Ocean dynamic noise energy flux directivity in the 400 Hz to 700 Hz frequency band

Results of field studies of underwater dynamic noise energy flux directivity at two wind speeds, 6 m/s and 12 m/s, in the 400 Hz to 700 Hz frequency band in the deep open ocean are presented. The measurements were made by a freely drifting telemetric combined system at 500 m depth. Statistical characteristics of the horizontal and vertical dynamic noise energy flux directivity are considered as functions of wind speed and direction. Correlation between the horizontal dynamic noise energy flux direction and that of the wind was determined; a mechanism of the horizontal dynamic noise energy flux generation is related to the initial noise field scattering on ocean surface waves.     

噪声源非均匀分布海洋环境噪声水平声能流理论分析

研究水平非均匀分布噪声源所产生的各向异性海洋环境噪声场声能流。提出一种混合型非均匀分布噪声源模型,理论分析并数值计算了此模型情况下的环境噪声场水平声能流。结果表明:非均匀分布噪声源引起的海洋环境噪声场具有显著非零平均水平声能流;不同接收点的水平声能流明显不同;其幅度和方向取决于各个局部海域不等强度声源产生的合成噪声声能流矢量和。研究了两接收点间噪声的声压和振速水平分量、振速水平分量归一化相关系数随两接收点间距的关系,各量之间表现出较强相关性,为分析水下矢量声场目标探测技术性能提供理论依据。     

Low frequency deep ocean ambient noise trend in the Northeast Pacific Ocean

Concern about effects of anthropogenic noise on marine life has stimulated new studies to establish present-day ocean noise levels and compare them to noise levels from previous times. This paper reports on the trend in low-frequency (10-400 Hz) ambient noise levels and presents measurements made using a calibrated multi-element volume array at deep ocean sites in the Northeast Pacific from 1978 to 1986. The experiments provided spectral noise levels as well as horizontal and vertical noise directionality. The data presented here provide evidence that the trend derived from 1960s data extended to around 1980, but has since continued at a lower rate.     

声学超材料对低频噪声的消声特性

针对低频噪声较难消除的问题,设计了亥姆霍兹共振腔与声学超材料薄膜耦合的消声结构,在利用有限元软件进行屈曲分析薄膜的临界状态得知声学超材料薄膜结构临界失稳力为0.087 N·m,利用COMSOL声固耦合模块研究薄膜形态对传递损失峰值频率的影响。结果表明:薄膜扭转角度由0°增加到30°时,薄膜总体刚度增加,传递损失峰值对应频率向右偏移了30 Hz,变化并不明显。为了扩大频率偏移范围,在扭转30°的基础上,对扭矩棒施加垂直向下的压力,压力由0 kPa增加到2 kPa,薄膜预应力增大,系统刚度增加,使得传递损失峰值向右偏移了170 Hz。最后搭建实验平台,验证了薄膜在扭转时的频率偏移与仿真基本吻合,在不同压力时频率偏移一致,进而可以实现较大范围的低频率噪声控制。为声学超材料的设计和控制提供有效的依据。     

Theoretical model of low frequency dynamic noise in shallow sea

In this paper, we study the effects of multiple scattering of the noise-field modes from the perturbed sea surface. An approximate analytical solution of the transfer equation is obtained for the intensity of the noise-field modes. This phenomenon is numerically simulated for the winter and summer hydrologies typical of the Barents Sea conditions. It is shown that the mode-scattering influence on the character of the energy mode spectrum of dynamic noise in shallow sea is not only quantitative, but also qualitative in some cases. Comparing the results of numerical analysis and the proposed solution, we see that the modal spectrum of dynamic noise is predicted by this solution with sufficiently high accuracy under conditions typical of shallow sea for small and moderate wind velocities. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 49, No. 3, pp. 199–206, March 2006.     

The effects of the ocean surface wave spectrum on low frequency ambient noise in deep water

An ocean surface wave spectrum which is used for low frequency ambient noise in deep water is proposed. It explains the mechanism of low frequency ambient noise from the theoretical relation between the spectrum of sound pressure and wave. Combining the surface wave spectrum and local wind speed in deep water, a theoretical expression of low frequency ambient noise is obtained with wave generated noise theory. Simulation results show that the wave spectrum is crucial to the intensity and the spectral slope of radiated noise spectrum,and the theoretical noise spectrum could be used to predict the ambient noise in deep water.The predicting results axe verified through the experimental data recorded by an ocean bottom seismometer that was deployed on the floor of deep water in April 2016. It is observed that the statistical noise levels from the experimental data for frequencies from 1 Hz to 100 Hz are larger than 70 dB, and the low frequency ambient noise spectrum follows the shape of inverted"N",the valley of noise spectrum is at 3-4 Hz, and the noise intensity is 70 dB. The peak of noise spectrum is at 50 Hz, and the noise intensity is 92 dB. The correlation coefficient is 0.95 between the model spectrum and measured data.     

海面波浪谱对深海低频环境噪声的影响

提出了一种适用于深海低频环境噪声的波浪谱,通过声压谱和波浪谱的理论关系,分析了深海低频噪声在百赫兹以下的谱特征,解释了不同频段噪声谱的主要产生机理。将深海传播条件下海面波浪谱与海面风速相结合,利用波浪发声理论得到一种低频海洋环境噪声理论表示方法。仿真结果表明,波浪谱决定着辐射噪声谱的强度和斜率,本模型得到的理论噪声谱可以对低频海洋环境噪声进行预报。2016年的深海实验观测数据分析显示,统计的环境噪声谱级在1 Hz至100 Hz频段范围内大于70 dB,并且噪声谱在低频段呈倒“N”型,在3⁴ Hz处为噪声谱的谷值,噪声级为70 dB,在50 Hz处为噪声谱的峰值,噪声级为92 dB,通过理论计算和实验对比,相关系数为0.95,理论结果和实验测量对比结果符合较好。     

多点协同动态散斑的统计特性

激光散斑被广泛应用于生物医学,成像探测以及无损检测等应用中,为了提升目标在环系统中基于散斑统计特性反馈远场激光聚焦光斑质量的评价效率和精度.提出了多通道协同探测的方法获得回波散斑信号的时间空间融合评价因子,并对散斑场统计理论、多点协同探测系统模型和散斑时间与空间频谱融合统计特性展开深入研究.首先,利用单点探测器探测动态...     

表面声道对深海风成噪声垂直空间特性的影响规律

水下风成噪声的垂直空间特性包括噪声垂直方向性和垂直相关性,研究海洋环境对其影响规律对提升声呐性能、增加海洋环境参数反演的准确性具有重要意义.本文利用Pekeris割线下的简正波理论描述噪声的传播过程,研究了深海环境下存在表面声道时,表面声道以下噪声垂直空间特性的变化规律及其原因.研究表明,在临界深度以上,表面声道的存在导致噪声垂直方向性在水平凹槽边缘靠近海底方向上的峰值升高,噪声垂直相关性随垂直距离增加先后周期地向正相干和负相干方向偏移;在临界深度以下,表面声道的存在导致水平方向上的噪声能量增强,噪声垂直相关性整体向正相干方向偏移.当表面声道的参数变化时,表面声道的厚度变化对噪声垂直空间特性影响较大,而表面声道内的声速梯度变化对噪声垂直空间特性几乎没有影响.结合各类简正波的变化分析表明,存在表面声道时,噪声源激发的折射简正波阶数增加,强度增强,是表面声道引起噪声垂直空间特性变化的主要原因.     

Decoherence of flux qubits due to 1/f flux noise

We have investigated decoherence in Josephson-junction flux qubits. Based on the measurements of decoherence at various bias conditions, we discriminate contributions of different noise sources. We present a Gaussian decay function extracted from the echo signal as evidence of dephasing due to 1/f flux noise whose spectral density is evaluated to be about (10(-6)Phi0)2/Hz at 1 Hz. We also demonstrate that, at an optimal bias condition where the noise sources are well decoupled, the coherence observed in the echo measurement is limited mainly by energy relaxation of the qubit.     

宽频带海洋环境噪声矢量场空间相关特性建模

基阵的信噪比增益与噪声场空间特性密切联系,海洋环境噪声空间特性建模始终是水声学研究的热门问题.声纳功能不同,其工作频段和带宽通常也不相同,因此,任意频带噪声场的空间相关系数对声纳系统设计具有重要参考价值.依据海洋环境噪声场的产生过程,在高频近似条件下,本文提出一种噪声场时域建模方法,给出了水平分层介质中表面噪声时域声压和质点振速的积分表示,为噪声矢量场宽带模型的建立奠定了基础.根据风成噪声谱结构,数值计算了不同频带、不同谱斜率的噪声场空间相关系数,揭示了带宽、谱结构对风成噪声空间特性的影响规律.随着阵元间距和带宽增大,噪声矢量场各分量的空间相关系数的振荡周期数逐渐减少,振荡幅度逐渐减小,这是由于噪声场相关系数频域平均的结果.当谱斜率小于零时,宽频带噪声场的空间相关半径大于窄带噪声场的相关半径,这是由于低频段噪声起主要贡献的结果,实测海洋环境噪声声压场竖直方向空间相关特性变化规律与理论结果一致.本文模型对换能器成阵技术研究以及环境参数反演具有潜在应用前景.     

频率搅拌嵌套混响室场分布的统计特性

为明确频率搅拌方式下嵌套混响室内的场分布,在混响室电磁统计特性的基础上,对嵌套小室内外的场分布进行了理论研究,重点对小混响室开窗大小对场分布的影响进行了分析。当窗口为电大尺寸时,小混响室内外均服从瑞利分布;为电小尺寸时,参考车-车链路通信的统计特性,小混响室内部应满足双瑞利分布。在某大型混响室内,借助矢量网络分析仪,通过测试收、发天线间的散射参数S21,实现了样本数据的快速采集,并将样本数据与理论分布模型进行了拟合优度检验(KS检验),检验结果证明了假设分布的正确性。     

频率搅拌嵌套混响室场分布的统计特性

为明确频率搅拌方式下嵌套混响室内的场分布,在混响室电磁统计特性的基础上,对嵌套小室内外的场分布进行了理论研究,重点对小混响室开窗大小对场分布的影响进行了分析。当窗口为电大尺寸时,小混响室内外均服从瑞利分布;为电小尺寸时,参考车-车链路通信的统计特性,小混响室内部应满足双瑞利分布。在某大型混响室内,借助矢量网络分析仪,通过测试收、发天线间的散射参数S21,实现了样本数据的快速采集,并将样本数据与理论分布模型进行了拟合优度检验（KS检验）,检验结果证明了假设分布的正确性。     

Phase-related noise characteristics of 780 nm band single-frequency lasers used in the cold atomic clock

We propose a method to directly measure phase-related noise characteristics of single-frequency lasers in the 728–980 nm band based on a 120°phase difference interferometer.Differential phase information of the laser under test is demodulated via the interferometer.Other parameters related to the phase noise characteristics such as linewidth at different observation time, phase/frequency noise, power spectrum density of phase/frequency fluctuation, and Allan deviation are further obtained.Frequency noise as low as 1 Hz~2/Hz can be measured using our system.Then the phase-related noise characteristics of two commercial lasers frequently used in cold atomic clocks are studied systematically by the method.Furthermore, several influencing factors and their relative evolution laws are also revealed, such as the pump current and frequency-locking control parameters.This would help to optimize the laser performance, select laser sources, and evaluate the system performance for cold atomic physics applications.     

公路交通噪声频率特征及等效频率研究

为了确定不同车型在不同行车速度下的噪声频率分布特性及等效频率值,更加准确的对交通噪声的影响进行评估,本文对单车稳态辐射噪声的频率特性进行了现场测定,并对不同类型车辆的频率特性数据进行了分析。结果表明,不同类型车辆车速与频带声压级之间的相关性随频带中心频率的变化而变化。FHWA模型对公路交通噪声中介于500 Hz～2000 Hz频段的噪声有较好的预测效果,而对低于500 Hz和高于2000 Hz的交通噪声的预测精度较差。车辆类型不同,车辆产生噪声的中心频率、声能量集中分布的频率范围以及等效频率均不相同。     

Measurement and prediction of ultralow frequency ocean ambient noise off the eastern U.S. coast

Ultralow frequency (0.02-2 Hz) acoustic ambient noise was monitored from January to April 1991 at six ocean bottom stations off the eastern U.S. coast. The depths of the stations ranged from about 100 m to 2500 m. The measured spectra are in good agreement with predictions made using Cato's theory [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 89, 1076-1095 (1991)] for noise generation by surface-wave orbital motion after extending the calculations to incorporate horizontally stratified environments. Contributions from both the linear, single-frequency (virtual monopole) and the nonlinear, double-frequency (dipole) mechanisms are clearly recognizable in the data. The predictions make use of directional wave data obtained from surface buoys deployed during the SWADE experiment and an ocean bottom model derived from compressional wave speed data measured during the EDGE deep seismic reflection survey. The results demonstrate conclusively that nonlinear surface-wave interactions are the dominant mechanism for generating deep-ocean ULF noise in the band 0.2-0.7 Hz.