PHOTODICHROISM OF RHODOPSIN SOLUTIONS AT -196°C

Abstract— The photodichroism of a system of randomly oriented, bleachable pigment molecules, rigidly fixed in an inert transparent matrix was investigated theoretically. A formula was derived for the photochemical equilibrium reaction between three pigments, N ₁⇆ N ₂⇆ N ₃ in the case that the absorption ellipsoids of the pigments are rotationally symmetric and their symmetry axes coincide. The formula was applied to the dichroism induced by plane polarized light of different wavelengths in an aqueous rhodopsin-glycerol mixture at –196°C. It was found that the absorption ellipsoids of this visual pigment, its analogue, isorhodopsin, and its first bleaching product, prelumirhodopsin, are elongated with an apparent axial ratio of about 5. It was concluded that the light absorbing properties of these pigments cannot be described by a single transition moment vector (linear absorber). The absolute value of the quantum efficiency of the conversion of rhodopsin to prelumirhodopsin was shown to be approximately equal to the quantum efficiency of bleaching rhodopsin at room temperature. Some evidence was obtained that indicates that the relative quantum efficiencies of the rhodopsin system at – 196°C may be wavelength dependent.     

FRIEDEL-CRAFTS-Reaktionen der C7-, C8- und C12-Cycloalkane mit Kohlenmonoxid

The reaction of cycloheptane, cyclooctane, and cyclododecane with carbon monoxide under pressure in the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride has been investigated. Cycloheptane leads to acetylcyclohexane and trans-2-methyl-cyclohexane carboxylic acid as main products. Cyclooctane yields 3- and trans-4-acetyl-methylcyclohexane and various dimethylcyclohexane carboxylic acids. From cyclododecane a mixture of numerous ketones has been obtained besides a mixture of acids.     

The mass spectra of [17-13C]phyllocladene and [3-13C]methylenecholestane—III

The mass spectra of [17-¹³C]phyllocladene and [3-¹³C]methylenecholestane have been examined. It is shown that there are some rearrangements at 70 e V as in the case of [17-¹³C]kaurene. However, no extensive randomization is evident at the molecular ion level. The results are interesting because very little is known about ¹³C randomization in polycyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons. The percentage retention of label was calculated for each ion.     

Synthese von vier chiralen,elektrophilen C3- und C4-Synthesebausteinen aus Hydroxycarbonsäuren

Synthesis of four chiral electrophilic C₃- and C₄-synthons from hydroxycarboxylic acids The chiral alkylating reagents 4 , 6c , and 10a / b are prepared from lactic, β-hydroxy butyric, and malic acid, respectively. Their use in natural product synthesis is referred too.     

LIGHT-INDUCED ABSORBANCE CHANGES IN CHLOROPLASTS AT -196°C*

Abstract— Absorbance changes induced by irradiating chloroplasts at — 196°C were measured in the region of 525–575 nm with a single-beam spectrophotometer. Irradiation at low temperature caused a bleaching at 556 nm due to oxidation of cytochrome b₅₅₉ but little or no change of cytochrome f. There occurred in addition a loss of absorbance at 547 nm and an increase at 543 nm. The bleaching at 547 nrn (and possibly the increase at 543 nm) could be induced chemically with dithionite or borohydride but not ascorbate. Subchloroplast particles with only Photosystem I activity showed no light-induced absorbance changes, while particles containing combined Photosystem I and Photosystem II activities showed the same changes as whole chloroplasts. Scenedesmus mutant No. 11 cells showed no absorbance changes while mutant No. 8 and wild-type cells showed the normal changes. It is concluded that the photooxidation of cytochrome b₅₅₉ and the photoreduction causing the bleaching at 547 nm are both mediated by Photosystem II.     

Formal synthesis of Cladospolide C & epi-Cladospolide C using R-(+)-γ-valerolactone as a chiral synthon

The formal synthesis of Cladospolide-C and its analog is achieved by using enantiopure (R)-γ–valerolactone 10. The significant points of this synthesis are the stereoselective dihydroxylation of α, β-unsaturated ester 16 using Sharpless protocol, Wittig olefination of γ –valerolactol 6 with triphenylphosphonium iodide salt 7, one pot selective oxidation of 22 and subsequent C2-homologation with good E/Z ratio.     

Carbon-proton coupling constants in α-chlorostyrene-α-13C

The two stereochemically distinct two-bond carbon-13- hydrogen coupling constants J(¹³C? CH), for α-chlorostyrene-α-¹³C have been shown to be of similar magnitude but opposite sign (?6.3 and +5.6 Hz). A simple additivity relationship which adequately reproduces all the reported J(¹³C? CH) values for chloroethylenes has been found.     

Photoelectron spectroscopy of fullerene dianions C76(2-), C78(2-), and C84(2-)

We report laser photoelectron spectra of the doubly negatively charged fullerenes C(76) (2-), C(78) (2-), and C(84) (2-) at 2.33, 3.49, and 4.66 eV photon energy. From these spectra, second electron affinities and vertical detachment energies, as well as estimates for the repulsive Coulomb barriers are obtained. These results are discussed in the context of electrostatic models. They reveal that fullerenes are similar to conducting spheres, with electronic properties scaling with their size. The experimental spectra are compared with the accessible excited states of the respective singly charged product ions calculated in the framework of time dependent density functional theory.     

Maillard Polymers Derived from D-Glucose-1 and -6-14C,Glycine-1 and -2-14C,and C-1-, and Methyl-14C Methionine

Maillard polymers were prepared from D-glucose-1 and -6-14C, glycine-1 and -2-¹⁴C, as well as C-1 and methyl-¹⁴C methionine, and the activities of the isolated polymers measured as a function of time. In both cases, C-1 of the amino acids were incorporated at the lowest levels, with D-glucose carbon atoms at the highest levels. The data support the conclusions that carbon dioxide, produced during the Maillard reaction, arises from C-1 of the amino acids, but also suggests that other carbons of the amino acids may contribute as well.     

Stepwise and one-pot cross-coupling-heteroannulation approaches toward 2-substituted C5-, C6-, and C7-nitroindoles

A general and efficient synthesis of 2-substituted C5-, C6-, and C7-nitroindoles has been established. Starting from commercially available 2-amino nitrophenols, C5-, C6-, and C7-nitroindoles were synthesized via the stepwise Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling of nitro 2-trifloxyanilides with 1-alkynes followed by the t-BuOK-mediated heteroannulation. A Pd-catalyzed one-pot coupling-heteroannulation procedure was carried out by using nitro 2-trifluoroacetamidoaryl triflates.     

Rearrangement ions—I: Mass spectrum of thionylaniline-1-13C

Recent publications^1,2 concerning the mechanism for the electron-impact induced loss of carbon monoxide from the molecular ion of thionylaniline have led to an examination of thionylaniline-1-¹³C. The results show that the C-1 carbon atom is not lost in this process, but only suggest the loss of the C-2 carbon atom.     

Olefinsynthesen in der C6- bis C11-Reihe

Ohne ZusammenfassungAuszug aus der DissertationH. Seifert, Universität Wien 1946. Die Versuche wurden während des Studienverbotes 1941 bis 1945 vonH. Seifert in der Vorstandsabteilung des I. Chem. Univ.-Lab. durchgeführt, unter teilweiser Unterstützung durch die Ruhrchemie A.-G., der auch hier der schuldige Dank ausgesprochen sei.—L. Ebert.