Volumetric, ultrasonic and viscometric studies of binary mixtures of dimethyl sulphoxide with chloro and nitro substituted aromatic hydrocarbons at T = 303.15 K

Excess volumes (V^E) ultrasonic sound velocities (u), isentropic compressibilities (K_s) and viscosities (η) have been measured for the binary mixtures of dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) with 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, o-chlorotoluene, m-chlorotoluene, p-chlorotoluene, o-nitrotoluene and m-nitrotoluene at T = 303.15 K. The measured V^E values were positive over the entire composition range in all the binary mixtures. Isentropic compressibilities (K_s) have been computed for the same systems from precise sound velocity and density data. Further, deviation in isentropic compressibility (ΔK_s) from ideal behaviour was also calculated. The viscosity data are analysed on the basis of corresponding states approach. Deviation in viscosities are positive over the entire composition range. The measured data is explained on the basis of intermolecular interactions between unlike molecules.     

Densities,Viscosities and Speeds of Sound of Binary Mixtures of Ethyl Benzoate + Hydrocarbons at (303.15, 308.15 and 313.15) K

Densities, viscosities and speeds of sound of binary mixtures of ethyl benzoate with cyclohexane, n-hexane, heptane and octane have been measured over the entire range of composition at (303.15, 308.15 and 313.15) K and at atmospheric pressure. From these experimental values, excess molar volume (V ^E), deviation in viscosity (Δη) and deviation in isentropic compressibility (ΔK _s) have been calculated. The viscosities of binary mixtures were calculated theoretically from the pure component data by using various empirical and semi-empirical relations and the results compared with the experimental findings.     

Density,viscosity and refractive index for ethyl tert -butyl ether + 2-butoxyethanol mixtures

Densities (ρ) at 293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15 K, viscosities (η) at 293.15, 298.15, and 303.15 K and refractive indexes (n) at 298.15 K of binary mixtures of ethyl tert-butyl ether (1) + 2-butoxyethanol (2), are reported. The excess molar volumes (V ^E) and the viscosities, and refractive index deviations (Δln η and Δn) were calculated from these experimental data. The results are discussed in terms of intermolecular interactions.     

Studies on solution properties of ternary mixture of acetophenone + n-amyl alcohol + dichloromethane and its corresponding binaries at 298.15 K

The excess values of molar volume (V ^E), viscosity deviation (Δη), deviation in isentropic compressibility (ΔK_S ), excess molar refraction (ΔR) and excess Gibbs energy of activation (ΔG^*E ) of viscous flow have been investigated from the experimentally measured densities, viscosities, sound speeds and refractive indices for three binary mixtures of acetophenone?+?n-amyl alcohol, acetophenone?+?dichloromethane and n-amyl alcohol?+?dichloromethane and their corresponding ternary mixtures at 298.15?K over the entire composition range. The calculated quantities are further fitted to the Redlich–Kister equation to estimate the binary fitting parameters and standard deviations from the regression lines. The excess or deviation properties were found to be either negative or positive depending on the molecular interactions and the nature of liquid mixtures and have been discussed in terms of molecular interactions and structural changes.     

Volumetric,viscometric and acoustic properties of binary mixtures of 2-propanol with n -alkanes (C6, C8, C10) at 298.15 and 308.15 K

Densities (ρ), viscosities (η), and speeds of sound, (u) of the binary mixtures of 2-propanol with n-alkanes (n-hexane, n-octane, and n-decane) were measured over the entire composition range at 298.15 and 308.15 K and at atmospheric pressure. Using the experimental values of density, viscosity and speed of sound, the excess molar volumes (V ^E), viscosity deviations (Δη), deviations in speed of sound (Δu), isentropic compressibility (κ _s), deviations in isentropic compressibility (Δκ _s), and excess Gibbs energies of activation of viscous flow (ΔG* ^E) were calculated. These results were fitted to the Redlich–Kister type polynomial equation. The variations of these excess parameters with composition were discussed from the viewpoint of intermolecular interactions in these mixtures. The excess properties are found to be either positive or negative depending on the molecular interactions and the nature of liquid mixtures.     

Densities,viscosities, speed of sound,and IR spectroscopic studies of binary mixtures of tert-butyl acetate with benzene,methylbenzene, and ethylbenzene at T = (298.15 and 308.15) K

Densities, viscosities, speed of sound, and IR spectroscopy of binary mixtures of tert-butyl acetate (TBA) with benzene, methylbenzene, and ethylbenzene have been measured over the entire range of composition, at (298.15 and 308.15) K and at atmospheric pressure. From the experimental values of density, viscosity, speed of sound, and IR spectroscopy; excess molar volumes V^E, deviations in viscosity Δη, deviations in isentropic compressibility Δκ_s and stretching frequency ν have been calculated. The excess molar volumes and deviations in isentropic compressibility are positive for the binaries studied over the whole composition, while deviations in viscosities are negative for the binary mixtures. The excess molar volumes, deviations in viscosity, and deviations in isentropic compressibility have been fitted to the Redlich–Kister polynomial equation. The Jouyban–Acree model is used to correlate the experimental values of density, viscosity, and speed of sound.     

Density,relative permittivity,viscosity and speed of sound for 2-methoxyethanol + isobutylamine mixtures

Densities (ρ), relative permittivities (ε), viscosities (η), and speeds of sound (u) at 298.15?K of binary mixtures of 2-methoxyethanol (1)?+?isobutylamine (2), are reported. From all those data, the excess molar volumes, and deviations from mole fraction additivity of the relative permittivity (Δε), viscosity (Δη), speed of sound (Δu), and isentropic compressibility (Δκ) have been calculated. The results for V ^E, Δε, Δln?η, Δu, and Δκ are discussed on the basis of intermolecular interactions between the components of the analysed mixtures.     

Acoustical and excess thermodynamic studies of mixtures of 2-pyrrolidone with 1,3-propanediol and water as well as 1,3-propanediol with water at 308.15 K

The density (ρ), viscosity (η) and ultrasonic velocity (u) of three mixtures consisting of 2- pyrrolidone with 1,3-propanediol (PD) and water and also of PD and water have been measured as a function of mole fraction at 308.15 K. The experimentally collected data has been used to calculate the excess molar volume (V^E), deviation in viscosity (Δη), deviation in ultrasonic velocity (Δu), isentropic compressibility (κ_s), deviation in isentropic compressibility (Δκ_s) and excess Gibbs free energy of activation (ΔG*^E). The Redlich–Kister polynomial equation has been used to fit the derived parameters. The variation in excessive thermodynamic properties as a consequence of possible molecular interactions is discussed.     

Study of densities,viscosities, and speeds of sound of binary liquid mixtures of butan-1-ol with n-alkanes (C6, C8, and C10) at T = (298.15, 303.15, and 308.15) K

The densities (ρ) and speeds of sound (u) have been measured over the whole composition range for (butan-1-ol with hexane, or octane, or decane) at T = (298.15, 303.15, and 308.15) K and atmospheric pressure along with the properties of the pure components. Viscosities (η) of these binary mixtures have also been measured over the entire composition range at T = 298.15 K. Experimental values of density, viscosity and speed of sound have been used to evaluate excess properties viz. excess molar volumes (V^E), deviation in viscosity (Δη), deviation in speeds of sound (Δu), deviation in isentropic compressibility (Δκ_s) and excess Gibbs free energy of activation of viscous flow (ΔG^1E). The excess properties have been correlated using the Redlich–Kister polynomial equation. The sign and magnitude of these excess properties have been used to interpret the results in terms of intermolecular interactions and structural effects. The viscosity data have also been correlated by Grunberg and Nissan, Tamura–Kurata, and Hind correlation equations.     

Physico-chemical properties of binary mixtures of 1-butanol with chloroethanes or chloroethenes at 298.15 K

The densities ρ, speeds of sound u, and viscosities η, of pure 1-butanol, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene and those of their binary mixtures have been measured at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure over the entire range of compositions. Excess molar volumes V ^E, viscosity deviations Δη, deviation in compressibilities Δκ_s and excess Gibbs energy of activation G*^E, were obtained from the experimental results and those were fitted to Redlich–Kister's type function in terms of mole fractions. Viscosities, speeds of sound and isentropic compressibilities of the binary mixtures have been correlated by means of several empirical and semi-empirical equations. The experimental data are analysed to discuss the nature and strength of intermolecular interactions in these mixtures.     

Volumetric, Ultrasonic and Transport Properties of Binary Liquid Mixtures Containing Dimethyl Formamide at 303.15 K

Excess volumes （v^E）, ultrasonic velocities （u）, isentropic compressibility （△Ks） and viscosities （η） for the binary mixtures of dimethyl formamide （DMF） with 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, o-chlorotoluene, m-chlorotoluene, p-chlorotoluene, o-nitrotoluene and m-nitrotoluene at 303.15 K were studied. Excess volume data exhibit an inversion in sign for the mixtures of dimethyl formamide with 1,2- and 1,3-dichlorobenzenes and the property is completely positive over the entire composition range for the mixtures of dimethyl formamide with 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, o-nitrotoluene and m-nitrotoluene. On the other hand, the quantity is negative for the mixtures of dimethyl formamide with chlorotoluenes. Isentropic compressibility （Ks） has been computed for the same systems from precise sound velocity and density data. Further, deviation of isentropic com- pressibility （△Ks） from ideal behavior was also calculated. AKs values are negative over the entire volume fraction range in all the binary mixtures. The experimental sound velocity data were analysed in terms of Free Length Theory （FLT） and Collision Factor Theory （CFT）. The viscosity data were analysed on the basis of corresponding state approach. The measured data were discussed on the basis of intermolecular interactions between unlike molecules.     

Densities, viscosities, and ultrasonic velocity studies of binary mixtures of trichloromethane with methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, and butan-1-ol at T = (298.15 and 308.15) K

Densities, viscosities, and ultrasonic velocities of binary mixtures of trichloromethane with methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, and butan-1-ol have been measured over the entire range of composition, at (298.15 and 308.15) K and at atmospheric pressure. From the experimental values of density, viscosity, and ultrasonic velocity, the excess molar volumes (V^E), deviations in viscosity (Δη), and deviations in isentropic compressibility (Δκ_s) have been calculated. The excess molar volumes, deviations in viscosity and deviations in isentropic compressibility have been fitted to the Redlich-Kister polynomial equation. The Jouyban-Acree model is used to correlate the experimental values of density, viscosity, and ultrasonic velocity.     

Excess molar volumes,viscosity, refractive index,and Gibbs energy of activation of binary biodiesel + benzene,and biodiesel + toluene mixtures at 298.15 and 303.15 K

Excess molar volumes (V ^E), viscosities, refractive index, and Gibbs energies were evaluated for binary biodiesel + benzene and toluene mixtures at 298.15 and 303.15 K. The excess molar volumes V ^E were determined from density, while the excess Gibbs free energy of activation G*^E was calculated from viscosity deviation Δη. The excess molar volume (V ^E), viscosity deviation (Δη), and excess Gibbs energy of activation (G*^E) were fitted to the Redlich-Kister polynomial equation to derive binary coefficients and estimate the standard deviations between the experimental data and calculation results. All mixtures showed positive V ^E values obviously caused by increased physical interactions between biodiesel and the organic solvents.     

Acoustical Properties of Binary Mixtures of Heptane with Ethyl Acetate or Butyl Acetate

Mixed solvents rather than single pure liquids are of utmost practical importance in chemical and industrial processes as they provide an ample opportunity for the continuous adjustment of desired properties of the medium. Therefore, ultrasonic velocity (u) and density (ρ) were measured for the binary mixtures formed by heptane with ethyl acetate or butyl acetate at temperatures 293, 298 and 303 K over the entire composition range. Deviation in ultrasonic velocity (Δu), deviation in isentropic compressibility (Δκ_s), and excess intermolecular free length (L^E_f) have been evaluated using the ultrasonic velocity data and the computed results were fitted to the Redlich‐Kister polynomial equation. The values of Δu, Δκ_s and L^E_f were plotted against the molar fraction of heptane. The observed positive and negative values of excess parameters were discussed in terms of molecular interaction between the components of the mixtures. Experimental values of ultrasonic velocity and density were compared with the results obtained by theoretical estimation procedures. The results were discussed in terms of average absolute deviation (AAD).     

Densities,speeds of sound and isentropic compressibilities of binary and ternary mixtures containing benzene,cyclohexane and hexane at 298.15 K

Densities, ϱ, and speeds of sound, u, have been measured for the ternary mixture {benzene + cyclohexane + hexane} and the corresponding binary mixtures {benzene + cyclohexane}, {benzene + hexane} and {cyclohexane + hexane}, at the temperature 298.15 K. Using these results, the isentropic compressibilities, κ_s, the excess isentropic compressibilities, κ_s^E, and the speeds of sound deviations, Δu, have been calculated for both the binary mixtures and the ternary system. Excess isentropic compressibilities, κ_s^E, and the speeds of sound deviations, Δu, have been fitted to the Redlich-Kister equation in the case of binary mixtures, while the equation of Cibulka was used to fit the values relating to the ternary system. The empiric equations of Redlich-Kister, Tsao-Smith, Kohler and Colinet have been applied in order to predict the κ_s^E and Δu of ternary mixtures from the binary contributions.     

Thermodynamic and acoustical properties of mixtures <Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-anisaldehyde—alkanols (C<Subscript>1</Subscript>–C<Subscript>4</Subscript>)—2-methyl-1-propanol at 303.15 K

The density, viscosity and speed of sound of pure p-anisaldehyde and some alkanols, for example, methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol, butan-1-ol, butan-2-ol, 2-methylpropan-1-ol, and the binary mixtures of p-anisaldehyde with these alkanols were measured over the entire composition range at 303.15 K. From the experimental data, various thermodynamic parameters such as excess molar volume (V^E), excess Gibbs free energy of activation (ΔG*^E), and deviation parameters like viscosity (Δη), speed of sound (Δu), isentropic compressibility (Δκ_s), are calculated. The excess as well as deviation parameters are fitted to Redlich—Kister equation. Additionally, the viscosity data for the systems has been used to correlate the application of empirical relation given by Grunberg and Nissan, Katti and Chaudhari, and Hind et al. The results are discussed in terms of specific interactions present in the mixtures.     

Ultrasonic Studies on Molecular Interactions in Binary Mixtures of N-Methyl Aniline with Methyl Isobutylketone, +3-Pentanone, and +Cycloalkanones at 303.15 K

Densities, ρ, viscosities, η, and ultrasonic sound velocities u of pure methyl isobutylketone, diethylketone, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, 2-methyl cyclohexanone and those of their binary mixtures with N-methyl aniline were measured at 303.15 K over the entire composition range. These experimental data have been used to calculate the excess volume (V ^E), deviation in ultrasonic sound velocity (?u), isentropic compressibility (κ _s ), intermolecular free length (L _f), excess intermolecular free length ( $ L_{\text{f}}^{\text{E}} $ L f E ), acoustic impedance (Z), excess isentropic compressibility ( $ \kappa_S^{\text{E}} $ κ S E ), deviation in viscosity (?η) and excess Gibbs energy of activation of viscous flow (G ^*E). The viscosity data have been correlated using three equations proposed by Grunberg and Nissan, Katti and Chaudhri, and Hind et al. The excess/deviations have been fitted by Redlich–Kister equation and the results are discussed in terms of molecular interactions present in these mixtures.     

Excess molar volumes and ultrasonic studies of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone with ketones at T = 303.15 K

Excess molar volumes (V^E) and ultrasonic studies at T = 303.15 K and atmospheric pressure have been measured over the whole composition range for the binary mixtures of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) with ketones. The ketones studied in the present investigation include methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), diethylketone (DEK), methyl propyl ketone (MPK), methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), and cyclohexanone (CH). The V^E values were measured using a dilatometer and were negative over the entire mole fraction range for NMP with MEK, DEK, MPK, and MIBK and were positive for NMP with CH. The ultrasonic sound velocities for the above systems were measured with a single crystal interferometer at a frequency of 3 MHz. The sound velocity (u) results have been used to calculate isentropic compressibility (K_s) and deviation in isentropic compressibility (ΔK_s) over the entire range of volume fraction. The sound velocity results have been predicted in terms of free length theory (FLT), collision factor theory (CFT), and Nomoto relation. The results reveal that all the theories gave a satisfactory estimate of the sound velocity. The deviation values of the isentropic compressibilities (ΔK_s) were negative over the entire range of volume fraction in all the binary liquid mixtures except in the binary system NMP with CH, where we observed positive ΔK_s values. The results are interpreted on possible molecular interactions between components.     

Studies of thermophysical properties of binary liquid mixtures of amine and alcohols at various temperatures

The density ρ and speed of sound u of the binary mixtures of ethylenediamine (EDA) with alcohols (1-hexanol, 1-octanol, and 1-decanol) were measured at temperatures from (293.15 to 313.15) K and viscosity η at (298.15 to 308.15) K over the entire composition range and at atmospheric pressure. Using the experimental values of density, viscosity and speed of sound, the excess molar volume $V_m^E$, viscosity deviation Δη, deviation in speed of sound u^D, deviation in isentropic compressibility Δκ_s were calculated. These results were fitted to the Redlich–Kister type polynomial equation. The variations of these excess parameters with composition were discussed from the viewpoint of intermolecular interactions in these mixtures. The excess properties are found to be either positive or negative depending on the molecular interactions and the nature of liquid mixtures. Further, the viscosity data have been used and analyzed in terms of Heric−Brewer and McAllister models.     

Excess properties and spectroscopic studies of binary system 1,4-butanediol + water at T = (293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15) K

Density and dynamic viscosity data were measured over the whole concentration range for the binary system 1,4-butanediol (1) + water (2) at T = (293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15, and 318.15) K as a function of composition under atmospheric pressure. Based on density and dynamic viscosity data, excess molar density (ρ^E), dynamic viscosity deviation (Δν) and excess molar volume (V_m^E) were calculated. From the dynamic viscosity data, excess Gibbs energies (ΔG*^E), Gibbs free energy of activation of viscous flow (ΔG*), enthalpy of activation for viscous flow (ΔH*) and entropy of activation for viscous flow (ΔS*) were also calculated. The ρ^E, V_m^E, Δν and ΔG*^E values were correlated by a Redlich?Kister-type function to obtain the coefficients and to estimate the standard deviations between the experimental and calculated quantities. Based on FTIR and UV spectral results, the intermolecular interaction of 1,4-butanediol with H₂O was discussed.