X射线全息记录过程中影响分辨率的主要因素分析

分析了Ｘ射线全息记录过程中影响分辨率的一些主要因素。在完全相干的条件下，Ｘ射线无透镜傅里叶变换全息图的最小分辨距离不可能小于记录时用的Ｘ射线聚束器的焦斑或滤波小孔的半径，而Ｘ射线同轴全息图不可能获得比记录介质的截止频率更高的分辨率。在部分相干的条件下，Ｘ射线无透镜傅里叶变换全息所要求的相干长度和分辨率与样品半径成二次线型关系。Ｙ射线同轴全息所要求的相干长度和分辨率的平方以及样品到全息图的距离成正比，而与样品尺寸无关。随着Ｘ射线全息图分辨率的提高，其所要求的相干长度将大幅度增长。 关键词：     

数字重现无透镜傅里叶变换X射线全息的实验模拟研究

参照无透镜傅里叶变换（ＬＬＦＴ）Ｘ射线全息图的记录光路，采用可见光源模拟研究了无透镜傅里叶变换Ｘ射线全息从记录到数字重现的全过程，给出了实验结果，并对光学重现和数字重现结果作了比较，分析了该记录方式存在的一些问题，指出实际Ｘ射线全息记录中可直接使用波带板＋１级衍射而不必在物面加一滤波小孔。分析了利用数字重现消除记录过程中非线性效应的可行性。并着重指出波带板的多级衍射的互干涉对重现象的干扰，应设法消除。     

基于空间光调制器的动态全息再现技术研究

为了使空间光调制器实时产生大景深的再现像,运用GS算法计算出不同参数下的全息图。通过计算全息重建算法仿真得到不同傅里叶全息图下的再现像。在无傅里叶变换透镜的情况下,利用计算机将不同参数下的傅里叶全息图输出到空间光调制器,通过分析二维实时动态显示的再现像表明,当傅里叶全息图的采样点数为1 024×768,采样间隔为18μm时,再现像景深为275 cm,该参数下再现像景深最大;通过分析不同参数的傅里叶全息图再现像,实验结果表明相位图像元尺寸越小再现像景深越大,并且在相同参数下有傅里叶变换透镜时的再现像景深小于无傅里叶变换透镜时的再现像景深。     

相移同轴无透镜傅里叶数字全息的分析与实验

应用菲涅耳衍射和全息理论，详细分析了无透镜傅里叶变换数字全息图的记录、再现方法和再现像的特点，分析了相移数字全息图的记录和再现方法，并进行了相应的实验验证。结果表明：直接对无透镜傅里叶数字全息图进行傅里叶逆变换可同时得到与物体完全相同的再现像及其共轭像；同轴无透镜傅里叶数字全息术能最大程度满足CCD对采样条件的要求，从而可以增大记录物体的尺寸，减小记录距离，明显提高再现像的清晰度和分辨率；相移数字全息术能有效地消除数字再现光场中的零级光场和共轭像，显著提高再现像的信噪比。条件许可时，相移同轴无透镜傅里叶数字全息术是目前解决数字全息术中再现像的分离与满足采样条件之间矛盾的最佳方法。     

数字无透镜傅里叶变换全息术中非傍轴及离焦像差的校正

对数字无透镜傅里叶变换全息图直接采用逆傅里叶变换进行物场的数值重建时.需要满足两个条件:第一,全息图的记录过程必须满足傍轴近似条件,否则再现过程中会产生非傍轴像差;第二,记录全息图时物平面与参考点光源到全息图记录平面的距离必须相等,否则再现过程中会产生离焦像差.理论分析了非傍轴及离焦记录条件下数字无透镜傅里叶变换全息图的灰度分布特点,并提出了相应的非傍轴及离焦像差的数值校正方法.根据实际的非傍轴或离焦记录情况.分别给所记录的数字全息图灰度分布矩阵乘以适当的非傍轴或离焦校正因子,以消除灰度矩阵中非傍轴或离焦因素的影响.然后再对校正后的伞息图灰度矩阵做逆傅里叶变换处理.即可得到准确的数字再现像.实验结果表明.该数值重建方法能够有效地消除无透镜傅里叶变换全息术中数字再现像的非傍轴像差及离焦像差,提高再现像的质量.     

用全息透镜记录多重分数傅里叶变换全息图

提出一种全息透镜记录多重分数傅里叶变换全息图的新方法，它能在三维空间不同位置和不同方向上分别再现所记录的多个物体的图象，分析了利用全息透镜记录多重分数傅里叶变换全息图的原理及特点，制作了多重分数傅里叶变换全息图，并获得了满意的再现结果。     

无透镜傅里叶变换全息图在欠采样条件下的数值再现分析

在理论分析无透镜傅里叶变换全息图记录的基础上,结合CCD的结构特点,用傅里叶频谱方法具体研究了无透镜傅里叶变换全息图在欠采样条件下的再现问题.指出在无透镜傅里叶变换全息术中,对有限尺寸物体而言,在记录过程不满足申农（Shannon）采样定理的条件下,仍能完整再现出物体的像.同时对再现像的变化特点进行了理论说明.所得的实验结果与理论分析一致.     

透镜焦距对傅里叶变换全息图再现象位置的影响

本文从再现光复振幅入手，推导出傅立叶变换全息图再现光路中透镜焦距与记录光路中透镜焦距不同时，原始象、共轭象轴向平移的距离为ｆ′ｂ／ｆ，并指出这一结论也适用于准傅里叶变换和无透镜傅里叶变换的情形．     

无透镜傅里叶变换全息图数值再现中的图像处理

针对无透镜傅里叶变换全息图数值再现过程的特点，提出了一套不同于以往的削弱或消除全息图0级衍射和孪生像的数字图像处理算法。该算法分为三步。首先，对所拍摄的数字全息图通过高通滤波实现衬比度增强预处理，以提高全息图的衍射效率并消除再现图像的0级衍射斑；其次，对再现图像进行带通及Ⅴ型滤波，以降低背景噪声并使再现视场均匀；最后，对所得到的再现像进行平滑处理，通过小波滤噪和中值滤波进一步提高再现像的信噪比。实验结果表明，该方法只需记录一幅数字全息图，通过简单的数字图像处理，便可明显改善图像质量，尤其适用于无透镜傅里叶变换全息图的数值再现，并且更加实用化。     

X射线激光全息的可见光再现

Ｘ射线激光全息是Ｘ射线激光一个非常重要的应用。本文模拟了Ｇａｂｏｒ全息的记录和再现过程，分析了Ｇａｂｏｒ全息和无透镜傅立叶变换全息用可见光再现过程中再现象的放大率、象差等对再现象的影响，提出了减小象差和获得高分辨再现象的方法，认为无透镜傅立叶变换全息是当前Ｘ射线激光全息的重要记录方式。     

THEORETICAL STUDY ON THE DIRECT RECONSTRUCTION OF LLFT X-RAY HOLOGRAM WITH VISIBLE LIGHT

Reconstructing X-ray hologram with visible light, without enlargement of it, can sim-plify the process of its reconstrution greatly. For lensless Fourier transform (LLFT) X-ray holography, there is no spherical aberration in it and the spacing of its interference fringes is relatively large. Therefore, it is possible to reconstruct hologram of this type directly with visible light. The effects of aberrations and emulsion shrinkage on the resolution of LLFT X-ray hologram, the conditions for perfect reconstructing of the recorded information are analyzed, and the results of corresponding numerical analyses are also given. As a result, the legibility for direct reconstructing of LLFT X-ray hologram with visible light is verified theoretically, In addition, the longitudinal resolution in X-ray holography is analyzed, and the conditione for longitudinal resolving in X-ray holography are given from the relationship between longitudinal and transverse resolution.     

Aberration analysis and elimination in image reconstruction from X-ray holograms

Aberrations in the reconstruction of images are analysed, aberration elimination methods are discussed and the feasibility of direct image reconstruction from a lensless Fourier transform X-ray hologram with visible light is investigated.     

Some Problems on Reconstruction of Soft X -ray Hologram with Visible Light

ＳｏｍｅＰｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｏｎＲｅｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎｏｆＳｏｆｔＸ－ｒａｙＨｏｌｏｇｒａｍｗｉｔｈＶｉｓｉｂｌｅＬｉｇｈｔ￥ＣＨＥＮＪｉａｎｗｅｎ；ＸＵＺｈｉｚｈａｎ；ＺＨＵＰｅｉｐｉｎｇ；ＸＩＡＯＴｉｑｉａｏ；ＫＯＵＬｅｉｇａｎｇ；ＷＡＮＧＺｈ...     

X光全息术的记录方式对其分辨率的影响

本文从分析X光全息图的两种具体的记录方式入手,考虑记录介质的点扩散函数和全息图的尺寸在不同的记录方式中,对X光全息图的分辨率的影响,结论是,在完全相干光的条件下,X光无透镜傅里叶变换全息图的最小分辨距离不可能小于记录时用的X光聚束器的焦斑或滤波小孔的半径,而X光同轴全息图不可能获得比记录介质的截止频率更高的分辨率.     

强度关联三维衍射层析的实验研究

提出了一种基于强度关联成像的新型三维衍射层析技术.利用强度关联成像技术(鬼成像)可实现无透镜傅里叶变换的特点,并结合衍射层析技术和二步相位恢复算法,使用波长为650 nm的赝热光实现了强度关联三维衍射层析.详细描述了强度关联三维衍射层析的基本原理以及具体实验结果,为在第三代同步辐射光源实现非相干X光衍射成像积累了经验.     

X-ray interferometric Fresnel holography

The X-ray interferometric Fresnel holography was proposed and theoretically investigated. It was shown that under definite conditions the recorded interference pattern formed at the output surface ofthe analyzer crystal (the third block of interferometer) is the X-ray interferometric hologram (generally the Fresnel one) of the object under investigation. Further reconstruction of an image is performed with the help of visible light or a numerical method. As an example the recording of a Fresnel hologram of the simplest case of one-dimensional object, a narrow slit, and the reconstruction of an image by means of visible light were considered. This method may be used in X-ray microscopy and realized using synchrotron sources ofX-ray radiation, as well as X-ray free electron lasers.     

Image magnified lensless holographic projection by convergent spherical beam illumination

In liquid crystal spatial light modulator(SLM)-based holographic projection, the image is usually displayed at a distant projection screen through free space diffraction from a computer-generated hologram(CGH). Therefore,it allows for removing of the projection lens for the sake of system simplification and being aberration free, known as the "lensless holographic projection". However, the maximum size of the optical projected image is limited by the diffraction angle of the SLM. In this Letter, we present a method for the implementation of image magnification in a lensless holographic projection system by using convergent spherical wave illumination to the SLM.The complete complex amplitude of the image wavefront is reconstructed in a lensless optical filtering system from a phase-only CGH that is encoded by the off-axis double-phase method. The dimensions of the magnified image can break the limitation by the maximum diffraction angle of the SLM at a given projection distance.Optical experiment results with successful image magnification in the lensless holographic projection system are presented.     

Holographic fundoscopy with fibre optic illumination

The first lensless in vivo hologram of a rabbit eye is presented in this paper. A new, highly adaptable method of fundus illumination for holography is discussed, in which a fibre optic bundle is used to transmit the 514.5 nm light of a cw argon laser to the fundus. The virtual image formed by the hologram may be viewed through the opthalmic lenses normally used with the indirect opthalmoscope.^1,2 Except for laser speckle, which may be minimized, viewing is much the same as that in monochromatic fundus examination.