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介绍了一种处理HL-2A汤姆逊散射原始实验数据的新方法——最大似然法。该方法用数理统计的手段,通过使理论推导出的数据与实际采集到的散射数据最大可能的一致,得到了较准确的等离子体电子温度Te和密度ne。将计算所得的结果与现在汤姆逊散射系统所用的比值法得到的结果相比较,验证了该方法的可适用性,并能够克服比值法的一些缺陷。     

CT-6B托卡马克的红宝石激光90°汤姆逊散射实验

本文描述了CT-B托卡马克的红宝石激光90°汤姆逊散射系统概况,讨论了等离子体的汤姆逊散射谱轮廓、电子温度T_e和电子密度n_e的测量,给出测量结果,并与微波干涉测量结果进行了比较。 关键词：     

等离子体中四光子的相干散射

本文应用动力学方法计算了均匀非磁化等离子体的电子二级非线性密度涨落,得到了三波在等离子体中相互作用的三级非线性极化率X⁽³⁾和第四波K₄=K₁-K₂+K₃,ω₄=ω₁-ω₂+ω₃的散射功率,与通常的非相干汤姆逊散射相比,其散射信号要大得多,因此,相干四光子散射可以作为等离子体诊断技术的一个重要方法,本文还指出,文献[4]的结果是本文计算的一个简单情况。 关键词：     

人工神经网络在HL-2A装置汤姆逊散射数据处理中的应用

人工神经网络是一种强大的非线性数据分析算法,其中的感知器神经网络第一次被用于处理HL-2A装置上汤姆逊散射系统的电子温度数据。采用输入层、隐藏层和输出层等三层神经网络结构,输入层为标定数据或测量数据,隐藏层使用sigmoid函数作为传递函数,输出层为电子温度值。从数据处理结果可以看出,该计算方法与传统的χ2最小值方法计算的结果吻合,能够得到可靠的电子温度数据。而且由于计算温度时采用矩阵计算,计算速度比使用χ2最小值法提高20倍以上,为将来利用汤姆逊散射测量的电子温度数据实现等离子体剖面实时反馈控制提供了可能。     

CO分子振转光谱的理论研究

采用从头算的多参考组态相互作用(MRCI)方法并结合基组aug-cc-pCVQZ计算了CO分子基态(X1Σ+)的势能曲线和偶极矩曲线,得到的势能曲线、偶极矩曲线分别与RKR势、文献的偶极矩曲线吻合较好。利用所得的势能,求解双原子分子核运动的Schrdinger方程找到了CO分子X1Σ+态转动量子数J=0时的70个振动态,对于每一振动态,分别计算了其振动能级G(v)、转动惯性常数B_v和离心畸变常数D_v,并把计算结果与已知的42个实验值做了详细比较,结果表明,计算的振动能级G(v)、转动惯性常数B_v、离心畸变常数D_v与实验值符合较好。利用G(v),B_v导出的光谱常数[谐振频率ω_e(2 160.1 cm-1)、非谐振频率ω_eχ_e(13.1 cm-1)、转动常数B_e(1.918 cm-1)、振转耦合常数α_e(0.017 3 cm-1)]也与实验值的光谱常数[ω_e(2 169.8 cm-1),ω_eχ_e(13.3 cm-1),B_e(1.931 cm-1),α_e(0.017 5 cm-1)]较为符合,这在一定程度上证明了方法MRCI/Aug-cc-pCVQZ对CO分子基态性质的计算是合适而可靠的。利用乘积近似方法计算了CO分子在常温、中温、高温时的配分函数,在此基础上,计算了CO分子在T=296 K时的1-0跃迁带的谱线强度,通过比较发现,计算所得的线强度与HITRAN数据库符合较好。进一步计算的CO分子X1Σ+态1-0,2-0,3-0,4-0,2-1,3-1和4-1跃迁带的带强度也与实验值较为吻合,同时首次计算了CO分子X1Σ+态3-2跃迁带、4-2跃迁带的线强度及带强度。     

任意椭圆偏振激光场非线性汤姆逊散射的一般表述与X射线产生的优化条件

基于相对论条件的电动力学,解析求解了任意椭圆偏振条件下激光场的非线性汤姆逊散射的一般表示.利用解析结果得到了背向非线性汤姆逊散射高次谐波的极值条件.结果表明对于基频背向汤姆逊散射,在相同条件下,圆偏振激光具有最大值而线偏振是最小值,如果激光偏振态从圆偏振连续的过渡到线偏振,背向汤姆逊散射的角功率随之单调递减.这一效应对高强度入射激光尤为重要,当 a² >5时,圆偏振情形的贡献几乎是线偏振的2倍.这对基于汤姆逊散射机制的X射线源实验研究具有重要参考意义. 关键词： 非线性汤姆逊散射 偏振度 极值     

基于Mie散射理论的颗粒粒度分布转换

使用动态光散射法可以获得颗粒的光强加权平均粒径,以及光强加权颗粒粒度分布。为获得数量或体积加权颗粒粒度分布,提出从光强分布到数量分布转换的直接比值法。该方法首先依据Mie散射理论求解不同粒径颗粒的散射光强,然后将光强分布与对应颗粒的散射光强进行比对,获得颗粒的数量分布,进而得到颗粒的体积分布。使用动态光散射法测量得到聚苯乙烯乳胶球混合样品的光强分布,利用直接比值法将光强分布转换为数量分布和体积分布,并与扫描电子显微镜测量的数量分布进行了对比,实验数据表明采用直接比值法能够获得准确的数量分布。     

基于Mie散射光强的多角度动态光散射复合角度加权方法

针对多角度动态光散射测量技术中通过Mie散射光强计算的角度权重估计方法存在信息利用率与抗噪性之间的矛盾,提出利用每一角度所有粒度的整体Mie散射空间特征进行角度加权和利用每一粒度对应Mie散射光的细节特征对核矩阵做元素加权的复合角度加权方法,并结合正则化方法进行了模拟和实测的多角度动态光散射数据反演.与采用光强比值法和光强均值法的反演结果比较表明,多角度动态光散射反演结果与角度加权方法密切相关.无噪声影响时,光强比值法和复合角度加权法都能得到准确的颗粒粒度分布,但光强均值法信息利用率不高;随着噪声水平的提高,光强比值法反演结果急剧变差,表现出较低的抗噪性能.复合角度加权方法通过兼顾信息利用率和抗噪性能,使得增加散射角时信息增多的优势得以更好地显现,并且有效地抑制了角度增多带来的噪声影响.该加权方法显著提高了多角度动态光散射进行颗粒测量,特别是对多峰分布颗粒体系测量的准确性.     

软X射线激光汤姆逊散射实验尝试

汤姆逊散射是诊断高温稠密等离子体状态参数的重要方法之一, 受到广泛的关注. 但是目前用于进行汤姆逊散射的探针光波长多局限于可见光或紫外光, 能够诊断的区域电子密度远低于驱动激光的临界密度. 相比较而言, 以软X射线激光作为探针, 有希望诊断更高密度区域的等离子体. 利用“神光Ⅱ”高功率激光装置产生的类氖锗软X射线激光作为探针, 开展了软X射线激光汤姆逊散射实验的尝试. 根据散射的条件, 分别进行了非相干散射和相干散射的实验, 但均未能获得明显的散射谱. 理论分析表明, 主要原因可能是实验中作为探针的类氖锗软 X射线激光的聚焦功率密度不够, 通过优化实验条件, 有希望在今后的研究中获得相干汤姆逊散射的结果. 关键词： 等离子体诊断 软X 射线激光 汤姆逊散射     

纤锌矿相GaN空穴输运特性的Monte Carlo模拟研究

用全带多粒子Monte Carlo方法模拟纤锌矿相(Wurtzite)GaN空穴输运特性的结果. 用经验赝势法计算得到能带结构数据. 模拟包含了声学声子散射，光学声子散射，极性光学声子散射，压电散射，电离杂质散射及带间散射等散射机理. 计算得到了空穴沿3个主要对称方向上的空穴平均漂移速度和平均能量与电场强度的关系曲线，室温下漂移速度呈现饱和特性. 在所研究的电场范围内，最大平均漂移速度约为6×10⁶cm s^-1，最大空穴平均能量约为0.12eV, 这些值均比电子的相应参数低很多. 还给出了空穴的扩散迁移率与杂质浓度关系的模拟结果. 关键词： 蒙特卡罗 氮化镓 输运特性 能带结构     

Topology-based signal separation

Traditional noise-filtering techniques are known to significantly alter features of chaotic data. In this paper, we present a noncausal topology-based filtering method for continuous-time dynamical systems that is effective in removing additive, uncorrelated noise from time-series data. Signal-to-noise ratios and Lyapunov exponent estimates are dramatically improved following the removal of the identified noisy points.     

对强荧光背景拉曼光谱定量分析的研究

针对拉曼光谱定量分析中的难点问题—对具有强荧光背景物质的定量分析,文章分别对具有较强荧光背景的不同浓度下的纯甲醇溶液及不同浓度比例的甲醇和乙醇混合溶液的拉曼光谱数据采用新的归一化法结合基线校准技术进行拉曼光谱定量分析;同时,对由数据采集时的时空差异所引起的样品数据组间的波动性进行了研究。模拟时空变化来采集定量分析中所需的谱数据,并使用统计学方法评价样品的组间差异,讨论了此方法对样品组间差异的消除效果。研究证明,此方法具有较好的分析精度和消除不同样品组数据的组间差异的能力,对甲醇的定量分析,其相对误差为4.7%,组间数据的相对标准偏差为4.2%。从而使对具有强荧光背景干扰的溶液进行简单、快速、精确的定量分析成为可能。     

Masking patterns in the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). II: Physiological effects

Responses of individual eighth-nerve fibers in the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) were measured to tone bursts at best frequency against a background of continuous, broadband masking noise. These data were used to calculate critical masking ratios to describe the fibers' responses to tones embedded in noise. In the frequency response range of the amphibian papilla (100-1000 Hz), critical ratios increase with tone frequency. Critical ratios of basilar papilla fibers (1000-2000 Hz) are generally higher than those of amphibian papilla fibers. Critical ratios are also significantly related to fiber threshold such that fibers with high thresholds, regardless of their best frequencies, have higher critical ratios and are thus less selective to signals embedded in noise. Critical ratios based on neural responses show a somewhat different frequency-dependent trend than do critical ratios based on psychophysical data presented previously for this species [A. M. Simmons, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 83, 1087-1092 (1988a)]. In addition, these neural critical ratios do not appear to be level independent, as are psychophysical critical ratios. The data suggest that frequency selectivity of hearing in the bullfrog as measured behaviorally is probably not mediated solely by spectral filtering in the auditory periphery.     

An Improved Analysis of Masses and Decay Constants of Heavy Flavour Mesons within Variational Approach

We employ the variational method to study the properties such as masses, decay constants, oscillation frequency and branching ratios of leptonic decays of heavy flavour mesons with linear cum coulomb Cornell potential.Gaussian function, Coulomb wave function and Airy function are taken as the trial wave-function of variational method in this study. Our analysis suggests that Gaussian trial wave-function provides results which are in close proximity with the experimental results. We also make a comparison with the results from QCD Sum rules and lattice QCD, as well as with recent PDG data.     

Testing two versions of lattice gauge theory: Creutz ratios inU(1)3

In our simplicial version of lattice gauge theory, we approximate Euclidean path integrals by tiling space-time with simplexes and by linearly interpolating the fields throughout each simplex from their values at the vertices. We compare this method with Wilson's lattice gauge theory forU(1) in three dimensions. As a standard of comparison, we compute the exact values of Creutz ratios of Wilson loops in the continuum theory. Monte Carlo computations using the simplicial method give Creutz ratios within a few percent of the exact values for reasonably sized loop atβ=1, 2, and 10. Similar computations using Wilson's method give ratios that typically differ from the exact values by factors of 2 or more for 1⩽β⩽3.5 and that have the wrongβ dependence. The better accuracy of the simplicial method is due to its use of the action and domain of integration of the exact theory, unaltered apart from the granularity of the simplicial lattice. We also present data on the action density and the mass gap. Research supported by the U.S. epartment of Energy under grant DE-FG04-84ER40166.     

A Depolarized Dynamic Light Scattering Method to Calculate Translational and Rotational Diffusion Coefficients of Nanorods

A new analysis of depolarized dynamic light scattering data is presented, which allows the unambiguous determination of rotational and translational diffusions coefficients of nanorods in suspension. By visualizing data scaling, purely translational diffusive motions can be isolated from vertically polarized scattering, allowing the unique determination of rotational diffusion from the depolarized scattering. The method is applied to nanorods with four different aspect ratios, and compared with theoretical predictions. Diffusion coefficients obtained show good agreement with calculations based on the direct measurements of rod length and diameter. Where the theories are shown to be valid, the method allows the measurement of statistically meaningful particle sizes and aspect ratios.     

A recursive approach to prony parameter estimation

The Prony series method of fitting a series of complex exponentials to a time series can be applied to many acoustic and vibration signals. For example, in the analysis of a structure's response to transient excitation the Prony series method can be used to find the natural frequencies, damping ratios, amplitudes and relative phases of the modes of the structure. One of the main problems with this method is the need to calculate and invert matrices. In this paper an algorithm that combines the Prony series method with the recursive least squares algorithm is described. This eliminates the need to invert any matrices and also requires only part of the data to be available at one particular time. The method is applied to analyze a simulated structure's response and also to analyze the response of a beam to transient excitation.     

Two-wavelength lidar inversion algorithm for determination of aerosol extinction-to-backscatter ratio and its application to CALIPSO lidar measurements

A modified two-wavelength lidar inversion algorithm is proposed to aid in the retrieval of aerosol extinction-to-backscatter ratios (lidar ratio) as well as backscatter coefficients and extinction color ratios from simultaneous two-wavelength elastic backscatter lidar measurements. To demonstrate the feasibility of the algorithm, both the Raman method and the two-wavelength method have been applied to the ground-based measurements at 355 and 532 nm; moreover, it has been applied to the data acquired by the Cloud Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) lidar, and to the simultaneous ground-based lidar measurements carried out at Napoli (southern Italy, 40.838 °N, 14.183 °E, 118 m above sea level). Three cases of Saharan dust transport towards Europe have been considered. From the comparison, it can be found that the values of lidar ratio and backscatter coefficient retrieved by the modified two-wavelength algorithm are in good agreement with those obtained by the Raman method. Moreover the retrieved mean values of the lidar ratios and color ratios are in agreement with those reported by other authors.     

Sparse regularized regression identifies behaviorally-relevant stimulus features from psychophysical data

As a prerequisite to quantitative psychophysical models of sensory processing it is necessary to learn to what extent decisions in behavioral tasks depend on specific stimulus features, the perceptual cues. Based on relative linear combination weights, this study demonstrates how stimulus-response data can be analyzed in this regard relying on an L(1)-regularized multiple logistic regression, a modern statistical procedure developed in machine learning. This method prevents complex models from over-fitting to noisy data. In addition, it enforces "sparse" solutions, a computational approximation to the postulate that a good model should contain the minimal set of predictors necessary to explain the data. In simulations, behavioral data from a classical auditory tone-in-noise detection task were generated. The proposed method is shown to precisely identify observer cues from a large set of covarying, interdependent stimulus features--a setting where standard correlational and regression methods fail. The proposed method succeeds for a wide range of signal-to-noise ratios and for deterministic as well as probabilistic observers. Furthermore, the detailed decision rules of the simulated observers were reconstructed from the estimated linear model weights allowing predictions of responses on the basis of individual stimuli.