砂土中锚板抗拔性能试验研究

运用自行研制开发的试验装置和数据采集系统,对锚板在砂土中的抗拔性能进行了试验研究。分析了锚板在松砂和密砂两种情况下抗拔力和位移的关系曲线特征,研究了不同埋深率下抗拔力和破坏系数的变化规律,并根据抗拔力与破坏系数随埋深率的变化趋势得到了松砂和密砂状态下的临界埋深率。试验结果表明,密度对砂土中锚板的抗拔性能有非常大的影响,增加砂土的密实度可以大幅度提高锚板的抗拔承载力并显著减小锚板的位移变形。增加锚板的埋置深度同样也可以大幅提高锚板的抗拔承载力,但抗拔承载力的增加幅度受临界埋深率的限制,临界埋深率随密度增加有增大的趋势。该试验结果可为锚板上拔预测模型的建立及设计提供参考依据。     

群沙射流结构的实验研究

本文以90－150μm的标准细沙为研究对象，利用超声波速度剖面测量仪和数码摄录机进行了垂直入水群沙射流的实验研究，给出了的群沙入水后的运动规律。我们发现，群沙湍射入水的一霎那，底部瞬时产生反射波，由它带动的流速与群沙入水带动的流速同量级。     

沙漠砂混凝土动态力学性能实验研究

采用直锥变截面式Φ74mm分离式霍普金森压杆,对不同替代率沙漠砂混凝土进行冲击压缩实验,得到了不同替代率沙漠砂混凝土在不同应变率下的应力应变曲线。分析应变率对沙漠砂混凝土峰值应力、峰值应变和比能量影响,揭示了沙漠砂替代率对沙漠砂混凝土峰值应力影响规律,并对沙漠砂混凝土动态破坏模式进行研究。研究表明:随着应变率增加,沙漠砂混凝土峰值应力、强度增强因子、比能量和峰值应变逐渐增大;在同一应变率下,随着替代率增加,沙漠砂混凝土峰值应力逐渐减小。本文研究结果可为沙漠砂在工程中的应用提供指导和借鉴。     

沙墙吸能作用对爆炸冲击波影响的实验研究

在爆炸冲击波作用下沙墙快速飞散,爆炸能量转换为沙粒动能和细化沙粒的摩擦做功,因此由沙袋堆积起来组成的沙墙对强冲击波具有消波吸能作用,对爆炸实验结构起到防护作用.本文利用366gTNT当量的球形药球中心起爆,进行了沙墙消波吸能作用下密闭柱形容器承受栽荷的实验.实验结果表明:沙墙使冲击波峰值超压降低最高可达6倍,到时也明显...     

Experimental Study of the Impact and Penetration of A Cone in Frozen Sand

A reverse experiment technique is used along with the technology of measuring rods to study the impact and penetration of a steel conical body in frozen sandy soil. This paper presents the dependences of maximum values of the force of resistance of cones with base diameters of 10.0, 12.0, and 19.8 mm to penetration into sand on the impact velocity in the range of values 100–400 m/s. The numerical solution of the problem in an axisymmetric formulation with the use of the “Dinamika-2” software package is used to show the effect of waves reflected from the walls of the container on the contact force. A comparative analysis of the forces of resistance to penetration of the shocker into compacted dry, water-saturated, and frozen sandy soils is carried out.     

防砂井挡砂介质堵塞规律实验及堵塞程度定量预测模型

防砂井挡砂介质堵塞造成降产已成为困扰油气井防砂的关键问题。已开展的大量堵塞规律研究主要涉及机理和定性描述,尚未形成可用的堵塞程度定量预测方法。针对这一问题,本文在广泛应用的砾石充填防砂条件下,利用挡砂介质堵塞评价驱替实验装置,进行了砾石层堵塞机理和规律实验,着重考察了砾石层堵塞渗透率比随驱替时间、砾砂中值比、流体流速、流体粘度、粘土含量、细质含量等生产条件的定量变化规律。根据实验数据,首先拟合砾石充填层堵塞渗透率比随时间的定量关系,引入综合堵塞系数和单项堵塞系数表征各生产条件对堵塞规律的影响,然后拟合了堵塞系数与各生产参数的经验关系,整合得到一个根据防砂参数和生产条件预测砾石充填层堵塞程度随时间变化规律的定量模型。结果表明,不同生产条件砾石层渗透率在投产早期下降较快,然后下降速度减缓并趋于基本不再变化,达到堵塞平衡状态。具体变化规律由防砂参数和生产条件控制。使用实际防砂井资料进行了模型应用案例分析,结果和规律与现场实际基本相符。该模型进一步修正后可用于防砂井动态产能预测与评价。     

Pore-Scale Imaging and Analysis of Wettability Order,Trapping and Displacement in Three-Phase Flow in Porous Media with Various Wettabilities

Three-phase flow in porous media is encountered in many applications including subsurface carbon dioxide storage, enhanced oil recovery, groundwater remediation and the design of microfluidic devices. However, the pore-scale physics that controls three-phase flow under capillary dominated conditions is still not fully understood. Recent advances in three-dimensional pore-scale imaging have provided new insights into three-phase flow. Based on these findings, this paper describes the key pore-scale processes that control flow and trapping in a three-phase system, namely wettability order, spreading and wetting layers, and double/multiple displacement events. We show that in a porous medium containing water, oil and gas, the behaviour is controlled by wettability, which can either be water-wet, weakly oil-wet or strongly oil-wet, and by gas–oil miscibility. We provide evidence that, for the same wettability state, the three-phase pore-scale events are different under near-miscible conditions—where the gas–oil interfacial tension is ≤?1 mN/m—compared to immiscible conditions. In a water-wet system, at immiscible conditions, water is the most-wetting phase residing in the corners of the pore space, gas is the most non-wetting phase occupying the centres, while oil is the intermediate-wet phase spreading in layers sandwiched between water and gas. This fluid configuration allows for double capillary trapping, which can result in more gas trapping than for two-phase flow. At near-miscible conditions, oil and gas appear to become neutrally wetting to each other, preventing oil from spreading in layers; instead, gas and oil compete to occupy the centre of the larger pores, while water remains connected in wetting layers in the corners. This allows for the rapid production of oil since it is no longer confined to movement in thin layers. In a weakly oil-wet system, at immiscible conditions, the wettability order is oil–water–gas, from most to least wetting, promoting capillary trapping of gas in the pore centres by oil and water during water-alternating-gas injection. This wettability order is altered under near-miscible conditions as gas becomes the intermediate-wet phase, spreading in layers between water in the centres and oil in the corners. This fluid configuration allows for a high oil recovery factor while restricting gas flow in the reservoir. Moreover, we show evidence of the predicted, but hitherto not reported, wettability order in strongly oil-wet systems at immiscible conditions, oil–gas–water, from most to least wetting. At these conditions, gas progresses through the pore space in disconnected clusters by double and multiple displacements; therefore, the injection of large amounts of water to disconnect the gas phase is unnecessary. We place the analysis in a practical context by discussing implications for carbon dioxide storage combined with enhanced oil recovery before suggesting topics for future work.

     

设导流墩排沙漏斗清水流场的测试研究

经过多年的理论与实践研究，螺旋流排沙已被广大的水利工作者所认可．本文首次利用毕托球测速系统测试了由新疆农业大学最新推出的带导流墩排沙漏斗的三维螺旋流流场，对其时均流特性进行了分析和研究．其次，文中还分析了其对输沙过程所产生的影响，为进一步优化此类型排沙漏斗流态打下了基础     

激波作用下液体喷射雾化的实验研究

液体在气流作用下的喷射抛撒过程是流体力学研究中令人感兴趣的重要领域,笔者采用改进后的激波管实现了激波作用下液体的喷射抛撒,并通过阴影照相和激光散射法分别对液体的抛撒状态和抛撒液滴的直径进行了测量,研究表明,在喷射过程中,流场中固定位置所测得的液滴Ｓａｒｔｅｒ平均直径随时间的发展而逐渐减小,在开始时时刻液滴直三小较快而最终渐趋平缓;在对不同抛撒距离雾化场的测量中发现,没位置测得的颗粒最大直 隧测得位     

Microscale Numerical Simulation of the Permeability Reduction due to Trapping of Suspended Fine Particles Within Sand Sediments

The reduction in permeability of sediments due to blockages caused by the trapping of suspended particles is a common concern for the extraction processes of oil or natural gas. In this study, the effect of trapped fine particles in sand sediments is studied numerically using a three-dimensional lattice Boltzmann method. The geometrical properties of larger, immobile, sand grains are digitally extracted by the spherical harmonics series expansions of CT scans of real sand grains. The migrating fine particles are assumed to be spherical in shape with their volumes following a log-normal distribution. These fine particles, together with larger frame sands, are positioned, without overlapping, within a microscopic, cubic, domain with periodic boundaries. The remaining empty volume is filled with water and imposing a pressure gradient simulates the flow of fluid through the sediment. As a result of fine particles becoming trapped by the frame sand, the initial porosity of which is 0.589, the absolute permeability of the system is reduced by approximately 60?C90?%, corresponding to fine particle saturations of 0.15?C0.29, respectively. The permeability change due to the trapping of fine particles is also modelled theoretically using not only volume saturations but also specific surface areas of both the frame sands and the fine particles with a coefficient of proportionality.     

沥青海砂作为软岩相似材料的实验研究

为了解决岩石工程相似模型实验中传统相似材料难以模拟深部软岩低强度、大变形和强流变的问题,本文选用70#沥青(产量大、成本低、粘弹性、易成型、易软化等)和海砂作为深部软岩的相似模拟材料.采用连续加压法对其进行了单轴压缩实验,对不同配比下试件的密度、抗压强度及初始弹性模量进行分析,得到了该相似材料有关的原始数据和规律.本文初步验证了使用该相似材料模拟深部软岩的可行性,并针对不足之处给出一些合理改进建议,为进一步模型模拟实验提供指导.     

静水槽孤立波的实验研究

本文在静水槽中复现出单孤立波,将实验得到的孤立波的波形和波速与理论值比较,极为接近。同时,考察了孤立波的碰撞行为,它表明了孤立波的粒子性。还验证了孤立波的非线性性质。     

爆炸成型弹丸的试验研究

本文主要介绍了在炸药爆炸驱动下形成EFP的装药结构设计，并对爆炸形成EFP过程进行了必要的光测和电测，得到EFP运动过程的分幅照片，EFP速度－距离曲线。对钢板叠靶及混凝土靶进行了模拟实验，并对破坏效果进行了分析与讨论。     

一种超弹性合金密封体的实验研究

封隔器是油田采油工程中广泛使用的井下工具,长期以来都是以橡胶作为封隔器的密封件。本文简要列举了目前油田开发生产中使用的封隔器所存在的主要问题。将超弹性合金材料引入封隔器领域,是解决橡胶材料密封件所存在问题的新途径。通过对NiTi超弹性合金材料特性的简要介绍,及对其力学性能所进行的试验研究,论证了这种材料替代橡胶用做封隔器密封件的可行性。在室内试验获得的认识和得到的结论基础上,设计和研制了相应的小样和原形试件,并在尽量与油田现场生产相近的环境下进行了一系列的实验和模拟,分析和探讨了超弹性合金密封件损伤破坏机理,对封隔器和密封件的结构设计提出了若干建议,为这种新型的金属封隔器和超弹性合金密封件的工程应用提供了依据。     

模拟盾构掘进过程中的刀盘受力研究

为了探索盾构掘进机刀盘的掘进机理和刀具受力特点,依据实际土压平衡盾构机的基本结构,按比例缩小设计了模拟盾构刀盘掘进实验装置,并在不变刀具外形的前提下,研制了刀具与传感一体化的刀具传感器.该装置既可测量刀盘轴向推力、扭矩也可测量刀具切削阻力.实验证明了所研制的刀具传感器的有效性,具有挖掘和监测挖掘时的切削阻力双重功能,且解决了切刀中多个力耦合问题,能够分别测量切刀的切削力和轴向阻力.实验结果显示刀具的切削阻力和轴向阻力随所在位置半径增大而增大,且两者基本成线性关系.     

深部灰岩三轴蠕变特性实验研究

采用MTS815岩石材料力学试验机,在温度28℃条件下,对重庆市万盛区某煤矿深部掘进巷道灰岩进行了三轴蠕变试验,对不同偏应力水平下该巷道灰岩的蠕变特性进行了分析。结果表明,蠕变试验的曲线显示该灰岩蠕变具有非线性特征,其蠕变特性随着围压的增加而更加明显。对深部灰岩的蠕变模型进行初步探讨,回归得出深部灰岩在不同应力水平下蠕变应变随时间变化的Burgers蠕变方程。分析表明,Burgers模型能较好地反映该深部灰岩的蠕变规律。该模型所确定的本构关系可以作为该深部灰岩蠕变本构模型来预测其蠕变发展。     

An Experimental and Numerical Study of Calliphora Wing Structure

Experiments are performed to determine the mass and stiffness variations along the wing of the blowfly Calliphora. The results are obtained for a pairs of wings of 10 male flies and fresh wings are used. The wing is divided into nine locations along the span and seven locations along the chord based on venation patterns. The length and mass of the sections is measured and the mass per unit length is calculated. The bending stiffness measurements are taken at three locations, basal (near root), medial and distal (near tip) of the fly wing. Torsional stiffness measurements are also made and the elastic axis of the wing is approximately located. The experimental data is then used for structural modeling of the wing as a stepped cantilever beam with nine spanwise sections of varying mass per unit lengths, flexural rigidity (EI) and torsional rigidity (GJ) values. Inertial values of nine sections are found to approximately vary according to an exponentially decreasing law over the nine sections from root to tip and it is used to calculate an approximate value of Young’s modulus of the wing biomaterial. Shear modulus is obtained assuming the wing biomaterial to be isotropic. Natural frequencies, both in bending and torsion, are obtained by solving the homogeneous part of the respective governing differential equations using the finite element method. The results provide a complete analysis of Calliphora wing structure and also provide guidelines for the biomimetic structural design of insect-scale flapping wings.     

A Study of Microscale Gas Trapping Using Etched Silicon Micromodels

Immobilization and trapping of carbon dioxide (CO₂) enhances the security of geological storage. Trapping mechanisms have been characterized in four groups: structural, residual, dissolution, and mineralization. While structural trapping acts immediately when injection starts and is well investigated, the contribution of residual and dissolution trapping increases over storage time and these contributions need to be better understood for better predictions. This paper focuses on an experimental pore-scale investigation of residual and capillary trapping. CO₂?Cwater imbibition experiments were conducted in micromodels whose homogenous pore space is geometrically and topologically similar to Berea sandstone. Microvisual data, photographs and video footage, describes the trapping mechanism and, especially, the disconnection and shrinkage of the CO₂ phase. Results show that depending on the flow rate of the imbibing water different trapping mechanisms are observed. Lower flow rates, comparable to the trailing edge of a CO₂ plume, lead to more snap-off events and greater trapped residual saturation, whereas rates comparable to the near wellbore area during enhanced sequestration showed displacement of gas bubbles and greater dissolution that ultimately leads to very low or zero gas saturations. Furthermore, complete dissolution events showed that homogenous as well as heterogeneous dissolution occurs. Whereas the latter is subdivided into microbubble formation and dissolution on crevices or pore roughness, the former occurs without the influence of pore walls. Based on the observations we suggest that the type of rock and its roughness as well as the fines present at the CO₂ brine interface are important factors determining the dissolution mechanism.