Efficiency comparison between mean and log-rank tests for recurrent event time data

Recurrent event time data are common in biomedical follow-up studies, in which a study subject may experience repeated occurrences of an event of interest. In this paper, we evaluate two popular nonparametric tests for recurrent event time data in terms of their relative efficiency. One is the log-rank test for classical survival data and the other a more recently developed nonparametric test based on comparing mean recurrent rates. We show analytically that, somewhat surprisingly, the log-rank test that only makes use of time to the first occurrence could be more efficient than the test for mean occurrence rates that makes use of all available recurrence times, provided that subject-to-subject variation of recurrence times is large. Explicit formula are derived for asymptotic relative efficiencies under the frailty model. The findings are demonstrated via extensive simulations. This work was supported by US National Science Foundation (Grant No. DMS-0504269)     

A class of transformation rate models for recurrent event data

Recurrent event data frequently occur in longitudinal studies, and it is often of interest to estimate the effects of covariates on the recurrent event rate. This paper considers a class of semiparametric transformation rate models for recurrent event data, which uses an additive Aalen model as its covariate dependent baseline. The new models are flexible in that they allow for both additive and multiplicative covariate effects, and some covariate effects are allowed to be nonparametric and time-varying. An estimating procedure is proposed for parameter estimation, and the resulting estimators are shown to be consistent and asymptotically normal. Simulation studies and a real data analysis demonstrate that the proposed method performs well and is appropriate for practical use.     

含有持久生存数据的复发事件的生存函数的一个非参数方法(英文)

在生物学、社会科学、保险理赔、可靠性和人口统计学等的研究中,我们经常会遇到复发事件数据的处理.最近一段时间以来,两个相邻复发事件的时间间隔的一个纵向数据模型已经引起统计工作者的广泛兴趣.本文中,我们提议另一个复发事件时间间隔模型,它可以用来模拟生存数据中带有所谓的持久生存者.非参数方法将用于我们所提议模型的统计推断,模拟和现实数据的例子将用来评价模型和提议估计方法的小样本性质.     

Extension of Mood’s median test for survival data

Mood’s median test for testing the equality of medians is a nonparametric approach, which has been widely used for uncensored data in practice. For survival data, many nonparametric methods have been proposed to test for the equality of survival curves. However, if the survival medians, rather than the curves, are compared, those methods are not applicable. Some approaches have been developed to fill this gap. Unfortunately, in general those tests have inflated type I error rates, which make them inapplicable to survival data with small sample sizes. In this paper, Mood’s median test for uncensored data is extended for survival data. The results from a comprehensive simulation study show that the proposed test outperforms existing methods in terms of controlling type I error rate and detecting power.     

A New Method for Testing Leverage Effect

Leverage effect often arises in many fields,such as financial risk management, portfolio and option pricing. However,it still remains to be studied that whether there is leverage effect or not in real data. Based on local polynomial regression estimation and Kolmogorov-Smirnov nonparametric test, this paper introduces a new nonparametric test statistic for the leverage effect, and some asymptotic properties are also presented. Simulation studies show that the proposed method performs well. Finally, empirical studies on SP500 index and Microsoft data imply that leverage effect exists in the real data, which is consistent with the idea in finance.     

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??Leverage effect often arises in many fields,such as financial risk management, portfolio and option pricing. However,it still remains to be studied that whether there is leverage effect or not in real data. Based on local polynomial regression estimation and Kolmogorov-Smirnov nonparametric test, this paper introduces a new nonparametric test statistic for the leverage effect, and some asymptotic properties are also presented. Simulation studies show that the proposed method performs well. Finally, empirical studies on SP500 index and Microsoft data imply that leverage effect exists in the real data, which is consistent with the idea in finance.     

A nonparametric version of Wilks’ lambda—Asymptotic results and small sample approximations

We propose a nonparametric version of Wilks’ lambda (the multivariate likelihood ratio test) and investigate its asymptotic properties under the two different scenarios of either large sample size or large number of samples. For unbalanced samples, a weighted and an unweighted variant are introduced. The unweighted variant of the proposed test appears to be novel also in the normal-theory context.The theoretical results are supplemented by a simulation study with parameter settings that are motivated by clinical and agricultural data, considering in particular the performance for small sample sizes, small number of samples, and varying dimensions. Inference methods based on the asymptotic sampling distribution and a small sample approximation are compared to permutation tests and to other parametric and nonparametric procedures. Application of the proposed method is illustrated by examples.     

多类型复发事件下变系数加性乘积比率回归模型

本文基于多类型复发事件数据,讨论了一个新的加性乘积比率回归模型,该模型包括两部分,其中第一部分为可加Aalen模型,其中协变量影响为加性的且与时间有关.第二部分为Cox回归模型,其中协变量有乘性影响.利用估计方程的方法,给出了该模型中未知参数和非参数函数的一种估计方法,并利用现代经验过程理沦证明了所得估计的相合性和渐近正态性.     

联合监测过程位置参数和尺度参数的非参数Shewhart控制图

用于检测生产服务过程的传统控制图多数都假定过程的分布是已知的。这些控制困经常是在正态分布的假设下构建的,然而在服务质量实时监控中数据往往是非正态的。在这种情况下,基于正态分布假设的控制图的结果是不可靠的。为了解决这个问题,通常考虑非参数方法,因为在过程分布未知情况下,非参数控制图比参数图更加稳健有效。本文提出一个新的基于Van der Waerden和Klotz检验的Lepage型非参数Shewhart控制图(称为LPN图)用于同时检测未知连续过程分布的位置参数和尺度参数。文中给出了LPN图在不同参数下的控制限。依据运行长度分布的均值,方差和分位数,分析了LPN图在过程受控和失控时的性能,并与其他一些现有的非参数控制图进行比较。基于蒙特卡洛的模拟结果表明,LPN图对非正态分布具有很好的稳健性,并且在不同的过程分布下对检测位置参数和尺度参数,尤其对检测尺度参数的漂移都具有很好的性能。最后通过监控出租车服务质量说明LPN图在实际中的应用。     

Testing heteroscedasticity by wavelets in a nonparametric regression model

In the nonparametric regression models, a homoscedastic structure is usually assumed. However, the homoscedasticity cannot be guaranteed a priori. Hence, testing the heteroscedasticity is needed. In this paper we propose a consistent nonparametric test for heteroscedasticity, based on wavelets. The empirical wavelet coefficients of the conditional variance in a regression model are defined first. Then they are shown to be asymptotically normal, based on which a test statistic for the heteroscedasticity is constructed by using Fan's wavelet thresholding idea. Simulations show that our test is superior to the traditional nonparametric test.     

一类相合的分位点型检验

广义非参数似然比检验统计量是一类很广的统计量,包含了众多重要的检验统计量,如Anderson-Darling(AD)等.利用Rubin的随机经验分布函数替代经验分布函数的方法,得到了广义非参数似然比检验统计量的新版本,构造了新的检验统计量.由于新的检验统计量在给定样本下仍然是随机变量,选择了它的分位点和期望作为检验统计量,分别称之为分位点型检验统计量和期望型检验统计量.在简单假设情况下,证明了分位点型检验统计量和期望型检验统计量在固定备择下的相合性.模拟结果显示,在某些备择下,新的检验的功效明显高于原有的基于经验分布函数的检验的功效.     

A Test for Additivity in Nonparametric Regression

A simple consistent test of additivity in a multiple nonparametric regression model is proposed, where data are observed on a lattice. The new test is based on an estimator of the L ²-distance between the (unknown) nonparametric regression function and its best approximation by an additive nonparametric regression model. The corresponding test-statistic is the difference of a classical ANOVA style statistic in a two-way layout with one observation per cell and a variance estimator in a homoscedastic nonparametric regression model. Under the null hypothesis of additivity asymptotic normality is established with a limiting variance which involves only the variance of the error of measurements. The results are extended to models with an approximate lattice structure, a heteroscedastic error structure and the finite sample behaviour of the proposed procedure is investigated by means of a simulation study.     

A class of multi-sample nonparametric tests for panel count data

This paper considers the problem of multi-sample nonparametric comparison of mean functions of point processes with panel count data, which arise naturally when recurrent events are considered. Such data frequently occur in medical follow-up studies and reliability experiments, for example. For the problem considered, we construct a class of nonparametric test statistics based on the integrated weighted differences between the estimated mean functions of the point processes. The asymptotic distributions of the proposed statistics are rigorously derived when the monotonicity assumptions for weight processes are removed, and their finite-sample properties are examined through Monte Carlo simulations. The simulation results show that the proposed methods are good for practical use and are slightly powerful than the existing tests. A set of panel count data from a cancer study is analyzed and presented as an illustrative example.     

Testing for additivity with B-splines

Regression splines are often used for fitting nonparametric functions, and they work especially well for additivity models. In this paper, we consider two simple tests of additivity: an adaptation of Tukey's one degree of freedom test and a nonparametric version of Rao's score test. While the Tukey-type test can detect most forms of the local non-additivity at the parametric rate of O(n-1/2), the score test is consistent for all alternative at a nonparametric rate. The asymptotic distribution of these test statistics is derived under both the null and local alternative hypotheses. A simulation study is conducted to compare their finite-sample performances with some existing kernel-based tests. The score test is found to have a good overall performance.     

A new nonparametric stability test with an application to major Chinese macroeconomic time series

In this paper, we propose a new test for testing the stability in macroeconomic time series, based on the LASSO variable selection approach and nonparametric estimation of a time-varying model. The wild bootstrap is employed to obtain its data-dependent critical values. We apply the new method to test the stability of bivariate relations among 92 major Chinese macroeconomic time series. We find that more than 70% bivariate relations are significantly unstable.     

DIMENSION-REDUCTION TYPE TESTFOR LINEARITY OF ASTOCHASTIC REGRESSION MODEL

1.IntroductionLinearregressionmodelsarewidelyusedinstatisticalanalysisofexperimentalandobservationaldata,thatis,oneoftenemploysastandardlinearmodely=or K: E,a.s.,(1.1)todostatisticalanalysis,whereydenotesascalaroutcomevariableand2denotesaP-dimensionalcolumnvectorofregressorvariables.Thismodelmeansthattheprojectionofthepdimensionalexplanatory2ontotheone-dimensionalsubspaceadZcapturesalltheinformationweneedtoknowabouttheoutcomevariabley.Thisisadimension-reductionmodel.Hencewemayreachthegoalofd…     

基于纵向数据下连续型单参数指数族参数的经验贝叶斯检验(英文)

本文讨论了在纵向数据下,运用非参数估计方法构造了连续型单参数指数族参数的经验贝叶斯检验函数,证明了所提出的经验贝叶斯检验函数的渐近最优性,并获得了它的收敛速度.     

Testing for linearity

A nonparametric large sample test is proposed for testing the linearity of a regression model with independent and identically distributed errors satisfying only a very mild tail condition. The statistic is based on the functional least squares estimator of the slope vector. The test is applied to the stack loss data.     

Additive risk model for current status data with a cured subgroup

Current status data arise when the exact timing of an event cannot be observed, and the only available information is whether or not the event has occurred at a random censoring time point. We consider current status data with a cured subgroup, where subjects in this subgroup are not susceptible to the event of interest. We model the cure probability using a generalized linear model with a known link function. For subjects susceptible to the event, we model their survival hazard using a partly linear additive risk model. We show that the penalized maximum likelihood estimate of the parametric regression coefficient is \({\sqrt{n}}\) consistent, asymptotically normal and efficient. The nonparametric cumulative baseline function and nonparametric covariate effect can be estimated with the n ^1/3 convergence rate. We propose inference using the weighted bootstrap. Simulations study is employed to assess finite sample performance of the proposed estimate. We analyze the Calcification study using the proposed approach.     

A nonparametric regression method for multiple longitudinal phenotypes using multivariate adaptive splines

In genetic studies of complex diseases, particularly mental illnesses, and behavior disorders, two distinct characteristics have emerged in some data sets. First, genetic data sets are collected with a large number of phenotypes that are potentially related to the complex disease under study. Second, each phenotype is collected from the same subject repeatedly over time. In this study, we present a nonparametric regression approach to study multivariate and time-repeated phenotypes together by using the technique of the multivariate adaptive regression splines for analysis of longitudinal data (MASAL), which makes it possible to identify genes, gene-gene and gene-environment, including time, interactions associated with the phenotypes of interest. Furthermore, we propose a permutation test to assess the associations between the phenotypes and selected markers. Through simulation, we demonstrate that our proposed approach has advantages over the existing methods that examine each longitudinal phenotype separately or analyze the summarized values of phenotypes by compressing them into one-time-point phenotypes. Application of the proposed method to the Framingham Heart Study illustrates that the use of multivariate longitudinal phenotypes enhanced the significance of the association test.