Chromatic dispersion behavior of Si-NC-Er doped optical fiber

The chromatic dispersion for conventional and Er-doped fibers using the refractive index approximation is examined. A first, analytical method for investigation of dispersion in step index triple clad optical fiber is used. To design of zero-dispersion shifted fiber for optical communication purpose manipulation of the refractive index and radius of the core are considered. We show that in presence of the Si-NC-Er ions, zero-dispersion wavelength is displaced and the dispersion quantity is increased. In this work, we try to optimize system parameters to obtain minimum dispersion and dispersion shifted fiber with control of the doping levels of Er ions and Si-NC as well as doping profiles. For especial case, we assumed the Gaussian inhomogeneous core refractive index for zero-dispersion wavelength and dispersion managements.     

Critical Angle Refractometry for Simultaneous Measurement of Particles in Flow: Size and Relative Refractive Index

The principle of the optical technique critical angle refractometry, used to determine the size and refractive index of spherical particles (with relative refractive index below unity) in liquid flows, was investigated. This technique is based on the observation of the particle scattering pattern around the critical angle. Similarly to the recent technique developed for rainbow scattering pattern analysis for droplet temperature and size measurements, it is shown that the relative particle refractive index (m_r<1) and size can be determined from the position of the primary diffraction fringe and from the angular spacing between two fringes. Explicit equations for refractive index and particle size measurement were derived from the first-order term of the physical optics approximation. An experimental validation test and numerical computations based on the Lorenz-Mie theory were used to validate the principle of the proposed technique and to estimate its sensitivity, which was shown to be of the same order as that of the rainbow technique. This technique is considered to be useful for various applications in liquid multiphase flows where the particles size and material are to be characterized.     

Near-field measurement of amplitude and phase in silicon waveguides with liquid cladding

Heterodyne near-field scanning optical microscopy (H-NSOM) has proven useful as a tool for characterization of both amplitude and phase of on-chip photonic devices in air, but it has previously been unable to characterize devices with a dielectric overcladding, which is commonly used in practice for such devices. Here we demonstrate H-NSOM of a silicon waveguide with a liquid cladding emulating the solid dielectric. This technique allows characterization of practical devices with realistic refractive index profiles. Fourier analysis is used to estimate the effective refractive index of the mode from the measured data, showing an index shift of 0.08 from air to water cladding, which is seen to correspond well to simulations.     

Phase-Doppler Anemometry with the Dual Burst Technique for measurement of refractive index and absorption coefficient simultaneously with size and velocity

The principle of the dual burst technique (DBT) based on phase-Doppler anemometry (PDA) is proposed for simultaneous particle refractive index, size and velocity measurements. This technique used the trajectory effects in PDA systems to separate the two contributions of the different scattering processes. In the case of forward scattering and refracting particles, it is shown that from the phase of the reflected contribution, the particle diameter can be deduced, whereas from the refracted contribution the particle refractive index and velocity can be obtained. Furthermore, the intensity ratio of these two scattering processes can be used for absorption measurements. Simulations based on generalized Lorenz-Mie theory and experimental tests using monodispersed droplets of different refractive indices and absorption coefficients have validated this technique.     

Paraxial designing of planar waveguide variable-index focusing elements: Part 1—lenses of circular symmetry

A paraxial ray equation is used to evaluate refractive index profiles for a family of radially symmetric planar waveguide lenses. Two cases are considered: the (theoretically) full-aperture solution, and the solution with smooth index variation (non-full-aperature case). In deriving the latter case a new method has been applied that consists of the proper choice of a continuous deflection function. Both types of index profiles are described by exceptionally simple formulas.     

Calculation of propagating modes in a graded-index optical fibre

The characteristics of propagating modes of an optical fibre consisting of a cylindrical core whose refractive index varies arbitrarily with radius, embedded in a homogeneous cladding of infinite outer radius, are studied numerically. It is shown that, to avoid strongly accumulating errors, the numerical solution of the field equations in the core region must be performed by a combination of solution techniques, namely, by step-by-step integration in cylindrical shells where the solution is of oscillatory type, and by a two-point boundary-value technique in shells where the solution is of exponential type. When the core solution is matched at the core boundary to the cladding solution, there results a characteristic equation whose roots specify the effective refractive indices of the propagating modes. A complete theoretical discussion is presented for modes with, as well as without, axial symmetry. However, numerical results are reported here only for axially symmetric modes. Mode-to-mode dispersion in SELFOC-type fibres is calculated in the wavelength region near 0.85 μm for several configurations having either parabolic-type or hypersecant-type index profiles.     

The analysis of volume reflection gratings using optical thin-film techniques

In this paper the use of thin-film techniques to model volume reflection grating structures is described and analysed. The results obtained using this technique for the uniform refractive index modulation case are compared with those obtained using the more familiar coupled-wave theory. The shape of the resultant spectral profile may be modified by the introduction of swelling or shrinkage, absorption or non-uniform index modulation within the volume of the grating structure. Results showing the effect of each are presented. Finally, the performance of experimental thick (>100 m) volume gratings in dichromated gelatin is discussed and the most recent improvements in the resultant spectral profiles are described. These results show that the thin-film modelling technique is useful for the modelling of volume reflection grating structures.     

复折射率光纤传输特性分析的Davidenko方法

增益或损耗对光纤的传输特性影响很大。使用Davidenko方法对复折射率光纤的传输特性进行了分析。研究了复折射率纤芯或复折射率包层阶跃光纤,通过比较发现,使用Davidenko方法得到的解与精确解符合得很好。对于芯区为复折射介质的光纤,HE11模与LP01模增益值偏差约为0.6%;对于包层区为复折射率介质的光纤,HE11模与LP01模增益值偏差约为2%。实际研究工作中,为了得到更精确的结果,应该求解全矢量的复本征方程,尤其是包层具有增益或损耗的光纤。     

Analysis of Nonlinear TE Waves in a Periodic Refractive Index Structure with a Nonlinear Cladding

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Construction of the refractive index profiles for few-mode planar optical waveguides

We present a nondestructive technique to predict the refractive index profiles of isotropic planar waveguides, on which a thin gold film is deposited to as the cladding. The negative dielectric constant of the metal results in significant differences of effective indices between TE and TM modes. The two polarized modes and a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) with abundant information of the surface index can be used to construct the refractive index profiles of single-mode and two-mode waveguides at a fixed wavelength.     

Method for retrieving the refractive index of ordered particles from data on the photonic band gap

A method for retrieving the refractive index of spherical particles arranged into ordered structures is proposed. It is based on the solution of the inverse problem using data on the photonic band gap. The solution has been obtained within the quasi-crystalline approximation of the multiple wave scattering theory and the transfer-matrix method. Quantitative results are presented for systems of silicon oxide particles. The effective refractive indices of synthetic opal particles have been found from the available experimental data on the spectral position of the photonic band gap. The described technique is applicable for retrieving not only the refractive index of particles but also other characteristics of ordered particulate structures from the coherent transmittance spectra.     

Influence of temperature on the optical and structural properties along the diameter of optical fibres

Multiple-beam Fizeau fringes technique with an opto-thermal device is used to study the effect of temperature on the optical properties of Philips graded-index optical fibres. The refractive index profile of the optical fibre is measured at different temperatures. From these profiles the opto-thermal coefficient, the profile shape parameter α, the cladding/core maximum refractive index difference Δn and some guidance parameters of the optical fibre that play an important role in communication are determined. The variation of oscillation and dispersion energies along the diameter of the optical fibre (energy profile) are calculated at different temperatures. An empirical formula of the energy profile is obtained. Microinterferograms are given for illustrations.     

Geometrical optics approximation for light scattering by absorbing spherical particles

By means of geometrical optics, an approximation method is presented to compute the light scattering intensity of absorbing spherical particles illuminated by a plane wave. For absorbing particles, the effective refractive index and the effective refractive angle are related to the complex refractive index and incident angle. The formulas for calculation of the break of phases of reflection and refraction, which are different from the case of transparent particles, are exactly derived. Verification of the geometrical optics approximation (GOA) was performed by case studies and comparison of the present results with the Mie scattering. It is found that agreement between the GOA and the Mie theory is excellent in forward directions for weakly/moderately absorbing particles. Differently, for strongly absorbing particles, good agreement between the calculation methods is in the forward directions and large scattering angles. The agreement between the GOA and the Mie theory is better for larger particles.     

Measuring the distribution of particles according to their velocity in accelerator beams on the basis of Cherenkov radiation in the optical and microwave range

Methods for measuring the energy spectra of powerful beams of charged particles and their bunches according to the dependence of the intensity of Cherenkov radiation on the refractive index of the radiator (with and without using of dispersion) are considered. The methods are practically nondestructive. In the case of special demands on the Cherenkov radiation collection system, beam spectra with unknown angular distributions can be measured. Uncharged particle spectra are determined from the secondary charged particles spectra.     

Ag-Na离子交换玻璃波导的折射率分布研究

用Ag-Na离子交换技术制备了玻璃平面波导.通过棱镜耦合技术测量了波导的模折射率,用反WKB方法拟合得到了平面波导的折射率分布为高斯分布.发现Ag-Na离子交换的扩散系数与交换时间有关,并且随着交换时间的增加而减小.使用随离子浓度变化的扩散系数求解扩散方程得到了玻璃内部Ag离子浓度分布,并通过SEM谱证实了求解的正确性;使用一次多项式模拟的方法求解折射率变化与Ag离子浓度变化之间的关系,得到了平面波导的折射率分布.与反WKB法只能获得多模离子交换平面波导的折射率分布相比,这种方法可以得到任意扩散时间下折射率变化与Ag离子浓度,可以获得单模平面波导的折射率分布.     

一种同时测量液体折射率和温度的方法

由长周期光纤光栅的相位匹配条件与光纤纤芯基模LP01和光纤包层模LP0P的模式方程,利用长周期光纤光栅透射谱的谐振峰随温度与外围介质折射率变化而移动的特性,提出了同时测量水的折射率和温度的方法,并分析了其工作原理.对温度与谐振波长的关系进行了计算机仿真.用该方法进行了实验研究,实验结果与理论研究结果基本吻合.     

全合成法光纤预制棒制造研究

介绍了一种全新的全合成法G.655和G.656光纤制造工艺,详细分析了该工艺中芯层折射率差Δ0、芯层厚度a、第二包层的折射率差Δ2、第二包层的厚度c2等结构参量与光纤光学性能的关系.结果表明,制造该两种光纤时,Δ0应在0.012 0～0.015 5之间,Δ2应在0.014 0～0.023 0之间,a应在2.8～3.2 μm之间,c2应在满足截止波长的要求下尽可能小.     

Limitations on retrieval of complex refractive index of spherical particles from scattering measurements

On the base of a lookup table approach we performed sensitivity tests of dual-polarization polar nephelometer (D2PN) data to optical and microphysical parameters of ensembles of spherical particles. Measurement errors were modeled as Gaussian random variables. It is shown that D2PN data enable to retrieve some microphysical parameters (depending on the case) along with the assessment of the complex refractive index. In the case of the low absorbing particles, measurement errors substantially reduce the sensitivity to the imaginary part of the refractive index and only the range of the imaginary part can be estimated, whereas the real part of the refractive index and the microphysical parameters can be retrieved. When the absorption of spherical particles is moderate, i.e., 10⁻⁴?χ?0.5, the real n and imaginary χ parts of the refractive index can be deduced along with the microphysical parameters. In the case when the absorption of spherical particles is high, only the microphysical characteristics and the imaginary part can be retrieved. These limitations on retrieval should be valid for data of other instruments measuring the same magnitudes as D2PN with the same errors, at least for aerosols made of spherical particles.     

光纤纤芯及包层模有效折射率计算及仿真

光纤结构设计、模间色散求解、光纤光栅模式耦合等问题的研究, 都需要对光纤纤芯及包层模的有效折射率进行精确计算. 本文以光纤三层结构模型为基础, 结合该模型下的模式本征方程, 使用截弦法求解了纤芯模有效折射率, 并将计算结果与COMSOL软件模拟的对应纤芯模的传输光场进行对比, 验证了计算结果正确.使用区间遍历算法对包层模有效折射率进行了求解, 与已有的传统方法相比, 该方法可以有效防止求解过程中根的遗漏、避免特征方程产生的奇点, 并能保证模式的正规性.本文采用Mathematica软件对求解过程进行仿真, 获得了纤芯模和包层模有效折射率与波长关系曲线. 关键词： 光纤传输模式 有效折射率 截弦法 区间遍历算法