Jet Formation in Gravitational Flow of a Heated Wavy Liquid Film

Jet formation was studied in the region of two-dimensional and three-dimensional waves in a heated liquid film flowing down a vertical surface. Jet-to-jet spacings were measured versus the film Reynolds number and the heat flow density. Three-dimensional waves on the film surface were formed naturally or by artificial perturbations. In addition to the thermocapillary mechanism of jet formation, a thermocapillary–wavy mechanism was found to exist.     

Stability of Thermocapillary Flow in a Flat Layer with Allowance for the Soret Effect

The stability of thermocapillary two-component liquid flow is studied taking into account thermal diffusion. An explicit expression is obtained to construct neutral Marangoni numbers under the assumption of monotonicity of perturbations. The thermocapillary and hydrodynamic instability mechanisms are considered. It is shown that plane perturbations are the greatest hazard to the stability of return flow.__________Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 46, No. 5, pp. 86–92, September–October, 2005.     

Thermocapillary instability of the equilibrium of a flat layer containing internal heat sources

In the absence of body forces, a factor which has a strong influence on the equilibrium stability of a nonuniformly heated liquid is the dependence of the coefficient of surface tension on the temperature and the thermocapillary effect generated by it. If the equilibrium temperature gradient is sufficiently great, then the presence of the thermocapillary forces on the free surface can lead to the occurrence of convective motion. The monotonie instability of the equilibrium of a flat layer was investigated in [1–3]. Analysis of nonmonotonic disturbances [4] showed that in the case of an undeformable free surface there is no oscillatory instability. In [5] it was found that oscillatory instability is possible if there is a nonlinear dependence of the coefficient of surface tension on the temperature. The present paper is devoted to numerical investigation of the equilibrium stability of a flat layer with respect to arbitrary disturbances. It is shown that for a deformable free boundary there appears an additional neutral curve, which corresponds to monotonie capillary instability. In addition, when the capillary convection mechanism is taken into account, there appears an oscillatory instability, which becomes the most dangerous in the region of small Prandtl and wave numbers.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 2, pp. 27–31, March–April, 1991.I thank V. K. Andreev for a helpful discussion of the work.     

Effect of Thermocapillary Forces on the Initial Section of a Melt Film

The previous analysis of fields near the upper triple point of the floating–zone melting process is supplemented by the analysis of thermocapillary forces on the melt surface. It is shown that the effect of these forces is large in the general case, and a melt film with a macroscopic radius of curvature may be formed only if the temperature gradient over the melt surface and thermocapillary forces are small; in this case, the angular coordinates of the melt–film cross section are also small.     

Thermocapillary and thermogravitational convection in a two-layer system with curved interface

In an earlier study [1], the present authors used the complete nonlinear hydrodynamic equations to investigate thermocapillary convection in a two-layer system. Oscillatory instability of the equilibrium was established for some ratios of the parameters. In the present paper, a study is made of the influence on the thermocapillary convective motions of two different factors — curvature of the interface and gravity. It is established that curvature of the interface can lead to significant changes in the flow structure and hysteresis transitions between convection regimes. In the case of the joint influence of the thermogravitational and thermocapillary instability mechanisms, many different flow regimes are found: steady motions with different directions of rotation of the vortices and periodic and nonperiodic oscillatory motions with different spatial structures.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 3, pp. 175–179, May–June, 1984.We thank E. M. Zhukovitskii for discussing the results.     

Experimental Investigation of Thermocapillary Convection Induced by a Local Temperature Inhomogeneity near the Liquid Surface. 1. Solid Source of Heat

The structure and stability of a thermocapillary flow from a concentrated source of heat located near the free surface of the liquid filling a deep reservoir are experimentally studied. For a certain power of the heat source, oscillatory instability leading to formation of surface waves is observed. Possible mechanisms of the observed instability are discussed.     

Temperature pulsations and thermocapillary effects on the surface of a wavy heated liquid film

The temperature pulsations and wave characteristics in water film flow along a vertical plate with a heater are investigated. Using an infrared scanner, the temperature field on the film surface is measured for various heat flux densities on the heater. Experimental data on the variation of the temperature with time on a local segment of the liquid film surface during wave transmission are obtained. In the absence of a heat flux the data obtained are in good agreement with the results of other researchers for an isothermal liquid film. When the down-flowing liquid is heated, the thermocapillary forces lead to the formation of rivulets and a thin film between them. It is shown that in the inter-rivulet zone the relative wave amplitude increases due to the action of the thermocapillary forces.     

Thermocapillary convection in two-layer systems in the presence of a surface active agent at the interface

Convective instability in a layered system due to the thermocapillary effect was investigated in [1–5]. In these studies it was shown that the perturbations responsible for equilibrium crisis may build up either monotonically or in an oscillatory fashion. In [6] the stabilizing effect of a surface active agent (SAA) on thermocapillary instability was established for a layer with a free surface. For layers of infinite thickness the effect of SAA on thermocapillary convection was studied in [7–9]. The present investigation is concerned with thermocapillary convection in a system of two layers of finite thickness in the presence of an SAA. Convection due to the lift force is not considered. It is established that the principal result of the action of the SAA is not the stabilizing effect on the monotonic mode but the appearance of a new type of oscillatory instability.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 2 pp. 3–8, March–April, 1986.In conclusion the authors wish to thank E. M. Zhukhovitskii for discussind the results.     

高径比对GaAs熔体液桥热毛细对流失稳的影响

采用基于谱元法线性稳定性分析方法,研究了高径比对GaAs熔体(Pr=0.068)液桥热毛细对流失稳的影响,同时结合能量分析揭示了热毛细对流的失稳机制.研究结果表明:与典型低普朗特数(例如Pr=0.011)熔体静态失稳模式和典型高普朗特数(例如Pr>1)熔体振荡失稳模式不同,GaAs熔体热毛细对流失稳模式依赖于液桥高径比...     

双自由面溶质?热毛细液层的不稳定性

溶质?热毛细对流是流体界面的浓度和温度分布不均导致的表面张力梯度驱动的流动, 它主要存在于空间微重力环境、小尺度流动等表面张力占主导的情况中, 例如晶体生长、微流控、合金浇筑凝固、有机薄液膜生长等. 对其流动进行稳定性分析具有重要意义. 本文采用线性稳定性理论研究了双自由面溶质?热毛细液层对流的不稳定性, 得到了两种负毛细力比(η)下的临界Marangoni数与Prandtl数(Pr)的函数关系, 并分析了临界模态的流场和能量机制. 研究发现: 溶质?热毛细对流和纯热毛细对流的临界模态有较大的差别, 前者是同向流向波、逆向流向波、展向稳态模态和逆向斜波, 后者是逆向斜波和逆向流向波. 在Pr较大时, Pr增加会降低流动稳定性; 在其他参数下, Pr增加会增强流动稳定性. 在中低Pr, 溶质毛细力使流动更加不稳定; 在大Pr时, 溶质毛细力的出现可能使流动更加稳定; 在其他参数下, 溶质毛细力会减弱流动稳定性. 流动稳定性不随η单调变化. 在多数情况下, 扰动浓度场与扰动温度场都是相似的. 能量分析表明: 扰动动能的主要能量来源是表面张力做功, 但其中溶质毛细力和热毛细力做功的正负性与参数有关.      

Thermocapillary instability of the interface between two immiscible liquids in the presence of volume heat sources

The problem of the stability of the interface between two infinite layers of different immiscible liquids is considered. It is assumed that within the liquid a distributed volume heat source, simulating Joule heating, is given. The stability of the rest state with respect to small unsteady disturbances is investigated. The investigation is carried out using the real boundary conditions at the interface between the two liquids rather than the model boundary conditions usually employed in such problems [5]. The problem considered is related to the practical question of the stability of electrolyzer processes. In the present case a possible threshold mechanism of development of oscillations of the electrolyte-aluminum interface is examined. A numerical example with liquid parameters that coincide with those of the electrolyte and aluminum shows that the thermocapillary instability mechanism can, in fact, be the source of surface waves at the electrolyte-aluminum interface.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 5, pp. 156–160, September–October, 1990.     

Thermocapillary Instability in a Two-Layer System with a Deformable Interface

The stability of equilibrium of a system consisting of two plane immiscible viscous liquid layers under conditions of weightlessness is considered. The surface tension force, which depends linearly on the temperature, acts on the deformable interface between the media. Three model systems are considered. In each system the development of instability is due to a particular asymmetry of the properties of the liquids or the layer thicknesses. The conditions of excitation of longitudinal thermocapillary and transverse capillary waves supported by the thermocapillary effect on the interface are discussed.     

The stability of the motion of a liquid,due to thermocapillary forces

A study is made of the stability of the plane-parallel flow of a viscous liquid in a layer with a free boundary, under weightless conditions. The motion of the liquid is due to the dependence of the surface tension on the temperature. An exact solution for an unperturbed boundary is obtained by the same method used in [1], but with a more general boundary condition for the temperature. A study of the stability was carried out by the method of small vibrations, taking account of the perturbation of the free boundary. The article discusses the asymptotic behavior of long waves at small Reynolds numbers, and the conditions for instability are found.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 6, pp. 94–98, November–December, 1971.     

Wave flow of a liquid film in a horizontal separator

The calculation of the motion of separated moisture in a linear horizontal separator is made on the basis of the analysis of the development of the waves in a flow of a thin layer of liquid along a vertical surface without allowance for the transverse flow of mass [1].Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 2, pp. 174–176, March–April, 1985.     

Stability of convective motion in a two-dimensional vertical fluid layer with permeable boundaries

The stability of the convective motion of a viscous incompressible fluid in a channel between permeable vertical planes heated to different temperatures is considered under the assumption of homogeneous transverse air blasting. Stability boundaries for different values of the Prandtl number Pr and Peclet number Pe that characterize the intensity of transverse motion are numerically determined. The results demonstrate that transverse blasting substantially influences both the hydrodynamic instability mechanism and instability due to the growth of thermal waves in the flow.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 1, pp. 94–101, January–February, 1976.In conclusion, I wish to express my appreciation to E. M. Zhukhovitskii for supervising the study. and G. Z. Gershuni for useful discussion of the results.     

Convection in a two-layer system due to the combined action of the Rayleigh and thermocapillary instability mechanisms

In a two-layer system loss of stability may be monotonic or oscillatory in character. Increasing oscillatory perturbations have been detected in the case of both Rayleigh [1, 2] and thermocapillary convection [3–5]; however, for many systems the minimum of the neutral curve corresponds to monotonic perturbations. In [5] an example was given of a system for which oscillatory instability is most dangerous when the thermogravitational and thermocapillary instability mechanisms are simultaneously operative. In this paper the occurrence of convection in a two-layer system due to the combined action of the Rayleigh (volume) and thermocapillary (surface) instability mechanisms is systematically investigated. It is shown that when the Rayleigh mechanism operates primarily in the upper layer of fluid, in the presence of a thermocapillary effect oscillatory instability may be the more dangerous. If thermogravitational convection is excited in the lower layer of fluid, the instability will be monotonic.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 166–170, January–February, 1987.     

Modelling of Non-coalescing Liquid Drops in the Presence of Thermocapillary Convection

A fluid-dynamic model of two non-coalescing liquid drops of the same liquid, pressed against one another in the presence of thermocapillary convection, is proposed to correlate experimental results on the deformation of the drop surfaces, on the pressure distribution and on the thickness of the air film between the drops. The two-point boundary value problem for the Gauss–Laplace hydrostaticequation, subjected to the constant volume constraint, is solved by a fourth order Runge Kutta method to evaluatethe shapes of the drops for different values of the applied pressure jump across the surface exposed to a constant ambient pressure. The flow fields in the liquid drops and in the air layer are obtained by numerical solutions of the dynamic problem. Thenumerical results qualitatively agree with the experimental ones, explain why an air film could be created between the two drops and show that film thicknesses of some microns exist with excess pressures of the same order of magnitude of the pressure needed to deform the drops.     

Stability of a plane-parallel convective flow of a liquid in a horizontal layer

We consider the stationary plane-parallel convective flow, studied in [1], which appears in a two-dimensional horizontal layer of a liquid in the presence of a longitudinal temperature gradient. In the present paper we examine the stability of this flow relative to small perturbations. To solve the spectral amplitude problem and to determine the stability boundaries we apply a version of the Galerkin method, which was used earlier for studying the stability of convective flows in vertical and inclined layers in the presence of a transverse temperature difference or of internal heat sources (see [2]). A horizontal plane-parallel flow is found to be unstable relative to two critical modes of perturbations. For small Prandtl numbers the instability has a hydrodynamic character and is associated with the development of vortices on the boundary of counterflows. For moderate and for large Prandtl numbers the instability has a Rayleigh character and is due to a thermal stratification arising in the stationary flow.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 1, pp. 95–100, January–February, 1974.     

聚变堆相关的液态金属膜流初步实验研究

在磁约束核聚变堆的面对等离子部件设计中,液态金属锂膜流因具有带走杂质、保护面对等离子固壁等优点而被认为是优选方案之一. 然而,如何克服聚变堆中强磁场环境下产生的磁流体力学效应并形成大面积均匀铺展锂膜流动是目前亟需解决的问题.本文通过搭建室温液 态镓铟锡回路和高温液态锂回路,开展了两种不同特性的液态金属膜流实验, 并采用传统可视化方法获得了展向磁场存在时镓铟锡和锂在导电底板形成的液膜流动表面特征.实验结果 表明: 无磁场时,两种液态金属膜流流动表面波动特性与常规流体膜流均一致, 即随着流动雷诺数的增加表面波动变得更为混乱; 而展向磁场存在时,镓铟锡膜流表面波动变得更为规则, 且沿着磁场方向平行排列,表现为拟二维波动的特征; 而锂膜流却产生了明显的磁流体 力学阻力效应,表现为在流动方向局部产生锂滞留现象, 且滞留点随雷诺数增大向下游移动. 最后通过膜流受力分析,进一步阐述了锂膜流受到比镓铟锡膜流更为严重磁流体力学效应影响的原因.      

Turbulence modification in vertical upward annular flow passing through a throat section

Experimental studies on the turbulence modification in annular two-phase flow passing through a throat section were carried out. The turbulence modification in multi-phase flow due to the interactions between two-phases is one of the most interesting scientific issues and has attracted research attention. In this study, the gas-phase turbulence modification in annular flow due to the gas–liquid phase interaction is experimentally investigated. The annular flow passing through a throat section is under the transient state due to the changing cross sectional area of the channel and resultantly the superficial velocities of both phases are changed compared with a fully developed flow in a straight pipe. The measurements for the gas-phase turbulence were precisely performed by using a constant temperature hot-wire anemometer, and made clear the turbulence structure such as velocity profiles, fluctuation velocity profiles. The behavior of the interfacial waves in the liquid film flow such as the ripple or disturbance waves was also observed. The measurements for the liquid film thickness by the electrode needle method were also performed to measure the base film thickness, mean film thickness, maximum film thickness and wave height of the ripple or the disturbance waves.