Green synthesis of well-dispersed gold nanoparticles using Macrotyloma uniflorum

The synthesis of metal nanoparticles of different sizes, shapes, chemical composition and controlled monodispersity is an important area of research in nanotechnology because of their interesting physical properties and technological applications. Present work describes an eco-friendly method for the synthesis of spherical gold nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Macrotyloma uniflorum. The effects of quantity of extract, temperature and pH on the formation of nanoparticles are studied. The nanoparticles are characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FTIR analysis. The high crystallinity of nanoparticles with fcc phase is evident from HRTEM images, SAED and XRD patterns. Synthesized nanoparticles have size in the range 14-17nm. FTIR spectrum indicates the presence of different functional groups present in the bio-molecule capping the nanoparticles. The possible mechanism leading to the formation of gold nanoparticles is suggested.     

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles for ammonia sensing

Silver nanoparticles synthesized by a reagent less method involving only UV radiation have been used in colorimetric assay for the detection of ammonia in solution. The silver nanoparticles were synthesized by the exposure of a silver nitrate solution to a low-power UV source in the presence of poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA), which acted both as reducing and capping agent. The synthesis of the silver nanoparticles was studied by monitoring the changes in position and amplitude of the localized plasmon resonance (LSPR) band using UV-vis spectroscopy. The morphology of the particles was studied using transmission electron microscopy which confirmed the formation of spherical particles with an average particle size around 8 nm. Interestingly, the silver nanoparticles solution was found to display a strong color shift from purple to yellow upon mixing with increasing concentration of ammonia ranging from 5 to 100 ppm. Hence, the nanoparticles prepared with this method could be used as colorimetric assay for sensing applications of ammonia in water.     

Green synthesis and characterization of polymer-stabilized silver nanoparticles

Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) were synthesized using a facile green chemistry synthetic route. The reaction occurred at ambient temperature with four reducing agents introduced to obtain nanoscale Ag-NPs. The variables of the green synthetic route, such as acidity, concentration of starting materials, and molar ratio of reactants were optimized. Dispersing agents were employed to prevent Ag-NPs from aggregating. Advanced instrumentation techniques, such as X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), and phase analysis light scattering technique (ZetaPALS) were applied to characterize the morphology, particle size distribution, elemental composition, and electrokinetic behavior of the Ag-NPs. UV–vis spectra detected the characteristic plasmon at approximately 395–410 nm; and XRD results were indicative of face-centered cubic phase structure of Ag. These particles were found to be monodispersed and highly crystalline, displaying near-spherical appearance, with average particle size of 10.2 nm using citrate or 13.7 nm using ascorbic acid as reductants from particle size analysis by ZetaPALS, respectively. The rapid electrokinetic behavior of the Ag was evaluated using zetapotential (from −40 to −42 mV), which was highly dependant on nanoparticle acidity and particle size. The current research opens a new avenue for the green fabrication of nanomaterials (including variables optimization and aggregation prevention), and functionalization in the field of nanocatalysis, disinfection, and electronics.     

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using seed extract of Jatropha curcas

An eco-friendly process for rapid synthesis of silver nanoparticles has been reported using aqueous seed extract of Jatropha curcas. Formation of stable silver nanoparticles at different concentration of AgNO₃ gives mostly spherical particles with diameter ranging from 15 to 50 nm. The resulting silver particles are characterized using HRTEM, XRD and UV–vis spectroscopic techniques. XRD study shows that the particles are crystalline in nature with face centered cubic geometry.     

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using eugenol and evaluation of antimicrobial potential

The importance of green synthesis was revealed with advantages such as: eliminating the use of expensive chemicals; consume less energy; and generate environmentally benign products. With this aim, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized by using isolated eugenol from clove extract. Its antimicrobial potential was determined on three different microorganisms. Clove was extracted and eugenol was isolated from this extract. Green synthesis was performed and an anti‐microbial study was performed. All extraction and isolation analyses were performed by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); identification and confirmation were achieved using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS); and scanning electron microscopy was used for characterization. Both HPLC and LC–MS analyses showed that eugenol obtained purely synthesized AgNPs and 20‐25‐nm‐sized and homogeneous shaped particles seen in images. The antimicrobial effects of AgNPs at eight concentrations were determinated against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, and maximum inhibition zone diameters were found as 2.6 cm, 2.4 cm and 1.5 cm, respectively. The results of the antimicrobial study showed that eugenol as a biological material brought higher antimicrobial effect to AgNPs in comparison to the other materials found in the literature.     

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using olive leaf extract and its antibacterial activity

The silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using hot water olive leaf extracts (OLE) as reducing and stabilizing agent are reported and evaluated for antibacterial activity against drug resistant bacterial isolates. The effect of extract concentration, contact time, pH and temperature on the reaction rate and the shape of the Ag nanoparticles are investigated. The data revealed that the rate of formation of the nanosilver increased significantly in the basic medium with increasing temperature. The nature of AgNPs synthesized was analyzed by UV–vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The silver nanoparticles were with an average size of 20–25 nm and mostly spherical. The antibacterial potential of synthesized AgNPs was compared with that of aqueous OLE by well diffusion method. The AgNPs at 0.03–0.07 mg/ml concentration significantly inhibited bacterial growth against multi drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). This study revealed that the aqueous olive leaf extract has no effect at the concentrations used for preparation of the Ag nanoparticles. Thus AgNPs showed broad spectrum antibacterial activity at lower concentration and may be a good alternative therapeutic approach in future.     

Green synthesis of colloidal silver nanoparticles using natural rubber latex extracted from Hevea brasiliensis

Colloidal silver nanoparticles were synthesized by an easy green method using thermal treatment of aqueous solutions of silver nitrate and natural rubber latex (NRL) extracted from Hevea brasiliensis. The UV–Vis spectra detected the characteristic surface plasmonic absorption band around 435 nm. Both NRL and AgNO₃ contents in the reaction medium have influence in the Ag nanoparticles formation. Lower AgNO₃ concentration led to decreased particle size. The silver nanoparticles presented diameters ranging from 2 nm to 100 nm and had spherical shape. The selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns indicated that the silver nanoparticles have face centered cubic (fcc) crystalline structure. FTIR spectra suggest that reduction of the silver ions are facilitated by their interaction with the amine groups from ammonia, which is used for conservation of the NRL, whereas the stability of the particles results from cis-isoprene binding onto the surface of nanoparticles. Therefore natural rubber latex extracted from H. brasiliensis can be employed in the preparation of stable aqueous dispersions of silver nanoparticles acting as a dispersing and/or capping agent. Moreover, this work provides a new method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles that is simple, easy to perform, pollutant free and inexpensive.     

Green synthesis of antibacterial chitosan films loaded with silver nanoparticles

An eco-friendly chemical reduction method was successfully used for the preparation of chitosan (CTS) composite films loaded with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by self assembly method using poly(ethylene glycol) as both reducing and stabilizing agent. UV-Vis spectra of the prepared chitosan loaded silver nanoparticles (CTSLAg) films reveal that full reduction of silver ions to silver nanoparticles takes place at 90 °C. The effect of reaction conditions on the silver nanoparticles formation was investigated using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The morphology of the films was tested by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The DSC curves showed that the CTSLAg film had a favorable compatibility and heat stability. AgNPs were confirmed by XRD and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The TEM findings revealed that the silver nanoparticles synthesized were spherical in shape with uniform dispersal, and by increasing CTS:PEG ratio larger silver nanoparticles could be obtained. The results of antibacterial study reveal that the prepared nanocomposite films exhibited potential inhibition.     

Green synthesis and antibacterial effects of aqueous colloidal solutions of silver nanoparticles using clove eugenol

Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using clove extract (CE). Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) revealed the morphology of the metallic Ag nanoparticles obtained via the clove extract synthesis (Ag NPs‐CE), which had a uniform distribution and average sizes varying from 10 nm to 100 nm. Fourier transform infra‐red (FTIR) spectroscopy showed that clove eugenol acts as a capping and reducing agent being adsorbed on the surface of Ag NPs‐CE, enabling their reduction from Ag⁺ and preventing their agglomeration. Formation of the Ag⁰ structure is also confirmed in the FTIR spectrum by the presence in the Ag NPs‐CE sample of the –C=O and –C=C vibrations at wavenumbers 1600 and 2915 cm^‐1, respectively. Antibacterial and antifungal tests using three strains of bacteria and one fungi strain showed that the Ag NPs‐CE performed better compared to pure clove extract (CE) sample.     

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using green alga (Chlorella vulgaris) and its application for synthesis of quinolines derivatives

Nanoparticles have been used century ago but have regained their importance in recent years being simple, ecofriendly, pollutant free, nontoxic, low-cost approach, and due good atom economy. In this report, we have demonstrated the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using green algae (Chlorella vulgaris) which in turn was used for synthesis of biologically important quinolines. Algal extract was prepared and treated with silver nitrate solution for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized with the help of analytical tools like UV, FTIR, X-ray, and SEM and used as a catalyst for the synthesis of quinolines.     

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Solanum indicum L. and their antibacterial,splenocyte cytotoxic potentials

Research on Chemical Intermediates - Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles was carried out using Solanum indicum L. plant extract as a reducing agent. The morphology of the AgNPs was determined...     

Green synthesis of water-dispersible silver nanoparticles at room temperature using green carambola (star fruit) extract

Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology - Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) dispersible in water were synthesized at room temperature in the presence of carambola fruit extract at different pH. The...     

Green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Callicarpa maingayi stem bark extraction

Different biological methods are gaining recognition for the production of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) due to their multiple applications. The use of plants in the green synthesis of nanoparticles emerges as a cost effective and eco-friendly approach. In this study the green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Callicarpa maingayi stem bark extract has been reported. Characterizations of nanoparticles were done using different methods, which include; ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXF) spectrometry, zeta potential measurements and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. UV-visible spectrum of the aqueous medium containing silver nanoparticles showed absorption peak at around 456 nm. The TEM study showed that mean diameter and standard deviation for the formation of silver nanoparticles were 12.40 ± 3.27 nm. The XRD study showed that the particles are crystalline in nature, with a face centered cubic (fcc) structure. The most needed outcome of this work will be the development of value added products from Callicarpa maingayi for biomedical and nanotechnology based industries.     

Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using glycerol-incorporated nanosized liposomes

There has been enormous interest in the last decade in development methods for the inorganic synthesis of metallic nanoparticles of desired sizes and shapes because of their unique properties and extensive applications in catalysis, electronics, plasmonics, and sensing. Here we report on an environmentally friendly, one-pot synthesis of metallic nanoparticles, which avoids the use of organic solvents and requires mild experimental conditions. The developed method uses liposomes as nanoreactors, where the liposomes were prepared by encapsulating chloroauric acid and exploited the use of glycerol, incorporated within the lipid bilayer as well as in its hydrophilic core, as a reducing agent for the controlled preparation of highly homogeneous populations of gold nanoparticles. The effects of temperature, the presence of a capping agent, and the concentration of glycerol on the size and homogeneity of the nanoparticles formed were investigated and compared with solution-based glycerol-mediated nanoparticle synthesis. Well-distributed gold nanoparticle populations in the range of 2-8 nm were prepared in the designed liposomal nanoreactor with a clear dependence of the size on the concentration of glycerol, the temperature, and the presence of a capping agent whereas large, heterogeneous populations of nanoparticles with amorphous shapes were obtained in the absence of liposomes. The particle morphology and sizes were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy imaging, and the liposome size was measured using photon correlation spectroscopy.     

Green synthesis and characterization of monodispersed silver nanoparticles obtained using oak fruit bark extract and their antibacterial activity

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) has been achieved using oak fruit bark extract as a reducing, capping and stabilizing agent. The biosynthesized Ag NPs were characterized using various techniques. UV–visible spectrum of prepared silver colloidal solution showed absorption maximum at 433 nm. X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that Ag NPs have a face‐centred cubic structure being spherical in shape with an average particle size of 20–25 nm. The toxicity of the Ag NPs was tested on bacterial species such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli by comparison based on diameter of inhibition zone in disc diffusion tests and minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of NPs dispersed in liquid cultures. The antimicrobial activity of Ag NPs was greater towards Gram‐positive bacteria (S. aureus and B. subtilis) compared to Gram‐negative bacteria as determined using standard Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion assay and serial dilution. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Piper longum catkin extract irradiated by sunlight: antibacterial and catalytic activity

Research on Chemical Intermediates - In this study, rapid and cost-effective biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was synthesized by using Piper longum (P. longum) catkin extract. The...     

Green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Torreya nucifera and their antibacterial activity

Silver nanoparticles were biosynthesized with the aid of a novel and eco-friendly biological material Torreya nucifera. Temperature and extract concentration were found to influence the size and shape of the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles. Morphological images of biosynthesized nanomaterials revealed that the particles are in spherical shape and size ranging between 10 and 125 nm. Crystalline nature of nanoparticles in face centered cubic (fcc) structure was ensured by diffraction pattern peaks corresponding to (1 1 1), (2 0 0), (2 2 0) and (3 1 1) planes. Characterization of the biosynthesized nanoparticles was performed by the X-ray diffraction and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy analyses. FT-IR analysis indicates that nanoparticles are bound to proteins through amine groups of the aminoacid. Furthermore the biosynthesized nanoparticles were found to be highly effective against Salmonella typhimurium bacterium, which validates its potential applications as antibacterial agents in drinking water treatment and in food packagings.     

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Thymus kotschyanus extract and evaluation of their antioxidant,antibacterial and cytotoxic effects

Present study used ecofriendly, cost efficient and easy method for synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) at the room temperature by Thymus Kotschyanus extract as reducing and capping agent. Various analytical technique including UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy determined presence of Ag NPs in the solution, the functional groups of Thymus Kotschyanus extract in the reduction and capping process of Ag NPs are approved by FT‐IR, crystallinity with the fcc plane approved from the X‐ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) determined existence of elements in the sample, surface morphology, diverse shapes and size of present Ag NPs were showed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Beginning and end destroy temperature of present silver nanoparticles were determined by thermal gravimetric spectroscopy (TGA). In addition, antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of Ag NPs were studied. Agar disk and agar well diffusion are the methods to determined antibacterial properties of synthesized Ag NPs. Also MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) and MBC (Minimum Bactericidal Concentration) were recognized by macro broth dilution assay. DPPH free radical scavenging assay was used for antioxidant property and compare to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as standard antioxidant that showed high antioxidant activity more than BHT. Synthesized Ag NPs have great cell viability in a dose depended manner and demonstrate that this method for synthesis silver nanoparticles provided nontoxic. The average diameter of synthesized Ag NPs was about 50–60 nm.     

Extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles using culture supernatant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Bio-directed synthesis of metal nanoparticles is gaining importance due to their biocompatibility, low toxicity and eco-friendly nature. We used culture supernatant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain BS-161R for the simple and cost effective green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The reduction of silver ions occurred when silver nitrate solution was treated with the Pseudomonas aeruginosa culture supernatant at room temperature. The nanoparticles were characterized by UV-visible, TEM, EDAX, FT-IR and XRD spectroscopy. The nanoparticles exhibited an absorption peak around 430 nm, a characteristic surface plasmon resonance band of silver nanoparticles. They were mono-dispersed and spherical in shape with an average particle size of 13 nm. The EDAX analysis showed the presence of elemental silver signal in the synthesized nanoparticles. The FT-IR analysis revealed that the protein component in the form of enzyme nitrate reductase and the rhamnolipids produced by the isolate in the culture supernatant may be responsible for reduction and as a capping material. The XRD spectrum showed the characteristic Bragg peaks of 111, 200, 220 and 311 facets of the face centered cubic silver nanoparticles and confirms that these nanoparticles are crystalline in nature. The prepared silver nanoparticles exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against gram-positive, gram-negative and different Candida species at concentrations ranging between 4 and 32 μg ml(-1).