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空气中的大气压辉光放电通常因放电易过渡到火花状态而难以产生。在静态大气压空气针-板等离子体发生器中，采用阻容耦合负反馈方法控制等离子体放电发展过程，成功地抑制了辉光放电向火花放电的过渡，产生了稳定的交流辉光放电。研究了电压、电极间距等参数变化对放电的影响。     

Characteristics and underlying physics of ionic wind in dc corona discharge under different polarities

During a dc corona discharge, the ions' momentum will be transferred to the surrounding neutral molecules, inducing an ionic wind.The characteristics of corona discharge and the induced ionic wind are investigated experimentally and numerically under different polarities using a needle-to-ring electrode configuration.The morphology and mechanism of corona discharge, as well as the characteristics and mechanism of the ionic wind, are different when the needle serves as cathode or anode.Under the different polarities of the applied voltage, the ionic wind velocity has a linear relation with the overvoltage.The ionic wind is stronger but has a smaller active region for positive corona compared to that for negative corona under a similar condition.The involved physics are analyzed by theoretical deduction as well as simulation using a fluid model.The ionic wind of negative corona is mainly affected by negative ions.The discharge channel has a dispersed feature due to the dispersed field, and therefore the ionic wind has a larger active area.The ionic wind of positive corona is mainly affected by positive ions.The discharge develops in streamer mode, leading to a stronger ionic wind but a lower active area.     

Force at spark discharge in pin-to-plate system

We have investigated whether any force is generated by a spark discharge in a pin-to-plate system. Because it was difficult to measure the force directly over a short sparking period, three independent methods were employed to evaluate the magnitude of the force indirectly: (1) Axial vibration was observed for the pin electrode supported flexibly by a cantilever to the axial direction at the spark discharge that occurred periodically. The force was implicitly calculated in the case that the calculated vibration agreed with the measured. The result indicated that the force was almost 0 N during the spark period. The vibration was generated not by the force at the spark discharge but by alternative force of the Coulomb force at the period of no discharge and reaction force due to the ionic wind at the corona discharge. (2) A similar investigation was conducted whether the vibration magnitude depended on the spark current based on the assumption that the force at spark discharge depends on the spark current if any substantial force is generated at the spark discharge. We deduced that the force was not generated during the spark period and it was irrelevant to the spark current. (3) We made a hypothesis that axial vibration of the pin electrode could be observed if the spark discharge did not take place but the varying voltage was applied of which pattern was common with that with the spark discharge. To confirm the hypothesis an experiment was conducted with two parallel-connected pin-to-plate systems, the air gap of one system was slightly shorter than the other. The axial vibration was observed even in the system that the spark discharge did not take place and the vibration agreed also with the calculated. These three results suggested that no substantial force was generated at the spark period.     

大气压直流正电晕放电暂态空间电荷分布仿真研究

本文提出了流体一化学动理学二维正电晕放电混合模型,该模型包含12种粒子间的27种化学反应,并且考虑光电离的影响．此外,在实验室内对该模型开展试验验证,单次脉冲波形及伏安特性曲线符合较好．基于上述模型,本文研究了在外施电压3kV时棒一板电极正电晕放电过程中的电场分布、电子温度分布、空间电荷分布的发展规律,并对电晕放电过程中粒子的成分进行了详细分析,讨论了电子、正负离子、中性粒子在放电过程中的生成规律及对电晕放电的影响．结果表明：在整个电晕放电过程中,电子温度分布和电场强度分布曲线相似,电子密度维持在10^19m-3左右,只发现带正电的等离子体特征．O4＋密度是放电过程中数量最多的正离子,O2＋和N2＋在二次电子发射过程中具有重要作用,O2-离子和O分别是负离子和中性粒子中数量最多的粒子,由于负离子和中性粒子在电晕放电过程中数量较小,因而起的作用相对较小．     

An empirical model for ionic wind generation by a needle-to-cylinder dc corona discharge

We present the results of an experimental study on ionic wind generation by a needle-to-cylinder dc corona discharge. A strong electrical field in the air generates air flow driven by the motion of ionized gas molecules along electric field lines. We measured the ionic wind velocity and discharge current with respect to various electrode geometries, distances between electrodes, and applied voltages. Our measurements suggest an empirical model for the ionic wind velocity as a function of the geometric factors of the collector electrode and the applied electric potential, which is useful for designing ionic wind cooling systems for small electronics.     

Peculiarities of the corona discharge in air

The results of a comprehensive experimental study of the positive and negative corona discharges and their accompanying processes are reported. It is shown that specific features of the corona in air under atmospheric pressure are related to the electric wind.     

Experimental study of pulsed corona discharge in air

We report on the results of experimental investigation of a pulsed corona discharge in electric fields with different degrees of nonuniformity under the action of a standard thunderstorm pulse in a wide range of voltages from the origination threshold to the breakdown. A high-sensitivity video camera makes it possible to record microdischarge and streamer processes in air long before the spark breakdown. It is known that the size of the corona discharge sheath increases with the supplied voltage, and the shape of the corona sheath depends on the polarity of the active electrode [1, 2]. It was demonstrated for the first time by Peek [3] that the range of voltages from the initiation of a corona discharge to the spark breakdown increases with the degree of nonuniformity of the electric field. We show that an analogous pattern is observed for a pulsed corona also. Our results show that the form of a pulsed corona discharge considerably depends on the pulse polarity, and a spark breakdown becomes possible when most branches in the streamer corona cover the electrode gap.     

Numerical simulation and experimental validation of direct current air corona discharge under atmospheric pressure

Air corona discharge is one of the critical problems associated with high-voltage equipment. Investigating the corona mechanism plays a key role in enhancing the electrical insulation performance. An improved self-consistent multi-component two-dimensional plasma hybrid model is presented for the simulation of a direct current atmospheric pressure corona discharge in air. The model is based on plasma hydrodynamic and chemical models, and includes 12 species and 26 reactions. In addition, the photoionization effect is introduced into the model. The simulation on a bar-plate electrode configuration with an inter-electrode gap of 5.0 mm is carried out. The discharge voltage– current characteristics and the current density distribution predicted by the hybrid model agree with the experimental measurements. In addition, the dynamics of volume charged species generation, discharge current waveform, current density distribution at an electrode, charge density, electron temperature, and electric field variations are investigated in detail based on the model. The results indicate that the model can contribute valuable insights into the physics of an air plasma discharge.     

Visualization of the local ionic wind profile in a DC corona discharge field by laser-induced phosphorescence emission

Experimental visualization for ionic wind motion originated from DC corona discharges in a needle-plate electrode system has been investigated. A vapor-phase biacetyl tracer with laser-induced phosphorescence emission is used for optically characterizing the ionic wind profile. The ionic wind blows the excited biacetyl molecules away in continuing the visible phosphorescence emission for a long radiative lifetime. The captured image with elapsing time from the excitation presents the shifting location of radiative tracer along the ionic wind direction. The experimental results show the ionic wind profile enhanced in the electric field direction corresponding to the corona discharge progress. Especially, the ionic wind near an initiating point of corona discharges is focused as an advantage of this optical technique. The ionic wind velocity along the electrode axis can be obtained at the location close enough to the corona discharge initiation point, and the velocity at 0.5 mm from the discharge point is figured out as 9.3 to 19.2 m/s under the condition of the EHD Reynolds number of 0.95×10³ to 2.1×10³.     

Numerical simulation and experimental validation of a direct current air corona discharge under atmospheric pressure

Air corona discharge is one of the critical problems associated with high-voltage equipment. Investigating the corona mechanism plays a key role in enhancing the electrical insulation performance. An improved self-consistent multi-component two-dimensional plasma hybrid model is presented for the simulation of a direct current atmospheric pressure corona discharge in air. The model is based on plasma hydrodynamic and chemical models, and includes 12 species and 26 reactions. In addition, the photoionization effect is introduced into the model. The simulation on a bar-plate electrode configuration with an inter-electrode gap of 5.0 mm is carried out. The discharge voltage-current characteristics and the current density distribution predicted by the hybrid model agree with the experimental measurements. In addition, the dynamics of volume charged species generation, discharge current waveform, current density distribution at an electrode, charge density, electron temperature, and electric field variations are investigated in detail based on the model. The results indicate that the model can contribute valuable insights into the physics of an air plasma discharge.     

Computational study of glow corona discharge in wind: Biased conductor

Corona discharges in flowing gas are of technological significance for a wide range of applications, ranging from plasma reactors to lightning protection systems. Numerous experimental studies of corona discharges in wind have confirmed the strong influence of wind on the corona current. Many of these studies report global electrical characteristics of the gaseous discharge but do not present details of the spatial structure of the potential field and charge distribution. Numerical simulation can help clarify the role of wind on the ion redistribution and the electric field shielding. In this work, we propose a methodology to solve numerically for the drift region of a DC glow corona using the usual approach of collapsing the ionization region to the electrode surface, but allowing for strong inhomogeneities in the electrical and flow setup. Numerical results for a grounded wire in the presence of an ambient electric field and wind are presented. The model predicts that the effect of the wind is to reduce the extension of the corona over the wire and to shift the center of the ion distribution upstream of the flow. In addition, we find that, even though the near-surface ion distribution is strongly affected by the ion injection law used, the current characteristics and the far field solution remain pretty much unaffected.     

On the negative corona and ionic wind over water electrode surface

The DC corona discharge in air and the induced ionic wind were investigated in the needle-to-water system at atmospheric pressure. The water deformation was measured under various conditions, and wind pressure and active areas were estimated accordingly. The effects of applied voltage, gap spacing and tip radius on the corona ionic wind were studied and the qualitative analysis was provided. Self-rotation of corona discharge was observed in experiments. The results show that higher voltage or electric field strength results in a stronger ionic wind. The active area increases with applied voltage below a voltage threshold. There is an optimal gap distance for a wider as well as stronger ionic wind and blunter needle we used leads to an enhancement on both the active area and the wind strength. The wind velocity reaches 7 m/s at optimized condition in the present system. The rotation of corona discharge helps to improve the active area and uniformity of the treating area which may be associated with the chemical reaction of the water surface.     

Compared ionic wind measurements on multi-tip corona and DBD plasma actuators

Two sets of actuators with triangular tips on their active electrodes (13 corona and 15 DBD) are studied in the laboratory. Far field ionic wind velocity, mass flow and efficiency are measured for all the actuators. The best electrode shape as function of tip sharpness and tips number/unit length is determined for each of the above measurements. The gas velocity increases downstream of the tips in all the actuators, but the DBD flow has a three-dimensional structure more complicated than for coronas. The tips improve the efficiency of all the actuators, and the stability of coronas is remarkably improved.     

A DC corona discharge on a flat plate to induce air movement

This paper describes a DC surface corona discharge designed to modify the airflow around a flat plate. The electrode configuration consisted of two thin copper layers placed on each side of the plate's attack edge. Discharge optical measurements with a photomultiplier tube indicated that the light emitted by the plasma is pulsating at a frequency that increases with applied voltage. Moreover, with voltage higher than a threshold value, the electric discharge changes regime with brighter pulses. This discharge also induced an “ionic wind” whose velocity was measured with a pressure sensing probe (up to 1 m/s). Experiments with the particle image velocimetry system in a subsonic wind tunnel showed that this discharge can reduce the separated airflow on the flat plate for a flow of 14 m/s (Reynolds number of 187,000).     

Effect of air flow on corona discharge in wire-to-plate electrostatic precipitator

This paper analyses corona discharge in ambient air with laboratory-scaled wire-to-plate electrostatic precipitator (WPESP). The electric field is behind the electro hydrodynamic (EHD) flow in air. Its measurements provide complementary results for the corona discharge study because the classical theory based on the current and voltage data is unsatisfactory. Taking into account the dynamic air flow velocity is perpendicular to the active wires, measurement method of the positive and negative DC corona current density and electric field, has been introduced. It has been shown also that the dynamic air flow velocity modifies the current density and the electric field distributions on the planes surfaces of the WPESP.     

Modeling of hazardous air pollutant removal in the pulsed corona discharge

This study investigated the effects of two parts of the performance equation of the pulsed corona reactor, which is one of the non-thermal plasma processing tools of atmospheric pressure for eliminating pollutant streams. First, the effect of axial dispersion in the diffusion term and then the effect of different orders of the reaction in the decomposition rate term were considered. The mathematical model was primarily developed to predict the effluent concentration of the pulsed corona reactor using mass balance, and considering axial dispersion, linear velocity and decomposition rate of pollutant. The steady state form of this equation was subsequently solved assuming different reaction orders. For the derivation of the performance equation of the reactor, it was assumed that the decomposition rate of the pollutant was directly proportional to discharge power and the concentration of the pollutant. The results were validated and compared with another predicted model using their experimental data. The model developed in this study was also validated with two other experimental data in the literature for N₂O.     

120 kV下常压空气纳秒脉冲电晕放电特性

使用上升沿15 ns、脉宽30~40 ns的重复频率纳秒脉冲电源对120 kV下大气压空气中管-板电极结构电晕放电进行了实验研究,通过电压电流测量、放电图像拍摄和X射线探测分析了纳秒脉冲电晕放电特性。结果表明：纳秒脉冲电晕放电中存在X射线辐射,但辐射强度较弱,X射线辐射计数随着气隙距离的增大而减少,随着脉冲重复频率的增大而增多;放电空间的残余电荷加强了下一个脉冲到来时的局部电场,从而导致高重复频率下易于出现分散的电晕通道。     

120 kV下常压空气纳秒脉冲电晕放电特性

使用上升沿15 ns、脉宽30~40 ns的重复频率纳秒脉冲电源对120 kV下大气压空气中管-板电极结构电晕放电进行了实验研究,通过电压电流测量、放电图像拍摄和X射线探测分析了纳秒脉冲电晕放电特性。结果表明:纳秒脉冲电晕放电中存在X射线辐射,但辐射强度较弱,X射线辐射计数随着气隙距离的增大而减少,随着脉冲重复频率的增大而增多;放电空间的残余电荷加强了下一个脉冲到来时的局部电场,从而导致高重复频率下易于出现分散的电晕通道。