlinear vibration modes and the discretized equations of motion are obtained by the Galerkin method using modal expansions for the displacements that satisfy all the relevant boundary and symmetry conditions. Next, the model is analyzed via the Karhunen-Loève expansion to investigate the relative importance of each mode obtained by the perturbation solution on the nonlinear response and total energy of the system. The responses of several low-dimensional models are compared. It is shown that rather low-dimensional but properly selected models can describe with good accuracy the response of the shell up to very large vibration amplitudes.     

Dynamic analysis of circular and sector thick,layered plates

The finite element method is extended to the free vibration analysis of laminated thick plates with curved boundaries. Two elements are developed on the basis of Mindlin's thick plate theory in which the effects of thickness-shear deformation and rotary inertia are included. Both elements are derived in polar co-ordinates and can be joined together to handle annular as well as circular laminated anisotropic plate problems. Since axisymmetry has not been assumed, variations in material properties in the tangential direction can be dealt with. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the influence of geometrical shape as well as that of thickness-shear deformation on the free vibrations of both homogeneous and layered plates. Comparisons between the numerical results obtained and those presented by other investigators confirm the accuracy of the new elements. The elements also can be used in the analysis of rectangular plates by assuming very large radii and very small subtended angle values.     

Nonlinear traveling wave vibration of a circular cylindrical shell subjected to a moving concentrated harmonic force

This is a study of nonlinear traveling wave response of a cantilever circular cylindrical shell subjected to a concentrated harmonic force moving in a concentric circular path at a constant velocity. Donnell's shallow-shell theory is used, so that moderately large vibrations are analyzed. The problem is reduced to a system of ordinary differential equations by means of the Galerkin method. Frequency-responses for six different mode expansions are studied and compared with that for single mode to find the more contracted and accurate mode expansion investigating traveling wave vibration. The method of harmonic balance is applied to study the nonlinear dynamic response in forced oscillations of this system. Results obtained with analytical method are compared with numerical simulation, and the agreement between them bespeaks the validity of the method developed in this paper. The stability of the period solutions is also examined in detail.     

The calculation of electrical parameters of AT-cut quartz crystal resonators with the consideration of material viscosity

Electrical parameters like resistance and quality factor of a quartz crystal resonator cannot be determined through vibration analysis without considering the presence of material dissipation. In this study, we use the first-order Mindlin plate equations of piezoelectric plates for thickness-shear vibrations of a simple resonator model with partial electrodes. We derive the expressions of electrical parameters with emphasis on the resistance that is related to the imaginary part of complex elastic constants, or the viscosity, of quartz crystal. Since all electrical parameters are frequency dependent, this procedure provides the chance to study the frequency behavior of crystal resonators with a direct formulation. We understand that the electrical parameters are strongly affected by the manufacturing process, with the plating techniques in particular, but the theoretical approach we presented here will be the first step for the precise estimation of such parameters and their further applications in the analysis of nonlinear behavior of resonators. We calculated the parameters from our simple resonator model of AT-cut quartz crystal with the first-order Mindlin plate theory to demonstrate the procedure and show that the numerical results are consistent with earlier measurements.     

Analysis of the electrically forced vibrations of piezoelectric mesa resonators

We study the electrically forced thickness-shear and thickness-twist vibrations of stepped thickness piezoelectric plate mesa resonators made of polarized ceramics or 6-ram class crystals. A theoretical analysis based on the theory of piezoelectricity is performed, and an analytical solution is obtained using the trigonometric series. The electrical admittance, resonant frequencies, and mode shapes are calculated, and strong energy trapping of the modes is observed. Their dependence on the geometric parameters of the resonator is also examined.     

Nonlinear vibrations of functionally graded doubly curved shallow shells

Nonlinear forced vibrations of FGM doubly curved shallow shells with a rectangular base are investigated. Donnell’s nonlinear shallow-shell theory is used and the shell is assumed to be simply supported with movable edges. The equations of motion are reduced using the Galerkin method to a system of infinite nonlinear ordinary differential equations with quadratic and cubic nonlinearities. Using the multiple scales method, primary and subharmonic resonance responses of FGM shells are fully discussed and the effect of volume fraction exponent on the internal resonance conditions, softening/hardening behavior and bifurcations of the shallow shell when the excitation frequency is (i) near the fundamental frequency and (ii) near two times the fundamental frequency is shown. Moreover, using a code based on arclength continuation method, a bifurcation analysis is carried out for a special case with two-to-one internal resonance between the first and second doubly symmetric modes with respect to the panel’s center (ω₁₃≈2ω₁₁). Bifurcation diagrams and Poincaré maps are obtained through direct time integration of the equations of motion and chaotic regions are shown by calculating Lyapunov exponents and Lyapunov dimension.     

Vibration analysis of laminated cross-ply oval cylindrical shells

Here, free vibrations and transient dynamic response analyses of laminated cross-ply oval cylindrical shells are carried out. The formulation is based on higher order theory that accounts for the transverse shear and the transverse normal deformations, and includes zig-zag variation in the in-plane displacements across the thickness of the multi-layered shells. The contributions of inertia effect due to in-plane and rotary motions, and the higher order function arising from the assumed displacement models are included. The governing equations obtained using Lagrangian equations of motion are solved through finite element approach. A detailed parametric study is conducted to bring out the influence of different shell geometry, ovality parameter, lay-up and loading environment on the vibration characteristics related to different modes of vibrations of oval shell.     

Cylindrical electromagnetic waves in a nonlinear nondispersive medium: Exact solutions of the Maxwell equations

The excitation and propagation of cylindrical electromagnetic waves in a nonlinear nondispersive medium are analyzed. It is assumed that the medium lacks a center of symmetry and that the dependence of the electric displacement on the electric field can be approximated by an exponential function. For this case, a method for integrating the system of the Maxwell equations is proposed. Exact solutions to a set of nonlinear electromagnetic field equations are obtained by this method. It is shown that nonlinear effects described by these solutions can become apparent under experimental conditions.     

Method of Green’s function of nonlinear vibration of corrugated shallow shells

Based on the dynamic equations of nonlinear large deflection of axisymmetric shallow shells of revolution, the nonlinear free vibration and forced vibration of a corrugated shallow shell under concentrated load acting at the center have been investigated. The nonlinear partial differential equations of shallow shell were reduced to the nonlinear integral-differential equations by using the method of Green’s function. To solve the integral-differential equations, the expansion method was used to obtain Green’s function. Then the integral-differential equations were reduced to the form with a degenerate core by expanding Green’s function as a series of characteristic function. Therefore, the integral-differential equations became nonlinear ordinary differential equations with regard to time. The amplitude-frequency relation, with respect to the natural frequency of the lowest order and the amplitude-frequency response under harmonic force, were obtained by considering single mode vibration. As a numerical example, nonlinear free and forced vibration phenomena of shallow spherical shells with sinusoidal corrugation were studied. The obtained solutions are available for reference to the design of corrugated shells.     

无内共振时的扬声器分谐波

研究了驱动频率低于扬声器辐射体薄壳轴对称模态最低固有频率的扬声器1/2分谐波失真。采用以位敏探测器作为光电传感器的激光三角法实验观测扬声器振膜的振动位移和模态,确定了参与的非轴对称模态的周向波数。采用多尺度法求解了扬声器的非线性模态方程。给出了扬声器分谐波的阈值电压公式。结果表明扬声器辐射体薄壳的分谐波失真源于直接激励的轴对称模态耦合激发了非轴对称模态的振动,这种耦合激励表现为参数激励。增大扬声器振膜材料的损耗因子、杨氏模量和厚度可提高产生分谐波的阈值电压。      

Low-frequency linear vibrations of single-walled carbon nanotubes: Analytical and numerical models

Low-frequency vibrations of single-walled carbon nanotubes with various boundary conditions are considered in the framework of the Sanders–Koiter thin shell theory. Two methods of analysis are proposed. The first approach is based on the Rayleigh–Ritz method, a double series expansion in terms of Chebyshev polynomials and harmonic functions is considered for the displacement fields; free and clamped edges are analysed. This approach is partially numerical. The second approach is based on the same thin shell theory, but the goal is to obtain an analytical solution useful for future developments in nonlinear fields; the Sanders–Koiter equations are strongly simplified neglecting in-plane circumferential normal strains and tangential shear strains. The model is fully validated by means of comparisons with experiments, molecular dynamics data and finite element analyses obtained from the literature. Several types of nanotubes are considered in detail by varying aspect ratio, chirality and boundary conditions. The analyses are carried out for a wide range of frequency spectrum. The strength and weakness of the proposed approaches are shown; in particular, the model shows great accuracy even though it requires minimal computational effort.