基于经验模态分解的彩虹法测量研究

基于彩虹Airy理论分析了一阶彩虹强度分布的折射率和直径的灵敏度,并利用经验模态分解法对彩虹信号进行分解与重构,提出了一种有效分离彩虹强度中Airy信号和高频Ripple分量的方法。根据液滴的一阶彩虹分布,设计了液滴折射率和直径同步测量的彩虹?经验模态反演算法,该算法有很强的抗噪声特征。实验中测量了水滴和不同浓度乙醇液滴的一阶彩虹分布,研究结果表明,彩虹?经验模态法对液滴的折射率和直径测量精度分别为10?4和1%。     

Generalization of the rainbow Airy theory to nonuniform spheres

Rainbow techniques permit measurement of refractive indices, and hence the temperatures of liquid droplets through determination of the absolute angular position of a rainbow interference image in space. The Airy theory, which is commonly used to explain the rainbow effect, permits the determination of a unique refractive-index value, even in the presence of nonuniformities in the droplet. An extension of this theory to spheres that exhibit internal refractive-index gradients is proposed. The case of burning droplets is considered as an example of such spheres, and the results obtained are successfully compared with those presented in the literature.     

Global rainbow thermometry for droplet-temperature measurement

Standard rainbow thermometry connects the scattering angle of the main rainbow maximum, generated by a single droplet, to the droplet's refractive index and thus to its temperature. Droplet nonsphericity influences the rainbow position and therefore degrades the quality of the droplet-temperature measurement. We propose global rainbow thermometry, which measures the average rainbow position that is created by multiple droplets and from which a mean temperature can be derived. The new technique aims at eliminating the nonsphericity effect. The principle of this method is presented, and a typical recorded image is discussed.     

全场彩虹技术测量喷雾浓度及粒径分布

喷雾颗粒的浓度、粒径等多参数的同时测量是研究喷雾的关键. 对应用全场彩虹技术测量双组分液滴的浓度及粒径分布进行了研究. 基于改进的Nussenzweig理论,对液滴折射率和粒径分布采用无分布函数算法进行最优化求解, 然后通过折射率与浓度的关系反推液滴浓度.用模拟全场彩虹信号对该算法进行了验证, 该算法可准确反演具有单峰分布、双峰分布粒径特征的液滴群的折射率与粒径分布. 并对体积分数从0%到100%的乙醇溶液喷雾进行了实验测量, 结果表明,所测得折射率与理论值符合,粒径分布稳定.该技术在喷雾浓度测量方面具有广阔的应用前景. 关键词： 全场彩虹技术 折射率 粒径 组分     

Study on measurement of refractive index profile of GI-POF by light scattering

This paper is devoted to the study on measurement of refractive index profile of graded-index polymer optical fiber (GI-POF) by light scattering. Using Generalized Airy theory and Debye series of an inhomogeneous cylinder, the scattering intensity distributions are obtained of Airy structure of rainbows for different refractive index profile. The results show that positions of Airy peaks depend closely on refractive index profile of GI-POF. Since each order of rainbow penetrates it to different depths, such methods could be used to provide information of the refractive index profile of GI-POF. For GI-POF with given diameter, positions of Airy peaks of rainbows are simulated as a function of refractive index profile, which can be used to inverse unknown parameters of refractive index profile. The least square method is used in inversion of refractive index profile with the given refractive index of the cladding. The results obtained agree with theoretical values with high precision. The method has the advantages of non-instructive and on-line measurement, and can be used for the measurement of other inhomogeneous droplets.     

Some Far-Field Scattering Characteristics of Radially Inhomogeneous Particles

The finely stratified sphere model was used to calculate scattered electromagnetic fields from radially inhomogeneous spherical particles illuminated by electromagnetic plane waves. The calculation results show that radial gradients of the real part of the refractive indices change the ray paths into curved lines inside large spherical particles, resulting in fluctuations of rainbow positions for droplets during heat transfer processes. The light intensity in the forward scattering region is found to be useful to infer information about the profile of the imaginary part of the refractive index.     

Critical Angle Refractometry for Simultaneous Measurement of Particles in Flow: Size and Relative Refractive Index

The principle of the optical technique critical angle refractometry, used to determine the size and refractive index of spherical particles (with relative refractive index below unity) in liquid flows, was investigated. This technique is based on the observation of the particle scattering pattern around the critical angle. Similarly to the recent technique developed for rainbow scattering pattern analysis for droplet temperature and size measurements, it is shown that the relative particle refractive index (m_r<1) and size can be determined from the position of the primary diffraction fringe and from the angular spacing between two fringes. Explicit equations for refractive index and particle size measurement were derived from the first-order term of the physical optics approximation. An experimental validation test and numerical computations based on the Lorenz-Mie theory were used to validate the principle of the proposed technique and to estimate its sensitivity, which was shown to be of the same order as that of the rainbow technique. This technique is considered to be useful for various applications in liquid multiphase flows where the particles size and material are to be characterized.     

Self-calibrated global rainbow refractometry:a dual-wavelength approach

Calibration of the relationship between the scattering angle and the CCD pixel is a key part of achieving accurate measurements of rainbow refractometry.A novel self-calibrated global rainbow refractometry system based on illumination by two lasers of different wavelengths is proposed.The angular calibration and refractive index measurement of two wavelengths can be completed simultaneously without extra measurement devices.The numerical and experimental results show the feasibility and high precision of the self-calibration method,which enables the rainbow refractometry to be implemented in a more powerful and convenient way.The self-calibrated rainbow system is successfully applied to measure the refractive indices of ethanol-water solutions with volume concentrations of 10% to 60%.     

彩虹及在非均匀球中的应用

利用广义洛伦兹-米氏理论，研究了多层球折射率按指数规律变化时，其一阶彩虹角分布随折射率变化的情况。研究结果表明，无论折射率为指数增大还是指数衰减，多层球彩虹角位置均与折射率分布密切相关，为探测非均匀球的折射率及梯度分布以及燃烧室的温度分布提供了有效的信息。     

Global Rainbow Thermometry for Mean Temperature and Size Measurement of Spray Droplets

Global rainbow thermometry is a new technique for measuring the average size and temperature of spray droplets. For data inversion a global rainbow pattern is employed, which is formed by constructive interference of laser light scattered by an ensemble of spherical droplets. The non‐spherical droplets and liquid ligaments provide a uniform background and hence do not influence the interference pattern from which average size and temperature are derived. This is a large improvement with respect to standard rainbow thermometry, investigated since 1988, which is strongly influenced by particle shape. Moreover, the technique is applicable to smaller droplets than the standard technique because the global pattern is not spoiled by a ripple structure. Data inversion schemes based on inflection points, minima and maxima are discussed with respect to spray dispersion and droplet flux. The temperature derivation from inflection points appears to be independent of spray dispersion. Preliminary measurements in a heated water spray are reported. The mean diameter obtained from the rainbow pattern is smaller than the arithmetic mean diameter measured by phase‐Doppler anemometry. The accuracy of the temperature measurement by global rainbow thermometry is shown to be a few degrees Celsius.     

Numerical study on the wavelength-dependent polarization of light scattered by aqueous droplets for RGB spectrums

Based on Lorenz-Mie scattering theory, the transformation matrix of an aqueous droplet is derived analytically. By employing single scattering approximation and log-normal size distribution function, the DOP (degree of polarization) of the light scattered by a unit volume of aqueous droplets for RGB (red, green and blue) spectrums is studied. In our study, the wavelength-dependent complex refractive index for water with fine resolution is novelly obtained by using Piecewise Interpolation method based on Segelstein's refractive index data. The analytical results reveal that extrema of the DOP which is dependent on the relative intensities of the orthogonal polarizations are associated with scattering angles, and, for RGB spectrums, increasing wavelength can alleviate the influence of the resonance on the orthogonal polarizations and the DOP.     

On rainbows of inhomogeneous spherical droplets

The paper is devoted to the study of the intensity distributions and the angular spectra of the second and fifth rainbows of homogeneous and inhomogeneous spherical particles predicted by Lorenz-Mie theory. The results show that the distribution around the second rainbow angle for a homogeneous sphere of refractive index between 1.32 and 1.33 is due to the interference of the light after two or five internal reflections. The structure of the scattering diagram and the angular spectrum for homogeneous and radially inhomogeneous spheres are studied. For a homogeneous sphere we show that the second and fifth rainbows can be independently reconstructed by filtering the calculated spectrum. Since each order of rainbow penetrates the particle to different depths, such methods could be used to provide information about the refractive index profile or the temperature gradient of an inhomogeneous sphere. The Airy-like peaks of the second and fifth rainbows are closely connected with the refractive index profile, which is beneficial to the measurement of its refractive index profile or temperature gradient.     

高折射玻璃微珠粒径与折射率关系的研究

利用激光照射高折射率玻璃微珠下形成的二次彩虹现象,以艾里的虹理论为基础对玻璃微珠折射率进行了测量。推导了玻璃微珠尺寸对折射率影响的计算公式,表明半径差异在10μm时,折射率的测量误差为10^-3数量级。此外,通过软件模拟计算玻璃微珠的二次彩虹现象,并对微珠的折射率进行了测量,验证了二次彩虹方法的正确性,同时也表明玻璃微...     

一种减小尺寸的声彩虹捕获效应结构*

该文提出了一种减小尺寸的彩虹捕获效应结构,在铁板上刻上深度相同的空气凹槽阵列并加入周期性缝板单元,通过调节缝宽得到不同的等效折射率。该文对1000 Hz～2000 Hz的声波进行仿真实验,仿真结果表明不同频率的声波被局域在不同的位置,即实现了彩虹捕获效应。由于局域处声波群速度很小,局域处声场能量得到很大的提升。相对于传统的深度渐变的空气凹槽结构,我们的结构尺寸更小,可调性更强,更容易实现对低频声波的捕获效应。该结构具有能量加强和声波空间分离的效应,相信在声吸收、声波识别等领域有着潜在的应用前景。     

Droplet Sizing by Mie Scattering Interferometry in a Spark Ignition Engine

A theoretical explanation is given of a technique based on Mie scattering interferometry (MSI), obtained by defocusing of the collecting optics, to size droplets. The originality of this study is the development of a droplet sizing method by planar laser light scattering for the case of a scattering angle range close to 90°. The feasibility of this method and its limitations are fully described. The dependence on intensity levels and refractive index variations can be neglected. After discussion of some practical details about particle size, imaging and camera constraints, the results obtained in the combustion chamber of a spark ignition (SI) engine, near the spark plug, prior to ignition and for different injection timings are described and discussed. It can be concluded that the implementation of the MSI method in this experimental set-up has been realized successfully to provide droplet distributions in an SI engine. To allow the easier use of the technique, image processing software will be developed in the Matlab environment.     

利用彩虹强度角谱分布对圆柱直径的测量

采用ＣＣＤ线阵的散射光强角分布测量系统,测量了水、酒精液柱、光纤的彩虹角分布。根据严格米氏理论,数值研究了大尺寸参数圆柱的彩虹现象,获得与实验相吻合的数值结果。讨论了几何光学和艾里理论局限性,将米氏理论和几何光学结合,对彩虹现象给予了更为合理的解释。利用第一级彩虹角反演折射率,以及将彩虹强度导数角分布进行快速傅里叶变换获得了角谱反演圆柱粒子的直径。并讨论了利用角谱反演粒子折射率和直径的精度。     

Refractive scattering and the nuclear rainbow in the interaction of12, 13C with12C at 20MeV/N

The elastic and inelastic scattering and the neutron transfer have been measured for the systems¹²C +¹²C and¹³C +¹²C at 20MeV/N up to θ_cm= 60° with theQ3D -spectrometer. The angular distributions of the elastic scattering show an enhanced cross section at angles larger than 40°. It can be identified as refractive scattering with the clear signature of a nuclear rainbow.L-cut-off calculations show that these contributions come fromL-values which are significantly lower than the grazingL-value. The deflection function has a broad minimum in thisL-range which is typical for rainbow scattering. TheS-matrix is decomposed by a phenomenological parametrization into a refractive and a diffractive part. The interference of these amplitudes plays an important role in the rainbow enhancement. The spatial localization of the refractive scattering is deduced from the turning points of the corresponding trajectories; a localization between 2.5 fm and 4 fm is found. Semi-classical calculations with complex trajectories in the single-turning-point approximation show good agreement with the quantummechanical calculations. Refractive contributions are not observed in the inelastic scattering. This can be explained by reducing the strength of the conventional collective form factor in the internal region. In contrast to this the enhancement at large angles is seen in the one-neutron transfer channels where the refractive scattering is dominant. This is the first observation of such contributions to heavy-ion transfer reactions.     

光纤式微液滴光学检测与计数单元仿真分析

为实现微流控芯片上微液滴的检测与计数，设计了光纤式检测与计数单元，使用TracePro软件进行建模仿真以便为检测信号处理提供依据。根据液滴通过检测区域时引起的光强变化来实现计数，分析了照明光束准直性、液滴尺寸、液滴相对溶液折射率以及接收光纤相距芯片距离对光强变化的影响。仿真实验结果表明，照明光束准直性越差，液滴半径越大，相对溶液折射率越低，接收光纤距离越近，相对光强变化越明显，并且液滴大小决定着光强变化曲线中是否会出现双波谷现象，液滴半径小于13 μm时，液滴检测信号为明显的单波谷，半径大于17 μm时，液滴信号为明显双波谷。根据仿真结果提出了检测信号的处理方法，表明该单元可以实现微流控芯片上微液滴的检测与计数功能。     

Determination of temperature and concentration of a vapor–gas mixture in a wake of water droplets moving through combustion products

Characteristic temperatures and concentrations of a vapor–gas mixture in a wake of water droplets moving through combustion products (initial temperature 1170 K) were determined using the Ansys Fluent mathematical modeling package. We investigated two variants of motion: motion of two droplets (with sizes from 1 mm to 3 mm), consecutive and parallel, and motion of five staggered droplets. The influence of the relative position of droplets and also of distances between them (varied from 0.01 mm to 5 mm) on temperatures and concentrations of water vapor was established. The distances determine the relation between the evaporation areas and the total volume occupied by a droplet aggregate in the gas medium. The results of modeling for conditions that take into account vaporization on the droplet surface at average constant values of evaporation rate and also with consideration of the change in the latter, depending on the droplet temperature field, are compared. We determined conditions under which the modeling results are comparable for the assumption of a constant vaporization rate and with regard to the dependence of the latter on temperature. The earlier hypothesis on formation of a buffer vapor layer (“thermal protection”) around a droplet, which decreases the thermal flow from the external gas medium, was validated.     

Retrieval of order parameters of a monolayer of liquid-crystal droplets with weak anchoring

An optical method is proposed for extracting the order parameters of single-layer polymer-dispersed liquid-crystal film (monolayer) containing bipolar liquid-crystal droplets under weak anchoring conditions. The method is based on an analysis of the coherent transmittance of a monolayer irradiated with a normally incident linearly polarized plane wave. The method is used to retrieve the order parameter of a spherical liquid-crystal droplet and the order parameter of a monolayer consisting of such droplets as functions of the applied electric field. The effect of inaccuracy of the input values of monolayer parameters on the error of retrieval of the order parameters is examined. The method can be used to determine the refractive index of the polymer binder, as well as other parameters of the film. It provides a tool for solving the inverse scattering problem with field-dependent or field-independent droplet order parameter.