Highly enantioselective direct reductive coupling of conjugated alkynes and alpha-ketoesters via rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of 1,3-enynes 1a-7a in the presence of ethyl pyruvate and related activated ketones using chirally modified cationic rhodium catalysts results in reductive coupling to afford dienylated alpha-hydroxy esters 1b-7b and 3c-3f with exceptional levels of regio- and enantiocontrol. These studies represent the first highly enantioselective direct catalytic reductive couplings of alkynes to ketones. As illustrated by the conversion of 6b to 6c-6h, the diene containing the side chain of the coupling products is subject to diverse chemo- and regioselective manipulation. Reductive coupling of enyne 6a and ethyl pyruvate using elemental deuterium provides the monodeuterated product deuterio-6b, consistent with a catalytic mechanism involving alkyne-carbonyl oxidative coupling followed by hydrogenolytic cleavage of the resulting oxametallacycle, as corroborated by ESI-MS analysis.     

Enantioselective Iridium‐Catalyzed Allylation of Acetylenic Ketones via 2‐Propanol‐Mediated Reductive Coupling of Allyl Acetate: C14‐C23 of Pladienolide D

Highly enantioselective catalytic reductive coupling of allyl acetate with acetylenic ketones occurs in a chemoselective manner in the presence of aliphatic or aromatic ketones. This method was used to construct C14‐C23 of pladienolide D in half the steps previously required.     

低价钒试剂促进的有机反应及其在有机合成中的应用

综述了近年来低价钒试剂促进的有机反应及其在有机合成中的应用。重点讨论了低价钒试剂促进下的碳-碳键的形成反应，如卤代烃的还原偶联、醛(酮)的还原偶联、羰基化合物的脱氧烷基化及脱氧偶联反应等。另外，还介绍了催化量的低价钒度剂在促进有机反应方面的应用。     

Zirconocene Dichloride–Catalyzed Pinacol Coupling of Aromatic Aldehydes and Ketones

The reductive coupling of aromatic aldehydes and ketones has been achieved using a catalytic amount of zirconocene dichloride in the presence of magnesium metal and chlorotrimethylsilane in THF at room temperature to afford the corresponding 1,2‐diols in good yields and diastereoselectivity.     

Direct amino acid-catalyzed cascade biomimetic reductive alkylations: application to the asymmetric synthesis of Hajos-Parrish ketone analogues

A direct amino acid-catalyzed chemo- and enantioselective process for the double cascade synthesis of highly substituted 2-alkyl-cyclopentane-1,3-diones, 2-alkyl-3-methoxy-cyclopent-2-enones and Hajos-Parrish (H-P) ketone analogs is presented via reductive alkylation chemistry. For the first time, we have developed a single-step alkylation of cyclopentane-1,3-dione with aldehydes/ketones and a Hantzsch ester through an organocatalytic reductive alkylation strategy. A direct combination of amino acid-catalyzed cascade olefination-hydrogenation and cascade Robinson annulations of cyclopentane-1,3-dione, aldehydes/ketones, a Hantzsch ester and methyl vinyl ketone furnished the highly functionalized H-P ketone analogues in good to high yields and with excellent enantioselectivities. Many of the reductive alkylation products have shown direct applications in pharmaceutical chemistry.     

Copper-catalyzed conjugate additions of alkylboranes to imidazolyl α,β-unsaturated ketones: formal reductive conjugate addition of terminal alkenes

Conjugate addition of alkylboron compounds (alkyl-9-BBN) to imidazol-2-yl α,β-unsaturated ketones proceeded in the presence of a catalytic amount (10 mol %) of CuCl, 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene (IMes), and t-BuOK. The alkylboranes are available through alkene hydroboration, and thus the overall process represents a reductive conjugate addition of alkenes to enone derivatives. A variety of functional groups are tolerated in both the alkenes and the α,β-unsaturated ketones. The 2-acylimidazole moiety can easily be converted into the corresponding carboxylic acid, ester, and amide derivatives.     

Enantioselective reductive coupling of 1,3-enynes to heterocyclic aromatic aldehydes and ketones via rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation: mechanistic insight into the role of Brønsted acid additives

Hydrogenation of 1,3-enynes 1a-e in the presence of heterocyclic aromatic aldehydes and ketones using chirally modified cationic rhodium precatalysts results in reductive coupling to afford dienylated alpha-hydroxy heteroarenes 2-23 with exceptional levels of regio- and enantiocontrol. Coupling of enyne 1a to 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde using an achiral rhodium catalyst in the presence of a chiral Akiyama-Terada-type phosphoric acid derived from BINOL as the Br?nsted acid co-catalyst provides the coupling product 2 with substantial levels of optical enrichment (82% ee). This result suggests that substrate protonation and/or formation of a strong hydrogen bond occurs in advance of the stereogenic C-C bond forming event. Further, the high levels of asymmetric induction demonstrate that interaction of the aldehyde with the Br?nsted acid activates the system toward C-C coupling. Reductive coupling of enyne 1a and 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde under an atmosphere of elemental deuterium provides the monodeuterated product deuterio-2, consistent with a catalytic mechanism involving alkyne-carbonyl oxidative coupling followed by hydrogenolytic cleavage of the resulting oxametallacycle. The diene side chain of the coupling products is subject to diverse selective transformations, as demonstrated by the conversion of coupling products 2 and 8 to compounds 24-26 and 27-29, respectively.     

Triflic acid catalyzed reductive coupling reactions of carbonyl compounds with O-, S-, and N-nucleophiles

Highly efficient metal-free reductive coupling reactions of aldehydes and ketones with a range of nucleophiles in the presence of triflic acid (1-5 mol%) as the catalyst are presented. The reactions can be performed at ambient temperature without exclusion of moisture or air. A range of symmetrical and unsymmetrical ethers were obtained by this method in high yields and short reaction times. For the first time, the influence of additional functionalization has been studied. Furthermore, the formation of thioethers from ketones (by addition of unmodified thiols) and of sulfonamides from either aldehydes or ketones has been achieved under catalytic conditions.     

Stereoselective borylative ketone-diene coupling

In the presence of catalytic Ni(cod)(2) and P(t-Bu)(3), ketones, dienes, and B(2)(pin)(2) undergo a stereoselective multicomponent coupling reaction. Upon oxidation, the reaction furnishes 1,3-diols as the major reaction product.     

Allenes and Dienes as Chiral Allylmetal Pronucleophiles in Catalytic Enantioselective C=X Addition: Historical Perspective and State-of-The-Art Survey

The use of allenes and 1,3-dienes as chiral allylmetal pronucleophiles in intermolecular catalytic enantioselective reductive additions to aldehydes, ketones, imines, carbon dioxide and other C=X electrophiles is exhaustively catalogued together with redox-neutral hydrogen auto-transfer processes. Coverage is limited to processes that result in both C−H and C−C bond formation. The use of alkynes as latent allylmetal pronucleophiles and multicomponent C=X allylations involving allenes and dienes is not covered. As illustrated in this review, the ability of allenes and 1,3-dienes to serve as tractable non-metallic pronucleophiles has evoked many useful transformations that have no counterpart in traditional allylmetal chemistry.     

Anion radicals and dianions as electron transfer reagents

The catalytic regeneration of depolarizers by certain substrates has been demonstrated by means of cyclic voltammetry. As depolarizers we have employed anion radicals of aromatic hydrocarbons, heteroaromatic compounds, ketones, esters, nitriles, and olefins, and dianions of aromatic hydrocarbons, heteroaromatic compounds, ketones, and esters. As substrates we have investigated simple aromatic and aliphatic halides, 1,2- and 1,3-dihalides, carbon dioxide, and activated olefins. A requirement for the observation of a catalytic wave is that the reduced substrate undergoes a practically irreversible reaction after the reaction with the reduced depolarizer; for simple halides it is a cleavage reaction, for 1,2- and 1,3-dihalides an elimination, for carbon dioxide an addition, and for activated olefins a coupling. Electrochemical investigations of these kinds of reactions may be of interest in connection with the mechanism of several types of reactions in organic chemistry.     

Electroreductive acylation of aromatic ketones with acylimidazoles

[Reaction: see text]. The intermolecular reductive coupling of aromatic ketones with acylimidazoles was effected by electroreduction in the presence of chlorotrimethylsilane and gave alpha-trimethylsiloxy ketones and esters. The best result was obtained using Bu4NPF6 as a supporting electrolyte and a Pb cathode in THF. The alpha-trimethylsiloxy-containing products were transformed to the corresponding alpha-hydroxy ketones and esters by treatment with TBAF in THF. This method was also effective for the intramolecular reductive coupling of delta- and epsilon-keto acylimidazoles.     

Simple Designs for the Construction of Complex Trans-Fused Polyether Toxin Frameworks. A Convergent Strategy Based on Hydroxy Ketone Cyclization of C-Linked Oxacycles

A single, unified convergent strategy for the stereocontrolled synthesis of trans-fused polyethers was developed. It was demonstrated that the epimerization and reductive intramolecular coupling of hydroxy ketones in reactions with silane-Lewis acids (SI-LA) to generate ethers in C-linked oxacycles is affected by its conformational preference in a predictable manner. The obtained results make evident that the influence of hydrogen bonding between a hemiketal hydroxyl and a 1,3-diaxial C-O bond is regular and predictable and that convergent synthesis of trans-fused polyethers may confidently be conducted on driving ring closure to oxane rings under thermodynamic conditions     

Hydrogen-mediated reductive coupling of conjugated alkynes with ethyl (N-Sulfinyl)iminoacetates: synthesis of unnatural alpha-amino acids via rhodium-catalyzed C-C bond forming hydrogenation

Rhodium-catalyzed hydrogenation of 1,3-enynes 1a-8a and 1,3-diynes 9a-13a at ambient temperature and pressure in the presence of ethyl (N-tert-butanesulfinyl)iminoacetate and ethyl (N-2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfinyl)iminoacetates, respectively, results in reductive coupling to afford unsaturated alpha-amino acid esters 1b-13b in good to excellent yields with exceptional levels of regio- and stereocontrol. Further hydrogenation of the diene containing alpha-amino acid esters 1b-8b using Wilkinson's catalyst at ambient temperature and pressure results in regioselective reduction to afford the beta,gamma-unsaturated alpha-amino acid esters 1c-8c in good to excellent yields. Exhaustive hydrogenation of the unsaturated side chains of the Boc- and Fmoc-protected derivatives of enyne and diyne coupling products 14b-16b occurs in excellent yield using Crabtree's catalyst at ambient temperature and pressure providing the alpha-amino acid esters 14d-16d, which possess saturated side chains. Finally, cross-metathesis of the Boc-protected reductive coupling product 14b with cis-1,4-diacetoxy-2-butene proceeds readily to afford the allylic acetate 14e. Isotopic labeling studies that involve reductive coupling of enyne 1a and diyne 9a under an atmosphere of elemental deuterium corroborate a catalytic mechanism in which oxidative coupling of the alkyne and imine residues is followed by hydrogenolytic cleavage of the resulting metallacycle. A stereochemical model accounting for the observed sense of asymmetric induction is provided. These studies represent the first use of imines as electrophilic partners in hydrogen-mediated reductive carbon-carbon bond formation.     

Highly enantioselective reductive cyclization of acetylenic aldehydes via rhodium catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of acetylenic aldehydes 1a-12a using chirally modified cationic rhodium catalysts enables highly enantioselective reductive cyclization to afford cyclic allylic alcohols 1b-12b. Using an achiral hydrogenation catalyst, the chiral racemic acetylenic aldehydes 13a-15a engage in highly syn-diastereoselective reductive cyclizations to afford cyclic allylic alcohols 13b-15b. Ozonolysis of cyclization products 7b and 9b allows access to optically enriched alpha-hydroxy ketones 7c and 9c. Reductive cyclization of enyne 7a under a deuterium atmosphere provides the monodeuterated product deuterio-7b, consistent with a catalytic mechanism involving alkyne-carbonyl oxidative coupling followed by hydrogenolytic cleavage of the resulting oxametallacycle. These hydrogen-mediated transformations represent the first examples of the enantioselective reductive cyclization of acetylenic aldehydes.     

Nickel-catalyzed cycloadditions of unsaturated hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and ketones

The nickel-catalyzed cycloaddition of unsaturated hydrocarbons and carbonyls is reported. Diynes and enynes were used as coupling partners. Carbonyl substrates include both aldehdyes and ketones. Reactions of diynes and aldehydes afforded the [3,3] electrocyclic ring-opened tautomers, rather than pyrans, in high yields. The cycloaddition reaction of enynes and aldehydes afforded two distinct products. A new carbon-carbon bond is formed, prior to a competitive beta-hydrogen elimination of a nickel alkoxide, between the carbonyl carbon and either one of the carbons of the olefin or the alkyne. The steric hindrance of the enyne greatly affected the chemoselectivity of the cycloaddition of enynes and aldehydes. In some cases, dihydropyran was also formed. The scope of the cycloaddition reaction was expanded to include the coupling of enynes and ketones. No beta-hydrogen elimination was observed in cycloaddition reaction of enynes and ketones. Instead, C-O bond-forming reductive elimination occurred exclusively to afford dihydropyrans in excellent yields. In all cases, complete chemoselectivity was observed; only dihydropyrans where the carbonyl carbon forms a carbon-carbon bond with a carbon of the olefin, rather than of the alkyne, were observed. All cycloaddition reactions occur at room temperature and employ nickel catalysts bearing the hindered 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene (IPr) or its saturated analogue, 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazolin-2-ylidene (SIPr).     

Reductive coupling of 1,3-dimethyluracils with benzophenone by low-valent titanium: unusual two-to-one coupling

The reductive coupling of 1,3-dimethyluracil with benzophenone by Zn-TiCl₄ in THF gave unusual two-to-one adduct and its further reduced product. The reductive coupling of 1,3-dimethyl-5-fluorouracil with benzophenone by Zn-TiCl₄ also gave two-to-one adduct. 1,3-Dimethylthymine was, however, completely inert under the same conditions.     

MeOH or H2O as efficient additive to switch the reactivity of allylSmBr towards carbonyl compounds

A variety of carbonyl compounds were treated by allylSmBr (allylSmBr) with MeOH as the cosolvent to have further insights on the previously reported reductive coupling of aryl ketones mediated by Sm/alkyl halide/MeOH. The results demonstrate that the real reducing species in Sm/alkyl halide/MeOH system should be allylSmBr, and MeOH has elegantly switched the reactivity of allylSmBr from being nucleophilic to being good reductive coupling reagent. Besides, H₂O was also found to be a useful additive to realize the pinacol coupling of aliphatic aldehydes and ketones promoted by allylSmBr.     

稀土金属作用下芳香醛、酮的还原偶联反应

由Ln/ROH/TMSCl组成的体系能选择性地使芳香族醛、酮还原偶联形成频哪醇, 产率优良, 而对脂肪族醛酮呈惰性。     

Ligand-Facilitated Reductive Coupling of Benzyl Chlorides with Aryl Chlorides Catalyzed by Well-Defined Heteroleptic Ni (II)-NHC Complexes

Novel heteroleptic Ni (II) complexes bearing a highly hindered yet flexible IPr^* ligand, Ni (IPr^*)(PPh₃)Br₂ ( 1 ) and Ni (IPr^*)(PCy₃)Br₂ ( 2 ) (IPr^* = 1,3-bis(2,6-bis (diphenylmethyl)-4-methylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene), were easily prepared in 78% and 89% yield, respectively. Both were characterized by elemental analysis and NMR spectroscopy, and 1 was subjected to X-ray crystallography. Compared with 2 and its analogue bearing a less sterically demanding IPr ligand (IPr = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene), complex 1 exhibited superior catalytic activity in the magnesium-mediated reductive coupling of benzyl chlorides with aryl chlorides, featuring outstanding tolerance of both coupling partners with steric demand. This study discloses a ligand-facilitated reductive coupling of benzyl chlorides with aryl chlorides, which provides a new and practical synthetic tool for the synthesis of diarylmethanes.