人工扰动信号在湍流边界层中的衰减

将人工扰动引入湍流流场,使用功率谱分析方法,研究边界层外层的较大频率范围内的人工扰动信号沿流向和法向的衰减,获得了人工扰动在湍流边界层中的衰减趋势．     

平板湍流边界层的声辐射

基于平板湍流边界层的壁压起伏波数—频率谱 ,给出了一种湍流边界层声辐射的估算方法 ,并对光滑平板湍流边界层和平板表面粗糙度引起的湍流边界层声辐射进行了分析。结果表明 :湍流边界层声辐射是一种四极子声辐射 ,且其辐射声能集中于平板表面粗糙度引起的湍流边界层声辐射 ;光滑平板湍流边界层的声辐射也不可忽略。     

激波/湍流边界层干扰压力脉动特性数值研究

激波/湍流边界层干扰问题广泛存在于高速飞行器内外流动中, 激波干扰会导致局部流场出现强压力脉动, 严重影响飞行器气动性能和飞行安全. 为了考察干扰区内脉动压力的统计特性, 对来流马赫数2.25, 激波角33.2°的入射激波与平板湍流边界层相互作用问题进行了直接数值模拟研究. 在对计算结果进行细致验证的基础上, 分析比较了干扰区外层和物面脉动压力的典型统计特征, 如脉动强度、功率谱密度、两点相关和时空关联特性等, 着重探讨了两者的差异及其原因. 研究发现, 激波干扰对外层和物面压力脉动的影响差异显著. 分离区内脉动以低频特征为主, 随后再附区外层压力脉动的峰值频率往高频区偏移, 而物面压力脉动的低频能量仍相对较高. 两点相关结果表明, 外层和物面脉动压力的展向关联性均明显强于其流向, 前者积分尺度过激波急剧增长随后缓慢衰减, 而后者积分尺度整体上呈现逐步增大趋势. 此外, 时空关联分析结果指出, 脉动压力关联系数等值线仍符合经典的椭圆形分布, 干扰区下游压力脉动对流速度将减小, 外层对流速度仍明显高于物面.      

湍流边界层复涡黏模式的实验研究

在开口式循环水槽底部湍流边界层外区引入周期性扰动。利用X型热膜探针在扰动下游进行测量。用实验的方法研究了周期性大尺度结构下壁湍流涡黏模式中涡黏系数的形式，结果发现和周期性扰动对应的变形率及与之对应的雷诺应力间存在着相位差。这是目前许多最终导致涡黏系数的湍流模式理论都没有考虑到的一个重要因素。     

低湍流度风洞中湍流度对平板边界层转捩影响的试验研究

本文报告了在西北工业大学壁低流度风洞中进行了平板边界层转捩试验研究的简况及初步结果，试验湍流度为０．０２％、０．１％及０．３３％，用恒温热线风速仪测量时均速度型，求得边界层沿流向的位移厚度分布，并用示波器观察速度脉动脉形变化，从而确定起始转捩点和完全转捩点位置。结果表明，转捩的规律性和国外经典结果极为吻合。     

湍流边界层中固体颗粒运动的数值模拟

根据Ｌａｇｒａｎｇｅ颗粒运动微分方程及不可压缩湍流边界层中流体的壁面速度分布规律，数值求解了颗粒在湍流边界层中的运动，考虑了Ｓａｆｆｍａｎ升为对颗粒运动的影响，壁面对运动阻力的影响，给出了固体颗粒沉积边壁，在边界层外缘上所需的最小速度和最小入射角，计算结果还表明边界层对固体颗粒撞击边壁的速度和入射角有较大影响，从数值结果可可以发现一个重要现象。     

湍流边界层空间特征尺度的层析TRPIV测量

利用层析TRPIV测量得到的平板湍流边界层三维三分量速度场数据库,计算得到了平板湍流边界层空间耗散尺度、剪切尺度、泰勒微分尺度、积分尺度等典型空间特征尺度分别为3～5,40～100,20～50,4000个壁面单位,发现耗散尺度随法向位置缓慢增加,剪切尺度在靠近壁面的区域随法向位置变化不明显,积分尺度已不随法向位置变化....     

自然对流边界层中湍流的发生

自然对流边界层中从层流到湍流的转捩经历了浮力振型、无摩擦振型和黏性振型的三重流动不稳定性相继产生的前转捩过程,以及近壁迅速出现强湍流源,随之平缓地向自模拟的湍流边界层过渡的热转捩过程.浮力振型在修正Grashof数G>40时开始失稳并成为主要振型,在振幅分布中3种振型的临界层位置处出现3个峰值;在G>100时浮力振型消失,无摩擦振型失稳并成为主要振型,振幅分布中在近壁区还出现黏性振型的峰值;在G>170时无摩擦振型经非线性演化在外层形成较弱的湍流,但内层黏性应力仍远高于湍流应力,振幅分布中仅有与黏性振型相应的峰值,在频谱中黏性振型的基频、第一、第二、第三阶亚谐频随G的增加相继出现,此时黏性不稳定波的高频成分已转化为湍流,但低频成分仍按线性规律增长,直至湍流惯性子区开始形成;至G>800时黏性振型消失,并在G=850附近时近壁区出现强湍流源,湍流应力、湍能产生项和近壁湍流热流率剧增.在热转捩后期,湍流应力和湍能产生项明显下降,流动在内外层趋于平衡.     

网栅后湍流流动沿流程衰减特性的实验研究

应用ＬＤＶ测试技术对垂直方管内三种不同栅距的网所形成的湍流流动做了详细测量,网栅栅距Ｍ分别为１４ｍｍ,１０ｍｍ,６ｍｍ实验给出了管内不同位置湍流流动的各种参数沿流动方向的衰减规律,并就三种网栅进行比较分析,以探讨这种网栅流动所具有共同规律和在不同栅距对湍流结构及脉动大小的不同特点,从而对这种网栅所形成的湍流流结构较为清晰的了解。     

The Influence of Periodic Excitation on a Turbulent Separation Bubble

Turbulent separation limits the performance in many engineering applications, for example creating pressure losses in diffuser like flows or stall on aircraft wings. In the present study the turbulent boundary layer flow over a flat plate separating due to an adverse pressure gradient is studied as a model problem and the effect of periodic excitation in both time and space is investigated through direct numerical simulations. Linear stability analysis is used to analyse the sensitivity of the flow with respect to time-periodic excitations. The dependence on position, amplitude and frequency of the forcing is investigated. For a certain frequency range at sufficiently high amplitudes, it is possible to eliminate the separated region. Furthermore, three-dimensional effects are studied by applying a steady spanwise forcing as well as a both time-dependent and spanwise varying forcing. A forcing varying in spanwise direction is shown to be the most effective in eliminating the separated region, whereas two-dimensional time-periodic excitation was not as efficient as it was expected.     

基于子波变换的周期扰动下壁湍流涡结构多尺度分析

指出了子波变换在分析含有周期成分的湍流脉动信号时所存在的问题，并给出解决方法；采用该方法，在边界层中沿法向研究了湍流边界层外区引入的周期扰动对其下游湍流中各尺度涡结构的作用。     

二维平板湍流边界层减阻研究

利用一套以位移传感器为主的弹性平衡装置,测量几种不同表面形状设计的平板在充分发展的二维湍流边界层中的减阻效果,并对其减阻机理进行研究。结果表明,大涡破碎器 LEBU(Large Eddy Break-up)和其它减阻装置的形状和布置对表面摩擦阻力有较大影响,在有些设计状态下的平板得到了净减阻。     

湍流边界层流场与噪声实验研究

在重力式水洞中进行了水翼及半翼湍流边界层流场与噪声的实验研究。测量了水翼及半翼边界层附近的湍流脉动速度场;测量了半翼翼型表面三点处的压力脉动及其辐射噪声,测量了水翼内部测点的噪声及外部辐射噪声,在不同流速、不同攻角、光滑和粗糙翼面的情况下都进行了测量分析。试验结果发现,上述因素对模型的边界层湍流速度场有显著影响,15度攻角时,翼面附近湍流强度要比0度时大得多,粗糙翼面附近的湍流强度比光滑的大,而湍流强度随来流速度的变化不大,u(来流）方向和v方向的湍流强度量级相当;一般地,翼面压力脉动、翼内部噪声及外部噪声都是随来流速度的增大而增大,随攻角的增大而增大,粗糙翼面时的结果要比光滑翼面的大。从压力脉动与噪声测量结果与相应的流场测量结果比较可知,可以从湍流区域的湍流强度来判断出声源强度的定性变化。     

Eddy Structures in a Simulated Low Reynolds Number Turbulent Boundary Layer

Coherent structures in a tripped turbulent boundary layer havebeen analysed by applying a new conditional sampling algorithm tolarge-eddy simulation (LES) data. The space-time development of theevents and structural characteristics were examined. The new conditionalsampling scheme is shown to be very effective in the eduction of thecoherent eddy structures, allowing the simultaneous detection, trackingand averaging of several three-dimensional (3-D) structures. Alignmentof the triggering events in all spatial directions and flip-averaging(spatial reflection of the samples) enhance significantly the extractionof detailed features of the structures. The detection method minimisesthe smearing of the spatial details and avoids imposing artificialsymmetry, which is often intrinsic to other conditional samplingschemes.The results show the existence of cigar-shapedstreamwise vortices which are directly associated with negative pressurefluctuation peaks (positive source term of the pressure Poissonequation). They are inclined at 12^° to the wall andtilted laterally at an angle of 7^° to the streamwisedirection. The streamwise vortices induce ejections and sweeps throughan advection mechanism due to the tilting or inclination of thevortices. There is no evidence of hairpin vortices in either theconditional averages or instantaneous flow fields. Near-wall shearlayers are found to be related to the positive pressure fluctuationpeaks as a result of complex interactions between ejection and sweepevents. The shear layer structure has an inclination of10^°, being located between two tilted, streamwisevortices of opposite direction of rotation.The presentresults are very close to other Direct Numerical Simulation studiesusing different conditional sampling schemes. Conceptual models for thestreamwise vortices and shear layer structures are proposed to accountfor the results.     

Three-dimensional Turbulent Boundary Layer in a Shrouded Rotating System

A thre-dimensional direct numerical simulation is combined with a laboratory study to describe the turbulent flow in an enclosed annular rotor-stator cavity characterized by a large aspect ratio G = (b − a)/h = 18.32 and a small radius ratio a/b = 0.152, where a and b are the inner and outer radii of the rotating disk and h is the interdisk spacing. The rotation rate Ω considered is equivalent to the rotational Reynolds number Re = Ωb ²/ν= 9 .5 × 10⁴ (ν the kinematic viscosity of water). This corresponds to a value at which experiment has revealed that the stator boundary layer is turbulent, whereas the rotor boundary layer is still laminar. Comparisons of the computed solution with velocity measurements have given good agreement for the mean and turbulent fields. The results enhance evidence of weak turbulence by comparing the turbulence properties with available data in the literature (Lygren and Andersson, J Fluid Mech 426:297–326, 2001). An approximately self-similar boundary layer behavior is observed along the stator. The wall-normal variations of the structural parameter and of characteristic angles confirm that this boundary layer is three-dimensional. A quadrant analysis (Kang et al., Phys Fluids 10:2315–2322, 1998) of conditionally averaged velocities shows that the asymmetries obtained are dominated by Reynolds stress-producing events in the stator boundary layer. Moreover, Case 1 vortices (with a positive wall induced velocity) are found to be the major source of generation of special strong events, in agreement with the conclusions of Lygren and Andersson (J Fluid Mech 426:297–326, 2001).     

沟槽面与光滑面湍流边界层特性比较

应用ＬＤＶ技术对沟槽面及光滑面湍流边界层流速和湍流度分布进行了精细的测量，实验结果表明：与光滑面相比，沟槽面湍流边界层时均流速分布对数公式中具有较大的积分常数Ｃ值，且沟槽面湍流度最大值较小，但其出现的位置距壁面较远。另外，偏斜因子及平坦因子的分布特性区别不大，但是在近壁区内沟槽面结果波动较大。     

Finite Difference Method for the Acoustic Radiation of an Elastic Plate Excited by a Turbulent Boundary Layer: A Spectral Domain Solution

A finite difference method is developed to study, on a two-dimensional model, the acoustic pressure radiated when a thin elastic plate, clamped at its boundaries, is excited by a turbulent boundary layer. Consider a homogeneous thin elastic plate clamped at its boundaries and extended to infinity by a plane, perfectly rigid, baffle. This plate closes a rectangular cavity. Both the cavity and the outside domain contain a perfect fluid. The fluid in the cavity is at rest. The fluid in the outside domain moves in the direction parallel to the system plate/baffle with a constant speed. A turbulent boundary layer develops at the interface baffle/plate. The wall pressure fluctuations in this boundary layer generates a vibration of the plate and an acoustic radiation in the two fluid domains. Modeling the wall pressure fluctuations spectrum in a turbulent boundary layer developed over a vibrating surface is a very complex and unresolved task. Ducan and Sirkis [1] proposed a model for the two-way interactions between a membrane and a turbulent flow of fluid. The excitation of the membrane is modeled by a potential flow randomly perturbed. This potential flow is modified by the displacement of the membrane. Howe [2] proposed a model for the turbulent wall pressure fluctuations power spectrum over an elastomeric material. The model presented in this article is based on a hypothesis of one-way interaction between the flow and the structure: the flow generates wall pressure fluctuations which are at the origin of the vibration of the plate, but the vibration of the plate does not modify the characteristics of the flow. A finite difference scheme that incorporates the vibration of the plate and the acoustic pressure inside the fluid cavity has been developed and coupled with a boundary element method that ensures the outside domain coupling. In this paper, we focus on the resolution of the coupled vibration/interior acoustic problem. We compare the results obtained with three numerical methods: (a) a finite difference representation for both the plate displacement and the acoustic pressure inside the cavity; (b) a coupled method involving a finite difference representation for the displacement of the plate and a boundary element method for the interior acoustic pressure; (c) a boundary element method for both the vibration of the plate and the interior acoustic pressure. A comparison of the numerical results obtained with two models of turbulent wall pressure fluctuations spectrums - the Corcos model [3] and the Chase model [4] - is proposed. A difference of 20 dB is found in the vibro-acoustic response of the structure. In [3], this difference is explained by calculating a wavenumber transfer function of the plate. In [6], coupled beam-cavity modes for similar geometry are calculated by the finite difference method. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.