S掺杂纳米多孔碳的光催化活性:表面化学和孔隙率的重要性(英文)

This minireview summarizes our recent findings on the photoactivity of S-doped nanoporous carbons. The materials were either synthesized from the sulfur-containing polymers or obtained by heat treatment of commercial carbon with hydrogen sulfide. Their surface was extensively charac terized from the points of view of its surface chemistry, porosity, morphology, and electronic properties. The carbons showed enhanced activity towards oxidation of arsine and removal of diben-zothiophenes from model diesel fuel. The latter were oxidized to various oxygen containing intermediates and the cleavage of C–C bonds in aromatic ring was detected when carbon with adsorbed species was exposed to UV or visible light. Irradiation resulted in generation of photocurrent in a broad range of wavelength. The presence of sulfur led to the reduction of oxygen and contributed to an increased capacitive performance. We link these effects to the presence of reduced sulfur in the small pores which enhances the dispersive interactions via inducing a positive charge to carbon atoms, to sulfur in oxygenated forms which contribute to Faradaic reactions and increase the polar interactions, and to the hydrophobicity of a surface in small pores where oxygen can be reduced by excited electrons from chromophoric-like sulfur containing groups.     

Flow Field Induced Steady Alignment of Oxidized Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes

The steady ordered micro-ribbons of oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were obtained through micro-aperture PTFE membrane by vacuum filtration. After treatment by mixture of concentrated nitric acid and sulfuric acid, the surface functional groups modified MWNTs can be easily dispersed to form a homogeneous suspension. It is found that the steady micro-ribbons existed in the films obtained by vacuum filtration of the suspension. The filtration formed steady flow field and induced steady alignment of oxidized MWNTs. The chemical treatment of MWNTs forming strong interaction between MWNTs is necessity to keep steady of the micro-ribbons microstructure.     

Purified oxygenand nitrogen-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes as metal-free catalysts for selective olefin hydrogenation

Oxygen-and nitrogen-functionalized carbon nanotubes (OCNTs and NCNTs) were applied as metal-free catalysts in selective olefin hydrogenation. A series of NCNTs was synthesized by NH3 post-treatment of OCNTs. Temperature-programmed desorption, N2 physisorption, Raman spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were employed to characterize the surface properties of OCNTs and NCNTs, aiming at a detailed analysis of the type and amount of oxygenand nitrogen-containing groups as well as surface defects. The gas-phase treatments applied for oxygen and nitrogen functionalization at elevated temperatures up to 600 C led to the increase of surface defects, but did not cause structural damages in the bulk. NCNTs showed a clearly higher activity than the pristine CNTs and OCNTs in the hydrogenation of 1,5-cyclooctadiene, and also the selectivity to cyclooctene was higher. The favorable catalytic properties are ascribed to the nitrogen-containing surface functional groups as well as surface defects related to nitrogen species. In contrast, oxygen-containing surface groups and the surface defects caused by oxygen species did not show clear contribution to the hydrogenation catalysis.     

A computational study of AlN nanotube as an oxygen detector

Interaction of O2 molecule and a zigzag aluminum nitride nanotube(AlNNT) was studied based on the density functional theory.The O2 molecule is adsorbed on the surface of AlNNT with the adsorption energies in the range of 11.0 to 12.1 kJ/mol.Geometrical structure of the AlNNT remains intact in the presence of oxygen molecule while its electronic structure dramatically changes so that its HOMO(or SOMO)-LUMO gap is approximately reduced to half of its original value.It suggests that the AlNNT may be used as a gas sensor for the O2 detection.     

Regeneration of C4H10 dry reforming catalyst by nonthermal plasma

Carbon deposition via coke formation is one of the critical problems causing catalyst deactivation during the reforming of hydrocarbons.An effort was made to regenerate the catalyst（Ni/7-alumina） by oxidation methods.Two approaches were carried out for the regeneration of the deactivated catalyst.The first one involves the plasma treatment of the deactivated catalyst in the presence of dry air over a temperature range of 300～500℃,while the second one only the thermal treatment in the same temperature range.The performance of the regenerated catalyst was evaluated in terms of C₄H₁₀ and CO₂ conversions and the physicochemical characteristics were examined using a surface area analyzer,an elemental analyzer,scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and transmission electron microscopy（TEM）.It was observed that the carbon deposit （coke） on the catalyst was about 9.89 wt%after reforming C₄H₁₀ for 5 h at 540℃.The simple thermal treatment at 400℃reduced carbon content to 6.59 wt%whereas it was decreased to 3.25 wt%by the plasma and heat combination.The specific surface area was fully restored to the original state by the plasma-assisted regeneration at 500℃.As far as the catalytic activity is concerned,the fresh and regenerated catalysts exhibited similar C₄H₁₀ and CO₂ conversion efficiencies.     

Influence of Pretreatment on the Interaction of Oxygen with Silver and the Catalytic Activity of Ag／SiO2 Catalysts for CO Selective Oxidation in H2

The interactions of oxygen with pre~reduced silver catalysts as well as their catalytic propertiesfor CO selective oxidation in H2 after oxygen pre-treatment are studied in this paper. It is found that the pretreatment exerts a strong influence on the activity and selectivity of the silver catalyst. A drop in activity and selectivity is observed after treating a pre-reduced catalyst with oxygen at low temperatures,whereas a converse result is obtained after an oxidizing treatment at high temperatures (T≥350℃). O2-TPD results show that surface oxygen species adsorbs on silver surface after the oxygen treatment at low temperatures. However, penetration of oxygen into the silver is enhanced by a high temperature treatment, meanwhile the surface oxygen species disappear. No other silver species except metallic silver are observed on all the catalysts by XRD, and the size of silver particle is not changed after the treatment with oxygen at low temperatures. The surface oxygen species formed by oxygen treatment can also be removed by hydrogen reduction. The strongly-adsorbed surface oxygen species prohibit the adsorption and diffusion of oxygen species in reaction gas on the surface of silver catalyst, causing the decrease in CO oxidation activity, in other words, it is important to obtain a clean silver surface for increasing the catalyst activity in CO removal from H2-rich feed gas. The differences in activity and selectivity due to the oxygen pretreatment at different temperatures axe discussed in terms of the changes in the surface/subsurface oxygen species of the silver particles.     

Enhanced Capacitive Characteristics of Activated Carbon by Secondary Activation

The effect of the improvement of commercial activated carbon(AC) on its specific capacitance and high rate capability of double layer(dl) charging/discharging process has been studied. The improvement of AC was carried out via a secondary activation under steam in the presence of catalyst NiCl2, and the suitable condition was found to be a heat treatment at about 875 ℃ for 1 h. Under those conditions, the discharge specific capacitance of the improved AC increases up to 53. 67 F/g, showing an increase of about 25% as compared with that of as-received AC. The good rectangular-shaped voltammograms and A.C. impedance spectra prove that the high rate capability of the capacitor made of the improved AC is enhanced significantly. The capacitance resistance (RC) time constant of the capacitor containing the improved AC is 1.74 s, which is much lower than that of the one containing as-received AC(an RC value of 4. 73 s). It is noted that both kinds of AC samples show a similar specific surface area and pore size distribution, but some changes have taken place in the carbon surface groups, especially a decrease in the concentration of surface carbonyl groups after the improvement, which have been verified by means of X-photoelectron spectroscopy. Accordingly, it is suggested that the decrease in the concentration of surface carbonyl groups for the improved AC is beneficial to the organic electrolyte ion penetrating into the pores, thus leading to the increase in both the specific capacitance and high rate capability of the supercapacitor.     

S-doped carbon aerogels/GO composites as oxygen reduction catalysts

Composites of carbon aerogel and graphite oxide(GO) were synthesized using a self-assembly method based on dispersive forces. Their surface was modified by treatment in hydrogen sulfide at 650 and800 ℃. The samples obtained were characterized by adsorption of nitrogen, TA-MS, XPS, potentiometric titration, and HRTEM and tested as catalysts for oxygen reduction reactions(ORR) in an alkaline medium.The synergistic effect of the composite(electrical conductivity, porosity and surface chemistry) leads to a good ORR catalytic activity. The onset potential for the composite of carbon aerogel heated at 800 ℃ is shifted to a more positive value and the number of electron transfer was 2e-at the potential 0.68 V versus RHE and it increased to 4e-with an increase in the negative values of the potential. An excellent tolerance to methanol crossover was also recorded.     

Synthesis and functionalization of carbon xerogels to be used as supports for fuel cell catalysts

The synthesis and properties of carbon xerogels are briefly described in this mini-review, emphasizing the methods used for tuning their surface chemistry and textural properties in order to design efficient electrocatalysts for fuel cells. In particular, the role played by the surface functional groups in determining the loading, dispersion, oxidation state and stability of the metal phases is addressed.     

The effect of particle shape on the structure and rheological properties of carbon-based particle suspensions

The structure and rheological properties of carbon-based particle suspensions, i.e., carbon black(CB), multi-wall carbon nanotube(MWNT), graphene and hollow carbon sphere(HCS) suspended in polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS), are investigated. In order to study the effect of particle shape on the structure and rheological properties of suspensions, the content of surface oxygen-containing functional groups of carbon-based particles is controlled to be similar. Original spherical-like CB(fractal filler), rod-like MWNT and sheet-like graphene form large agglomerates in PDMS, while spherical HCS particles disperse relatively well in PDMS. The dispersion state of carbon-based particles affects the critical concentration of forming a rheological percolation network. Under weak shear, negative normal stress differences(ΔN) are observed in CB, MWNT and graphene suspensions, while ΔN is nearly zero for HCS suspensions. It is concluded that the vorticity alignment of CB, MWNT and graphene agglomerates under shear results in the negative ΔN. However, no obvious structural change is observed in HCS suspension under weak shear, and accordingly, the ΔN is almost zero.     

钾和一氧化碳对松木屑快速热解半焦特性的影响

利用固定床反应器、红外光谱仪、吸附仪、X射线衍射仪、电感耦合等离子原子发射光谱仪、偏光显微镜等对比研究了原生生物质(原生物质)及水洗脱钾生物质(脱钾生物质)在N_2及富一氧化碳(CO)气氛下所得半焦的产率、官能团及其他物化结构的变化规律。研究表明,与脱钾生物质相比,热解温度低于750℃时,原生物质的半焦产率降低、比表面积增大、芳环结构减少而烷基、脂肪族结构等增加;与N_2相比,富CO气氛下所得半焦产率降低、比表面积增大,芳香结构、脂肪族结构、烷基减小。而热解温度高于750℃时,生物质中的钾和热解气氛中的CO均使生物质半焦产率增加、官能团数量和比表面积减少。利用偏光显微镜对生物质半焦表面矿物质的研究表明,热解温度低于750℃时,所得半焦表面矿物组分较少且高度分散;热解温度高于750℃时,所得半焦表面矿物组分较多,分布密集且熔融团聚现象随温度升高而增多。而对于半焦石墨化程度的研究表明,半焦石墨化程度随温度升高而增加,但低热解温度所得半焦的石墨化程度较差。温度高于750℃时,CO气氛使石墨化程度增加,而钾使石墨化程度降低。     

Preparation of activated carbon from date pits: Effect of the activation agent and liquid phase oxidation

Two series of activated carbons have been prepared from date pits; series C, using carbon dioxide as activating agent, and series S, prepared by activation with steam under the same experimental conditions. The obtained samples were oxidized with nitric acid in order to introduce more oxygen surface groups. The surface area and porosity of the parent and oxidized activated carbons were studied by N₂ adsorption at 77 K and CO₂ adsorption at 273 K. The oxygen surface complexes were characterized by temperature-programmed decomposition (TPD). The results show that carbon dioxide and steam activations produce microporous carbons with an increasing amount of CO evolving groups when increasing the burn-off. On the other hand, oxidation with nitric acid increases the amount of CO and CO₂ evolved by the decomposition of surface oxygen groups, this increase being related to the development of porosity in the carbon with the degree of activation and to the activating agent used (CO₂ versus steam).     

基于赤铁矿的生物质化学链燃烧过程中氮氧化物的释放特性

在单批次进料固定床上,基于赤铁矿载氧体,研究了还原反应阶段反应温度和水蒸气量对谷壳的氮氧化物释放特性的影响。研究表明,碳转化率随反应温度升高而增加,但随水蒸气量呈先增加后下降,并在水蒸气量为1.0 g/min时达到最大值。在实验条件下,还原阶段未检测到NO₂。随着反应温度由750 ℃升高到900 ℃,NO的生成率增加,而N₂O的生成率先增加后降低,在850 ℃时达到最大值。水蒸气量由0.5 g/min升高到2.0 g/min,N₂O和NO的生成率均增加,且NO增加速率高于N₂O。在反应后的载氧体中,检测到KAlSi₃O₈存在,表明载氧体与生物质中的K元素发生反应。     

升温速率对神木煤热解半焦结构性能的影响

利用管式炉和微波材料工作站分别对神木煤煤样进行终温为750 ℃的慢速(3和5 ℃/min)、中速(10和15 ℃/min)及快速(50、100、225、350和750 ℃/min)热解,基于热解半焦X射线衍射谱图解析热解半焦的微晶结构参数,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱表征热解半焦的表面化学,并借助热重分析仪、选用气化活性参数R_T评价热解半焦的气化反应活性。结果表明,随着升温速率的增大,神木煤热解半焦总体上呈现的趋势是:表面含氧官能团含量降低,半焦的微晶层片尺寸L_a和石墨化度明显提高,层间距d₀₀₂和堆积高度L_c略微减小,说明神木煤半焦结构随升温速率的提高变得规整;随着升温速率的增大,半焦的气化活性R_T从0.178 2降低至0.103 6。热解终温为750 ℃的神木煤热解过程中,快速热解有利于获得易石墨化、表面非极性化、气化反应性低的产物。     

Electrochemical oxidation of a carbon black loaded polymer electrode in aqueous electrolytes

The suitability of a polymeric composite material for use as part of an anode structure in a cathodic protection system has been examined. The composite material was a conductive blend (volume resistivity typically 1.5 Ω cm) of carbon black in a polyethylene binder. A long operational lifetime for the material demands that the rate of carbon loss must be low. In the work reported here, electrochemical and in situ analytical techniques were employed to characterise the performance of the material over a wide range of anodic current densities in a variety of aqueous electrolytes. The predominant anodic electrochemical reaction on the polymeric material is CO₂ formation in acid and neutral solutions, which causes loss of carbon from the surface and the development of a non-conducting layer of polyethylene. The characteristics of the reaction suggest that it occurs via the discharge of H₂O. In alkaline pH, however, the anodic reactions are more complex. A high OH⁻ concentration (pH 12 or higher) favours the formation of oxygen rather than CO₂, particularly at low anodic potentials. The presence of CO₃ ²⁻ in the electrolyte catalyses the evolution of oxygen at pH values as low as 9. The electrochemical formation of oxygen always occurs in parallel with the generation of some humic acid in the solution. Received: 23 July 1998 / Accepted: 17 November 1998     

Activated carbon prepared by physical activation of olive stones for the removal of NO2 at ambient temperature

Activated carbon was prepared from olive stones by physical activation using water vapor at 750 °C. Textural, morphology and surface chemistry characterizations were achieved (nitrogen adsorption, SEM, FTIR and TPD–MS). NO₂ adsorption was performed for different inlet gas compositions and temperatures. NO₂ may adsorb directly on the oxygenated surface groups, and can also be reduced to NO. Therefore, a second NO₂ molecule adsorbs on the oxygen left on the carbon surface. TPD performed after NO₂ adsorption showed the presence of various surface groups. The adsorption capacity was about 131 mg/g, which is higher than with several activated carbon prepared from classical lignocellulosic biomass. NO₂ reduction into NO decreased with increasing the inlet oxygen concentration. In contrast, a slight decrease in the NO₂ adsorption capacity was observed with increasing temperature. It seems that the activated carbons prepared from olive stones by steam activation could be used as efficient adsorbents for NO₂ removal.     

Mg-induced g-C3N4 synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphitic carbon for effective activation of peroxymonosulfate to degrade organic contaminants

The nitrogen-doped carbon derived from graphitic carbon nitride （g-C₃N₄） has been widely deployed in activating peroxymonosulfate （PMS） to remove organic pollutants.However,the instability of g-C₃N₄at high temperature brings challenges to the preparation of materials.The nitrogen-doped graphitic carbon nanosheets （N-GC750） were synthesized by magnesium thermal denitrification.Magnesium undergoes the displacement reaction with small molecules produced b...     

焙烧温度对MnOx-CeO2-WO3-ZrO2催化剂上NH3选择性还原NO的影响

采用共沉淀法制备了MnO_x-CeO₂-WO₃-ZrO₂催化剂,考察了催化剂焙烧温度对O₂和H₂O存在下NH₃选择性催化还原（NH₃-SCR） NO的影响,并利用低温N₂吸附、X射线衍射（XRD）、透射电镜（TEM）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、NH₃程序升温脱附（NH₃-TPD）和CO脉冲反应对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明在NH₃-SCR反应中,催化剂的低温活性随焙烧温度的提高而降低,这是由于催化剂表面化学吸附氧和酸性位减少引起的;催化剂的高温活性随焙烧温度的提高先增加后减小,这与催化剂表面最易释放氧数量的变化趋势相反. 700 ℃焙烧的催化剂具有良好的低温活性和最宽的反应温度窗口,在空速为90000 h^-1的条件下,该催化剂的起燃温度（50% NO转化率）为189 ℃,且反应温度在218-431 ℃范围内,NO转化率可达到80%-100%.     

Magnetic N‐Enriched Fe3C/Graphitic Carbon instead of Pt as an Electrocatalyst for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

A series of Fe₃C/C‐N_x nanoparticles (NPs) with different nitrogen content are prepared by a simple one‐pot route. In the synthetic procedure, aniline and acetonitrile are simultaneously used as the carbon and nitrogen source. The effect of calcination temperature on the structural and functional properties of the materials is investigated. Magnetic measurement shows that the sample prepared at 800 °C (Fe₃C/C‐N₈₀₀ NPs) possesses the highest M_s value of 77.2 emu g^?1. On testing as oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts, the sample prepared at 750 °C (Fe₃C/C‐N₇₅₀ NPs) shows the best ORR performance among the series, with a more positive onset potential (+0.99 V vs. RHE), higher selectivity (number of electron transfer n≈3.93), longer durability, and stronger tolerance against methanol crossover than commercial Pt/C catalysts in a 0.1 m KOH solution. Moreover, in acidic solution, the excellent ORR activity and stability are also exhibited.     

硬模板法合成磁性石墨化介孔碳及在中药废水吸附处理中的应用

以SBA-15为模板, 蔗糖为碳源, 硝酸铁辅助催化合成磁性石墨化介孔碳复合材料(Fe/GMC). 利用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、N₂吸附-脱附(BET)、拉曼光谱等对反应产物进行了表征. 硝酸铁辅助催化可以在较低碳化温度(900℃)下实现介孔碳的部分石墨化, 并同步生成磁性Fe₃O₄颗粒, 合成的产物比表面积大、孔道有序、磁性强. 运用紫外-可见(UV-Vis)光谱考察了该复合材料对中药红花色素废水的吸附特性,复合材料的吸附速率快、吸附量高, 具有良好的脱色效果并能实现吸附剂的快速固液磁分离.