Bounds for extreme zeros of some classical orthogonal polynomials

We use mixed three term recurrence relations typically satisfied by classical orthogonal polynomials from sequences corresponding to different parameters to derive upper (lower) bounds for the smallest (largest) zeros of Jacobi, Laguerre and Gegenbauer polynomials.     

New results on the Bochner condition about classical orthogonal polynomials

The classical polynomials (Hermite, Laguerre, Bessel and Jacobi) are the only orthogonal polynomial sequences (OPS) whose elements are eigenfunctions of the Bochner second-order differential operator F (Bochner, 1929 [3]). In Loureiro, Maroni and da Rocha (2006) [18] these polynomials were described as eigenfunctions of an even order differential operator Fk with polynomial coefficients defined by a recursive relation. Here, an explicit expression of Fk for any positive integer k is given. The main aim of this work is to explicitly establish sums relating any power of F with Fk, k?1, in other words, to bring a pair of inverse relations between these two operators. This goal is accomplished with the introduction of a new sequence of numbers: the so-called A-modified Stirling numbers, which could be also called as Bessel or Jacobi-Stirling numbers, depending on the context and the values of the complex parameter A.     

On classical orthogonal polynomials

Following the works of Nikiforov and Uvarov a review of the hypergeometric-type difference equation for a functiony(x(s)) on a nonuniform latticex(s) is given. It is shown that the difference-derivatives ofy(x(s)) also satisfy similar equations, if and only ifx(s) is a linear,q-linear, quadratic, or aq-quadratic lattice. This characterization is then used to give a definition of classical orthogonal polynomials, in the broad sense of Hahn, and consistent with the latest definition proposed by Andrews and Askey. The rest of the paper is concerned with the details of the solutions: orthogonality, boundary conditions, moments, integral representations, etc. A classification of classical orthogonal polynomials, discrete as well as continuous, on the basis of lattice type, is also presented.     

Multiple orthogonal polynomials for classical weights

A new set of special functions, which has a wide range of applications from number theory to integrability of nonlinear dynamical systems, is described. We study multiple orthogonal polynomials with respect to 1$"> weights satisfying Pearson's equation. In particular, we give a classification of multiple orthogonal polynomials with respect to classical weights, which is based on properties of the corresponding Rodrigues operators. We show that the multiple orthogonal polynomials in our classification satisfy a linear differential equation of order . We also obtain explicit formulas and recurrence relations for these polynomials.

     

Diophantine equations for classical continuous orthogonal polynomials

Let A, B, C denote rational numbers with AB ≠ 0 and m > n ≥ 3 arbitrary rational integers. We study the Diophantine equation AP_m(x) + Bp_n(y) = C, in x, y ? , where {Pk(x)}I is one of the three classical continuous orthogonal polynomial families, i.e. Laguerre polynomials, Jacobi polynomials (including Gegenbauer, Legendre or Chebyshev polynomials) and Hermite polynomials. We prove that with exception of the Chebyshev polynomials for all such polynomial families there are at most finitely many solutions (x, y) ? ² provided n > 4. The tools are besides the criterion [3], a theorem of Szeg— [14] on monotonicity of stationary points of polynomials which satisfy a second order Sturm-Liouville differential equation,

     

Coefficients of multiplication formulas for classical orthogonal polynomials

In this paper using both analytic and algorithmic approaches, we derive the coefficients \(D_m(n,a)\) of the multiplication formula

$$\begin{aligned} p_n(ax)=\sum _{m=0}^nD_m(n,a)p_m(x) \end{aligned}$$

or the translation formula

$$\begin{aligned} p_n(x+a)=\sum _{m=0}^nD_m(n,a)p_m(x), \end{aligned}$$

where \(\{p_n\}_{n\ge 0}\) is an orthogonal polynomial set, including the classical continuous orthogonal polynomials, the classical discrete orthogonal polynomials, the \(q\)-classical orthogonal polynomials, as well as the classical orthogonal polynomials on a quadratic lattice and a \(q\)-quadratic lattice. We give a representation of the coefficients \(D_m(n,a)\) as a single, double or triple sum whereas in many cases we get simple representations.

     

Characterizations of classical orthogonal polynomials on quadratic lattices

This paper is devoted to characterizations of classical orthogonal polynomials on quadratic lattices by using a matrix approach. In this form we recover the Hahn, Geronimus, Tricomi and Bochner type characterizations of classical orthogonal polynomials on quadratic lattices. Moreover a new matrix characterization of classical ortho-gonal polynomials in quadratic lattices is presented. From the Bochner type characterization we derive the three-term recurrence relation coefficients for these polynomials.     

Difference equations for discrete classical multiple orthogonal polynomials

For discrete multiple orthogonal polynomials such as the multiple Charlier polynomials, the multiple Meixner polynomials, and the multiple Hahn polynomials, we first find a lowering operator and then give a (r+1)th order difference equation by combining the lowering operator with the raising operator. As a corollary, explicit third order difference equations for discrete multiple orthogonal polynomials are given, which was already proved by Van Assche for the multiple Charlier polynomials and the multiple Meixner polynomials.     

A characterization of classical orthogonal Laurent polynomials

In [3] certain Laurent polynomials of ₂F₁ genus were called “Jacobi Laurent polynomials”. These Laurent polynomials belong to systems which are orthogonal with respect to a moment sequence ((a)_n/(c)_n)_nεℤ where a, c are certain real numbers. Together with their confluent forms, belonging to systems which are orthogonal with respect to 1/(c)_n)_nεℤ respectively ((a)_n)_nεℤ, these Laurent polynomials will be called “classical”. The main purpose of this paper is to determine all the simple (see section 1) orthogonal systems of Laurent polynomials of which the members satisfy certain second order differential equations with polynomial coefficients, analogously to the well known characterization of S. Bochner [1] for ordinary polynomials.     

The Dω—classical orthogonal polynomials

This is an expository paper; it aims to give an essentially self-contained overview of discrete classical polynomials from their characterizations by Hahn’s property and a Rodrigues’ formula which allows us to construct it. The integral representations of corresponding forms are given.     

A new property of reproducing kernels for classical orthogonal polynomials

We exhibit a second-order differential operator commuting with the reproducing kernel $\text{∑}{}_{\mathrm{n\; ?\; 0}}{}^{\mathrm{T}}\text{φ}{}_{\mathrm{n}}\text{(λ)}\text{φ}{}_{\mathrm{n}}\text{(μ)}\text{h}{}_{\mathrm{n}}$ each time that {φ_n(λ)} is one of the classical orthogonal polynomials: Jacobi, Laguerre, Hermite and Bessel. This is the analog of a known property in the study of time and band-limited signals.     

Sharp bounds for the extreme zeros of classical orthogonal polynomials

Bounds for the extreme zeros of the classical orthogonal polynomials are obtained by a surprisingly simple method. Nevertheless, it turns out that, in most cases, the estimates obtained in this note are better than the best limits known in the literature.     

An interpolation-theoretical characterization of the classical orthogonal polynomials

Acta Mathematica Hungarica -