PW based phase change nanocomposites containing <Emphasis Type="Italic">γ</Emphasis>-Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>

Phase change nanocomposites were prepared by dispersing γ-Al₂O₃ nanoparticles into melting paraffin wax (PW). Intensive sonication was used to make well dispersed and homogeneous composites. Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) and transient short-hot-wire (SHW) method were employed to measure the thermal properties of the composites. The composites decreased the latent heat thermal energy storage capacity, L _s, and melting point, T _m, compared with those of the PW. Interestingly, the composites with low mass fraction of the nanoparticles, have higher latent heat capacity than the calculated latent heat capacity value. The thermal conductivity of the nanocomposites was enhanced and increased with the mass fraction of Al₂O₃ in both liquid state and solid state.     

Alternating melting points,heats and entropies of fusion of linear aliphatic polyesters

Heats of fusion of polyethylene-adipate, pimelate, suberate and azelaate have been determined by two methods, viz. DTA and the pressure dependence of the melting point up to 6000 bar. Degrees of crystallization were measured dilatometrically. Entropies of fusion were divided into volume and conformational entropy terms, only the latter alternates. Alternation of melting points depends on enthalpy of fusion ΔH_m, entropy of fusion ΔS_m and volume change Δυ on melting; influence of the functions increases thus ΔV_m < ΔH_m < ΔS_m and ΔS_m is dominant. Entropy and heat of fusion alternation is explained by the conformational change on melting governed by the driving force of maximum H-bridge formation.     

Aspects of the melting of metallic elements

Melting is a most familiar phenomenon: closely similar patterns of solid/liquid transformation occur on heating innumerable and diverse crystalline substances. While some behaviual trends have been characterized, no melting theory of general applicability has yet found widespread acceptance. The present comparative survey is concerned with the melting of metallic elements, to determine quantitatively the enthalpy and density changes that accompany these solid/liquid transitions. The relationship of melting with other physicochemical processes is considered. Metals were selected as apparently the simplest systems for this analysis, many crystal structures involve the close packing of (at least approximately) spherical atoms. Appropriate physical data are available for a large number of different elements, some 70 are considered here, representing a wide range of melting points, T _m. Aspects of the kinetics and mechanisms of melting are discussed. These data comparisons show that melting enthalpies for metals are relatively small. The averages found represent only about 26% of the energy required to heat these solids from 0 K to completion of melting at T_m and only about 5% of the volatilization enthalpy. The density changes on fusion are also relatively small, on average -4.7%. To account for these observations, a representational model of fusion has been formulated. It is suggested that, on melting, the bonding and of local structural dispositions between neighbouring atoms in the liquid and in the solid condensed phases undergo changes that are only limited in extent. T_hus, the regular ordered structures, characteristic of crystalline phases, are extensively maintained in the melt at Tm. Melting is ascribed to destabilization of the crystal through excess vibrational energy, resulting in replacement of the overall extended and constant rigid structure of the solid by a dynamic equilibrium between small, locally regular domains in the liquid. Each such structurally ordered domain is a region of one or other of the alternative possible, crystal-type structures of comparable stability. In the liquid, constant transfer of the components between these regular arrays, stabilised by the enthalpy of fusion, within the compact assemblage of domains accounts for the fluidity of the liquid, its inability to withstand a shearing force and the absence of long-range order. Melting is, therefore, identified with relaxation, at T _m, of the constraint that only a single lattice form is present (as in a crystal) and the liquid is composed of all the structures that are sufficiently stable to participate in the constant flux of interconverting domains. This model of melting may have wider applicability. The small modifications both of enthalpy and of density on fusion make the formulation of a quantitative model, capable of predicting T _m, difficult because minor or secondary controls may be significant in determining the temperature of this physical phase change and the structural changes that occur.     

THE EFFECTS OF IRRADIATION ON THE THERMAL PROPERTIES OF SEMI-CRYSTALLINE POLYAMIDES

Irradiation crosslinking of semi-crystalline polyamides was performed by high energy electronswith various dosages. It is known that the melting behavior of the polymers after irradiation is acomplex phenomenon. In company with the wide angle X-ray diffraction and DSC data of irradiatedand unirradiated polyamides it is possible to develop the local order and perfection of the crystallinitiesslightly which resulted from introduction of intermolecular crosslinking in amorphous region, incl-uding in amorphous-crystalline interface and crystalline defect regions due to irradiation. It canbe explained that slight increase of melting temperature (T_m) and heat of fusion (△H_f) with increasingdosage for both of higher crystallinity nylon 4 and nylon 6. For irradiated lower crystallinity nylons,in contrast, the T_m and △H_f decrease obviously with increasing dosage. In this case, radiation cross-linking "freeze in" the pre-existing morphology, and then the prevention for reorganization duringheating is a dominant effect. The T_m from the second melting for all of the samples were depressed,corresponding with Flory theory. Therefore the crosslinks imposed on the molecules restrainedthe molecular mobility, and that not only depresses the crystallinity but also increases the imperfec-tion of crystallites when the radiated polymer melted and then recrystallized. These are also reflectedin the depression of heat and entropy of fusion as well as the appearance of double melting peakson the DSC thermograms.     

多氯联苯醚的结构参数和热力学性质的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)方法在B3LYP/6-31G*水平上对209个多氯联苯醚(PCDEs)系列化合物进行了全优化和振动分析计算, 得到各分子的结构参数和热力学性质, 并研究了这些参数与氯原子的取代位置及取代数目(N_PCS)之间的关系. 结果表明: 分子平均极化率(α)、焓(H^Ө)、自由能(G^Ө)、恒容热容( )和熵(S^Ө)与N_PCS之间有很强的相关性(相关性系数r²分别为0.9955, 1.0000, 1.0000, 0.9918, 0.9995), 分子体积(V_m)和最高占据轨道能(E_HOMO)与N_PCS也有较好的相关性, 相关性系数r²分别为0.9735和0.9362. 设计等键反应, 计算了PCDEs系列化合物的标准生成热(Δ_fH^Ө)和标准生成自由能(Δ_fG^Ө). 根据异构体自由能的相对大小, 从理论上求得异构体的相对稳定性顺序.     

Heat capacities and thermodynamic properties of chrysanthemic acid

The heat capacities of chrysanthemic acid in the temperature range from 80 to 400 K were measured with a precise automatic adiabatic calorimeter. The chrysanthemic acid sample was prepared with the purity of 0.9855 mole fraction. A solid-liquid fusion phase transition was observed in the experimental temperature range. The melting point, T _m, enthalpy and entropy of fusion, Δ_fus H _m, Δ_fus S _m, were determined to be 390.741±0.002 K, 14.51±0.13 kJ mol^-1, 37.13±0.34 J mol^-1 K^-1, respectively. The thermodynamic functions of chrysanthemic acid, H _(T)-H_(298.15), S _(T)-S_(298.15) and G _(T)-G ₍₂₉₈.₁₅₎ were reported with a temperature interval of 5 K. The TG analysis under the heating rate of 10 K min^-1 confirmed that the thermal decomposition of the sample starts at ca. 410 K and terminates at ca. 471 K. The maximum decomposition rate was obtained at 466 K. The purity of the sample was determined by a fractional melting method. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The equation of state and heat of fusion of poly(ether ether ketone)

The pressure-volume-temperature properties of poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) were studied experimentally at temperatures of 400°C and pressures to 200 MPa. Specific volume data were fitted successfully to the empirical Tait equation for T < T_g and T > T_m and to the theoretical Simha-Somcynsky equation of state for the melt. The pressure dependence of the glass-transition temperature is about 0.57–0.59°C/MPa and that of the melting point 0.483°C/MPa. The pressure dependence of the melting point, the specific volume of the melt at T_m, and the specific volume of the crystal at T_m determined from x-ray diffraction data at elevated temperatures were combined in the Clapeyron equation to calculate a heat of fusion of 161 ± 20 J/g for the PEEK crystal. This value is somewhat higher than the previously reported value of 130 J/g.     

Energy balance in dense microemulsions

A water-in-oil microemulsion composed of water, AOT and decane with volume fraction φ=0.50 and molar ratio X=40.8 was analysed by DSC. The percolation and the bicontinuous transitions as well as the melting endotherms and the freezing exotherms were measured. The main attention was focussed on the system energy balance. It was found that, by freezing the samples after the occurrence of the percolative transition, the total heat released is significantly less than the heat absorbed in the melting endotherms. A simple geometrical model was used as an analysis tool of the aforementioned energy difference. Since the system studied exhibits a percolative transition of dynamic type, on approaching the percolation threshold temperature (T≤T _p) and a static percolation for T≥T _p, the structural change from the connecting water-droplet-cluster to a connecting water channel was schematised in the model as a change from a sphere-necklace to a water-cylindrical channel of equal volume and equal length. The surface energy associated with the formation of the two different geometrical surfaces was evaluated and the amount of saved energy compared with the experimentally measured one.     

Melting and thermodestruction processes in the poly(ethylene)-nanocrystalline nickel system

Composite materials (CM) based on poly(ethylene) (PE) and nanocrystalline nickel (Ni) have been produced. The effect of the content of nanocrystalline Ni and processes of structure formation of its particles on a melting temperature (T _m), interval of melting, true melting heat (ΔH _m), degree of crystallinity (χ) as well as characteristics of CM thermodestruction have been determined by DTA and thermogravimetry techniques. It was found that these characteristics are changed non-linearly when the content of nanocrystalline Ni increases. The most efficient influence of Ni on the above mentioned characteristics was observed for its low content (0.01 volume part of Ni). It was shown that a formation of a branched multifractal cluster of nickel above a percolation threshold favored a decrease in T _m, ΔH _m, χ of filled PE and a majority of thermal characteristics of CM thermodestruction as well. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Thermochemistry of the ternary solid complex Gd(C5H8NS2)3(C12H8N2)

The novel ternary solid complex Gd(C₅H₈NS₂)₃(C₁₂H₈N₂) has been obtained from the reaction of hydrous gadolinium chloride, ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (APDC), and 1,10-phenanthroline (o-phen · H₂O) in absolute ethanol. The complex was described by an elemental analysis, TG-DTG, and an IR spectrum. The enthalpy change of the complex formation reaction from a solution of the reagents, Δ_r H _m ^ϑ (sol), and the molar heat capacity of the complex, c _m , were determined as being − 15.174 ± 0.053 kJ/mol and 72.377 ± 0.636 J/(mol K) at 298.15 K by using an RD496-III heat conduction microcalorimeter. The enthalpy change of a complex formation from the reaction of the reagents in a solid phase, Δ_r H _m ^ϑ (s), was calculated as being 52.703 ± 0.304 kJ/mol on the basis of an appropriate thermochemical cycle and other auxiliary thermodynamic data. The thermodynamics of the formation reaction of the complex was investigated by the reaction in solution. Fundamental parameters, the activation enthalpy (ΔH _≠ ^ϑ ), the activation entropy (ΔS _≠ ^ϑ ), the activation free energy (ΔG _≠ ^ϑ ), the apparent reaction rate constant (k), the apparent activation energy (E), the preexponential constant (A), and the reaction order (n), were obtained by the combination of the thermochemical data of the reaction and kinetic equations, with the data of thermokinetic experiments. The constant-volume combustion energy of the complex, Δ_c U, was determined as being −17588.79 ± 8.62 kJ/mol by an RBC-II type rotatingbomb calorimeter at 298.15 K. Its standard enthalpy of combustion, Δ_c H _m ^ϑ , and standard enthalpy of formation, Δ_f H _m ^ϑ , were calculated to be −17604.28 ± 8.62 and −282.43 ± 9.58 kJ/mol, respectively. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Ultrasonic method of determination of stability constants of charge transfer complexes of certain carbonyl compounds and diethylamine in n -hexane

The ultrasonic velocities (U), densities (ρ) and viscosities (η) were measured for solutions containing equimolar concentrations of diethylamine (donor), nine aldehydes and nine ketones (acceptors) in n-hexane at 303 K. Acoustical parameters such as adiabatic compressibility (β), free length (L _f), viscous relaxation time (τ), and molecular interaction parameter (χ_U) have been computed. These values indicate the formation of charge transfer complexes between carbonyl compounds and amine. Formation constant (K) values of the complexes have been evaluated using the equation proposed by Kannappan. The constant values of free energy of activation (ΔG ) and relaxation time indicate the formation of similar charge transfer complexes in these systems. However, the variation in free energy of formation (ΔG°_F) values suggests that their thermodynamic stability depends on the structure of donor and acceptor.     

The heat of fusion of polytetrafluoroethylene

The heat of fusion of virgin and melt-processed polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was determined using the Clapeyron equation. Experimental data were obtained from PVT experiments and high-temperature x-ray diffraction measurements. For virgin, as-polymerized PTFE, the melting temperature is given by where, for T_m in degrees Celsius, A = 346.3±1.2, B = 0.095±0.003, and P is the pressure in kilograms per square centimeter. At the end of the atmospheric-pressure melting interval, the amorphous and crystalline specific volumes V₁ and V_c are 0.6517 and 0.492 cm³/g, respectively. Thus the heat of fusion is 24.4 cal/g, or nearly twice the value reported previously. The increases in enthalpy and volume at the melting point both indicate a degree of crystallinity of about 75–80% although infrared, x-ray, and NMR data give much higher levels. Data from calorimetry, NMR, and dynamic mechanical measurements indicate that in virgin PTFE some of the crystals continue to experience torsional oscillations at temperatures below the room-temperature transitions. This indicates that there are at least two kinds of crystalline regions. For previously melted PTFE, T_m is determined by A = 328.5±0.7 and B = 0.095±0.002, the volumes are V_am = 0.6349 and V_cr = 0.4855 cm³/g, and the heat of fusion is 22.2 cal/g. The entropy of fusion for PTFE is much closer to that of polyethylene than was previously believed.     

Statistical thermodynamics of polymer crystal and melt

A crystalline-state theory recently developed by Midha and Nanda is commented on and applied to the isobars of polyethylene, poly(vinylidene fluoride), and poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) at atmospheric pressure, and to an isotherm of polyethylene. Satisfactory agreement with experiment results. This includes the volume change at the melting point T_m and the volume difference ΔV between crystal and melt below T_m, when crystal and the earlier liquid-state theory are combined. A similar agreement is noted with respect to the results at high pressure. The scaling parameters obtained indicate the approximate role of melt temperature and volume as reducing quantities. An inverse proportionality between T_m and α_l, the expansivity of the melt at T_m, derived much earlier for low-molecular-weight solids, is recovered with an identical numerical coefficient. The thermodynamic functions of polyethylene are investigated in both phases. For this purpose contributions of internal harmonic modes are considered within the framework of the equivalent s-mer model. One or, at most, two average frequencies are adequate to represent the temperature dependence of the excess free energy and entropy over the value at absolute zero, when the external contributions are included for the crystal. A similar representation of the hard modes can be adopted for the melt. However, the free energy of segmental disorientation computed either from a constant entropy for the s-mer or a rotational isomeric state model for the isolated chain does not appear to be an adequate representation over a sufficient temperature range. An additional temperature-dependent term in the entropy and free energy is introduced and tentatively attributed to a volume- and temperature-dependent short-range ordering. Good agreement with experiment, including the entropy and temperature of fusion, ensues.     

Crystallization and melting of polyethylene under high pressure. II. Effect of pressure on melting behavior of various types of crystals

The effect of pressure on the melting point and volume of fusion of polyethylene was studied by high-pressure dilatometry. Starting materials were crystallized slowly from the melt under pressures of 1500, 3500, 5130 kg/cm², and 1 atm. It has been shown that the unusual behavior observed at pressures above 4000 kg/cm² is due to crystallization and melting of two kinds of extended-chain crystals differing in thermal stability. These are designated as ordinary extended-chain and highly extended-chain crystals, respectively. The relation between pressure P and melting temperature T_m of folded-chain, ordinary extended-chain, and highly extended-chain polyethylene was determined precisely. At pressures up to about 3000 kg/cm², plots of P against T_m for the crystal forms have almost the same curvature and then become parallel. But at pressures above 4000 kg/cm², ordinary extended-chain crystals show a linear increase of T_m with a constant slope of about 70 atm/deg. Curve for the highly extended-chain crystals changes in slope from 70 to 50 atm/deg at pressures between 3500 and 4300 kg/cm², and then show a sharp increase of T_m with increasing pressure. Experiments show that the meltingpoint curve of the highly extended-chain crystals overlaps that of the ordinary extended-chain crystals at pressures below 4000 kg/cm². Annealing experiments with folded-chain and ordinary extended-chain crystals have been made under high pressure. It is suggested that the formation of highly extended-chain crystals occurs stepwise through the formation and reorganization of ordinary extended-chain crystals from the original folded-chain crystals by a mechanism of partial melting and recrystallization at pressures above 4000 kg/cm².     

苏糖酸钾的低温热溶及标准摩尔生成焓测定

以苏糖酸与碳酸氢钾反应制得苏糖酸钾K(C₄H₇O₅)·H₂O，通过红外光谱、热重、化学分析及元素分析等对其进行了表征。用精密自动绝热热量计测量了该化合物在78K-395K温区的摩尔热容。实验结果表明，该化合物存在明显的脱水转变，其脱水浓度、摩尔脱水焓以及摩尔脱水熵分别为：(380.524 ± 0.093) K，(19.655 ± 0.012) kJ/mol 和 (51.618 ± 0.051) J/（K·mol）。将78K-362K和382K-395K两个温区的实验热容值用最小二乘法拟合，得到了两个表示热容随温度变化的多项式方程。以RBC-II型恒容转动弹热量计测定目标化合物的恒容燃烧能为(-1749.71 ± 0.91) kJ/mol，计算得到其标准摩尔生成焓为(-1292.56 ± 1.06) kJ/mol。     

Application of the Generalized Molar‐Ratio Method to the Determination of the Stoichiometry and Apparent Binding Constant of Nanoparticle‐Organic Capping Systems

A generalization of the molar‐ratio method is applied to the determination of the stoichiometry and apparent binding constant of metal nanoparticle‐organic capping complexes (M_mL_x) using voltammetric data for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in air‐saturated aqueous phosphate buffer solutions. The method is applied to the formation of binary nanohybrids consisting of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) capped with a rigid spacer, cucurbit[7]uril (CB), termed AuNP@CB, as well as to the formation of their ternary complexes (M_mL_xB_z) with methylene blue (MB), termed AuNP@CB@MB. The obtained stoichiometries correspond to binding of four Au surface atoms for each CB unit.     

Heat Capacities and Thermodynamic Properties of Fenpropathrin (C22H23O3N)

The heat capacities of fenpropathrin in the temperature range from 80 to 400 K were measured with a precise automatic adiabatic calorimeter. The fenpropathrin sample was prepared with the purity of 0.9916 mole fraction. A solid—liquid fusion phase transition was observed in the experimental temperature range. The melting point, T_m, enthalpy and entropy of fusion, _fusH_m, _fusS_m, were determined to be 322.48±0.01 K, 18.57±0.29 kJ mol^–1 and 57.59±1.01 J mol^–1 K^–1, respectively. The thermodynamic functions of fenpropathrin, H_(T)—H_(298.15), S_(T)—S_(298.15) and G_(T)—G_(298.15), were reported with a temperature interval of 5 K. The TG analysis under the heating rate of 10 K min^–1 confirmed that the thermal decomposition of the sample starts at ca. 450 K and terminates at ca. 575 K. The maximum decomposition rate was obtained at 558 K. The purity of the sample was determined by a fractional melting method.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Heat capacities of molten salts with polyatomic anions

The molar heat capacities at constant pressure, C_P, of molten salts with polyatomic anions, obtained from the literature, are examined. As a rule, the C_P values are independent of the temperature T, but the molar heat capacities at constant volume, C_V, derived from them, depend on T. The latter were obtained, as far as the required density, expansibility and compressibility data are available, for 1.1T_m, presumed to be the corresponding state, T_m being the melting temperature. Their ratio γ = C_P/C_V is linear with the cation–anion distance in the molten salt, d_C–A. The communal, quasi-lattice, heat capacity ΔC_P = C_P − C_P(i.g.) is obtained by subtraction of the sum of published ideal gas heat capacities of the constituent ions at 1.1T_m, C_P(i.g.). This communal heat capacity ΔC_P is proportional to the packing fraction of the ions in the melt, y = πN_Aνd_C−A³/6V. Here N_A is Avogadro's number, ν the number of ions per formula unit, and V the molar volume at 1.1T_m. Some models for the heat capacities of molten salts are shown not to be well applicable to the set of salts discussed here, but no alternative could be suggested.     

Micellization of dodecyldimethylethyl- ammonium bromide in aqueous solution

Specific conductivity of aqueous solutions of dodecyldimethylethylammonium bromide has been determined in the temperature range of 15-40°C. The critical micelle concentration (cmc) and ionization degree of the micelles, b, were determined from the data. Thermodynamic functions, such as standard Gibbs free energy, ΔG _m°, enthalpy, ΔG _m°, and entropy, ΔG _m°, of micellization, were estimated by assuming that the system conforms to the mass action model. The change in heat capacity upon micellization, ΔG _m°, was estimated from the temperature dependence of ΔG _m°. An enthalpy-entropy compensation phenomenom for the studied system has been found. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.