Resolution of objects within subwavelength range by using the near field of a dipole

We analyze the far-field resolution of apertures that are illuminated by a point dipole located at subwavelength distances. It is well known that radiation emitted by a localized source can be considered a combination of traveling and evanescent waves, when represented by the angular spectrum method. The evanescent wave part of the source can be converted to propagating waves by diffraction at the aperture; thereby it contributes to the far-field detection. Therefore one can expect an increase in the resolution of objects. We present explicit calculations showing that the resolution at the far zone is improved by decreasing the source-aperture distance. We also utilize the resolution enhancement by the near field of a dipole to resolve two closely located apertures. The results show that without the near field (evanescent field) the apertures are not resolved, whereas with the near field of the dipole the far zone intensity distribution shows improved resolution. This method eliminates the requirements of near-field techniques such as controlling and scanning closely located tip detectors.     

基于周期结构负反射的远场增强成像研究

远场高分辨率成像是近几年来声学和光学领域的研究焦点之一, 倏逝波无法在介质中传播成为将高分辨率成像带入远场的最大困难.本文提出了一种均匀排列的散射钢柱构成的超构散射体成像方式, 利用周期结构负反射现象将倏逝波信息转化为可传播波来增强成像.有限元数值模拟被用来研究和验证该方案的可行性, 结果显示波长3.4 mm的声波可以在20 cm外的远场获得大约0.6个波长的成像分辨能力. 通过减小散射体的晶格常数有希望达到更高分辨率成像.     

一种有效提高太赫兹时域光谱装置成像空间分辨率的方法

太赫兹波成像技术一个最显著的制约因素是其有限的空间分辨率。提出通过在样品前加小孔的方法来提高传统太赫兹时域光谱装置成像的空间分辨率。采用在样品前约2 mm处加直径为0.5 mm小孔的方法使成像的空间分辨率从1.276 mm提高到0.774 mm,提高0.502 mm,约39％。通过这个简单的方法在传统的太赫兹时域光谱成像装置上实现了空间分辨率从毫米量级到亚毫米量级的提高。聚乙烯板上直径为1 mm的小孔被作为成像的研究对象,分别采用传统的太赫兹时域光谱装置对样品进行直接成像和在样品前约2 mm处加直径为0.5 mm的小孔后对样品成像两种方式,并采用损失成像中信噪比较好的能量损失成像,对比两种方式得到的样品的太赫兹像,结果显示聚乙烯板上小孔的边界加小孔后成像比不加小孔直接成像明显清晰。证实了在样品前加小孔可以有效的提高太赫兹成像系统的空间分辨率。从理论上对通过在样品前加小孔提高系统空间分辨率的方法进行了分析,指出小孔尺寸越小,系统的空间相干长度越大,空间分辨率越高,但同时太赫兹信号的强度会相应减小。该方法可以简单有效的提高太赫兹时域光谱装置成像的空间分辨率,从而进一步拓展太赫兹谱成像技术的应用领域。     

Aperture based Raman spectroscopy on SiGe film structures with high spatial resolution

We have investigated silicon–germanium (SiGe) line structures employing metallic apertures in combination with Raman spectroscopy to obtain high‐spatial strain resolution below the diffraction limit. The apertures were cut into specifically shaped electrochemically etched tungsten tips, which were adjusted within the Raman laser beam on the sample surface by a tuning fork atomic force microscope. With this setup, line structures on patterned SiGe films with a center‐to‐center distance down to 200 nm were resolved in the Raman scans, evidently indicating a resolution clearly below the far‐field Raman resolution of about 600 nm for the used instrument. This setup allows improved local strain analysis by Raman spectroscopy and shows potential for further near‐field Raman applications. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

径向剪切干涉法综合诊断光束质量研究

 为了解决高功率激光装置光束质量诊断系统的自验证问题,研究了基于空间相位调制的径向剪切干涉法综合诊断光束质量的实验应用。该方法理论上只需一台干涉仪且从单幅干涉图中获取光束的近场、相位和远场分布信息。实验结果表明,目前可以得到高分辨率的相位分布,由测量近场和相位恢复出的远场同CCD直接测量得到的远场形态相同,环围能量比曲线相当吻合,不足之处在于只能提取近场较低空间频率成分,还达不到CCD直接测量的空间分辨水平。     

Studies of imaging experiment for photon scanning tunneling microscopy

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表面等离子激元调制的亚波长束斑半导体激光器

近场有源探针可以解决近场光学扫描显微镜等应用中对高亮度和高光功率的需求.提出一种制备具有表面等离子激元结构的微纳束斑的半导体激光器的设计方案.模拟分析表明,此激光器在3.5 μm的远场仍然可以获得小于波长的束斑,并且其输出功率密度与没有表面激元结构的激光器比较提高近30倍.     

Quantitative pupil analysis in stimulated emission depletion microscopy using phase retrieval

The resolution attainable with stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy greatly depends on the quality of the STED laser focus. So far, visual inspection of a measured STED focus has been the only convenient means of gauging the source of aberrations. Here we describe a method, requiring no instrument modifications, for obtaining an equivalent to the complex pupil function at the back aperture of the objective and show that it provides quantitative information about aberration sources (including aberrations induced by the objective or sample). We show the accuracy of this field representation to be sufficient for reconstructing the STED focus in three dimensions and determining corrective steps.     

Measurement of sound field in cavitating media by an optical fibre-tip hydrophone

A fibre-optic technique was applied to measure the sound field in an ultrasonic cleaning vessel under practical conditions. A metal-coated fibre-tip is used as a sensor and a heterodyne interferometer detects the change in the optical path resulting from the movement of the fibre-tip in the sound field. Spectrally resolved sound field parameters such as the fundamental, the subharmonic or cavitation noise are extracted from the measurements and compared with results obtained by a piezo-electric hydrophone. It was found that the fibre sensor provides a signal related to the velocity in the sound field, but the information about cavitation-related parameters is similar to the information for pressure sensing techniques. The fibre-optic sensors have a uniquely high spatial resolution and the sound detection process is strongly influenced by single cavitation events close to the small fibre-tip. This paper shows that fibre-tip sensors are an alternative to common hydrophone techniques. They can open up new possibilities for measurement problems for which so far no solution exists, in particular when a high spatial resolution is required or when the measurement site is small.     

时间分辨电子显微镜的数值模拟

对时间分辨电子显微镜进行了数值模拟。通过求解从样品透射出来的电子在静态磁场和动态电场的混合场中的运动,评价时间分辨电子显微镜的动态时空特性。根据该数值模拟,时间分辨电子显微镜能够在荧光屏上获得样品在不同时刻的6幅显微分幅图像。     

SNOM应用于光电材料和器件的光学特性的探测和表征

介绍了近场光学及近场探测的原理 ,给出了其用于光电器件研究中的一些结果。近场光学方法具有超衍射分辩的本领和纳米局域光场探测的能力 ,适用于多种光电材料的探测与表征 ,包括 :LD、光纤波导器件、光子晶体器件等。纳米局域光场和倏逝场的探测发现了许多远场探测无法得到的结果 ,为光电器件纳米结构的研究提供了有力证据     

Multidimensional imaging using combined stray field and pulsed gradients

The paper describes an advance in stray field imaging (STRAFI) whereby images of planar samples can be obtained in the stray field of a superconducting magnet without the need for sample rotation. This is achieved by using the static stray magnetic field gradient in combination with pulsed orthogonal gradients. Results of both two- and three-dimensional implementations of the experiment are presented and discussed. An extension to diffusion-weighted imaging is introduced. The technique is expected to prove particularly useful in experiments where high resolution is required in only one direction while lower resolution is acceptable in the orthogonal directions, such as in studies of the drying and curing of paints and varnishes. Arising from the work, a new method for accurately calibrating the radiofrequency pulse width in stray field is found.     

Imaged deconvolution: a method for extracting high-resolution NMR spectra from inhomogeneous fields

We present a novel method for obtaining high resolution NMR spectra in the presence of grossly inhomogeneous magnetic fields, such as those encountered in one-sided access NMR. Our method combines the well-known principle of reference deconvolution with NMR imaging in order to resolve spectral features with frequency resolution orders of magnitude smaller than the prevailing line-broadening due to field inhomogeneity. We demonstrate that, in cases of inhomogeneous field line-broadening more than an order of magnitude larger than the spectral features to be resolved, rather than performing reference deconvolution on the sample as a whole, it is more favourable in terms of SNR to divide the target region of a sample into smaller sub-regions, by means of chemical shift imaging, and then to perform reference deconvolution on the individual sub-region spectra, finally summing the results In this way, significant resolution enhancements can be obtained in the presence of severe magnetic field inhomogeneity without an unacceptable loss in SNR.     

The problem of superresolution in reconstructing the dielectric-constant profile in a planar optical waveguide using the far field of the emission mode

An algorithm for analytical continuation of the Fourier transform for the mode field in a planar optical waveguide is suggested; this algorithm makes it possible to reconstruct the dielectric-constant profile in the waveguide using the far field of the mode emission with subwavelength resolution. The reconstruction errors were studied. Examples illustrating the efficiency of this approach are given.     

Magnetic relaxation dispersion probe

The magnetic field dependence of nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rates provides a powerful approach to characterizing intra and intermolecular dynamics. NMR spectrometers that provide extensive magnetic relaxation dispersion profiles may switch magnetic field strengths rapidly by either moving the sample or by changing the current in an electromagnet. If the sample is moved, the polarization and detection fields may be very high, which provides both high sensitivity and resolution. This report summarizes the design of a pneumatic sample transport system for glass sample containers that may be used in either a dual magnet spectrometer or in a single magnet system that exploits the fringe field as the secondary magnetic field.     

纳米尺度的光学成像与纳米光谱———近场光学与近场光学显微镜的进展

近场光学是指当光探测器及探测器－样品间距均小于辐射波长条件下的光学现象．利用近场光学扫描显微镜和近场光谱仪，不但能够以突破衍射极限的超高分辨率在纳米尺度实现光学成像，而且还可获得纳米微区的光谱信息．文章介绍近场光学的原理及其在凝聚态物理领域中的应用与进展，并给出了我们的初步结果     

Calculation of the optimal imaging parameters for frequency modulation atomic force microscopy

True atomic resolution of conductors and insulators is now routinely obtained in vacuum by frequency modulation atomic force microscopy. So far, the imaging parameters (i.e., eigenfrequency, stiffness and oscillation amplitude of the cantilever, frequency shift) which result in optimal spatial resolution for a given cantilever and sample have been found empirically. Here, we calculate the optimal set of parameters from first principles as a function of the tip–sample system. The result shows that the either the acquisition rate or the signal-to-noise ratio could be increased by up to two orders of magnitude by using stiffer cantilevers and smaller amplitudes than are in use today.     

光声信号的声透镜层析成像研究

提出了一种用声透镜实现光声层析成像的新模式。从理论上计算出了声透镜的响应，测出了已知声场中标准物像面处的声场分布。考虑到圆形活塞振源的指向性，对代表物成像进行了理论修正，并与实验结果做了对比分析。研究表明，利用声透镜可以实现光声层析成像，并经图像重构得到了生物组织中异物的光声图像，横向、纵向分辨力较高。