富氮多孔有机聚合物催化制备α⁃氰基肉桂酸乙酯

α-氰基肉桂酸乙酯作为含多种官能团的缺电子烯烃, 是一种极具应用价值的有机合成反应底物, 主要通过催化Knoevenagel缩合反应获得. 本文以多聚甲醛和三聚氰胺为前驱体, 采用溶剂热法制备富氮多孔有机聚合物mPMF, 经K₂CO₃处理得到K₂CO₃-mPMF-X(X=1, 10, 50). 考察了mPMF在苯甲醛和氰乙酸乙酯Knoevenagel缩合反应中的催化性能, 通过mPMF与K₂CO₃-mPMF-X催化活性的比较, 探讨了碱性强弱对Knoevenagel缩合反应的影响, 并对催化反应机理进行了探索. 结果表明, 催化剂中丰富的氮物种为反应提供了碱性环境和大量的碱性活性位点, 催化剂碱性强弱的控制是催化合成α-氰基肉桂酸乙酯的关键因素. mPMF在甲醇溶剂中于60 ℃反应3 h后, 苯甲醛转化率为97%, 目标产物选择性在99.9%以上.     

双位点碱性离子液体对Knoevenagel缩合反应的协同催化作用

分别处于阴阳离子中具有两种碱性位点的离子液体催化剂1-(2-哌啶基-乙基)-3-甲基咪唑吗啉乙基磺酸盐([Pemim]-Mes)在Knoevenagel缩合反应中表现出明显的协同促进催化作用. 该催化剂在非酸性条件下循环使用10次以后仍保持良好的活性和稳定性,并普遍适用于芳香醛类底物的缩合反应. 根据实验结果,提出了紧密结合的碱性阴阳离子对协同催化Knoevenagel缩合的反应机理.     

Enhanced Catalytic Performance of Quasi-HKUST-1 for the Tandem Imine Formation

Copper-based metal-organic framework (Cu₃(BTC)₂(H₂O)₃]_n⋅nH₂OMeOH (HKUST-1) has been subjected to thermolysis under air atmosphere at different temperatures ranging from 100 to 300 °C. This treatment produces the partial removal of ligands, the generation of structural defects and additional porosity in a controlled way. The resulting defective materials denoted according to the literature as quasi-MOFs, were subsequently employed as heterogeneous catalysts in the one pot synthesis of N-benzylideneaniline from aniline and benzyl alcohol in open air as terminal oxidant at 70 °C under base- and dehydrating agent-free conditions. The Q-HKUST catalysts calcined at 240 °C (QH-240) was the most efficient in the series, promoting imine synthesis. Data from Knoevenagel condensation of malononitrile shows that in QH-240 the distances of Cu ions in HKUST-1 cavities are preserved, increasing the Knoevenagel activity, but a strong rearrangement takes place at 300 °C or above. The unsaturated copper active sites with simultaneous presence of micro- and mesopores in QH-240 are responsible for this excellent catalytic performance. The effective parameters on catalytic activity of QH-240 including deligandation temperature, the amount of catalyst, the ratio of reactants, and reaction temperature as well as the stability and recyclability of the catalyst were also investigated. The possible mechanism used by QH-240 follows alcohol aerobic oxidation and subsequent anaerobic condensation of aldehyde intermediate with aniline.     

碱催化剂g-C3N4在液相反应中溶胀特性的研究

Graphitic carbon nitrides (g-C₃N₄) with different surface areas were prepared by pyrolysis using different precursors including melamine, dicyandiamide, thiourea and urea, and subsequently characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and N2 adsorption. Their basicities were measured by temperature-programmed desorption of CO₂ (CO₂-TPD) and acid-base titration. The catalytic properties for the Knoevenagel condensation of benzaldehyde and malononitrile were investigated in various solvents. In non-polar toluene solution, the benzaldehyde conversions of the g-C₃N₄ catalysts were low and changed according to their respective surface areas and basicities. However, in polar ethanol solution, the benzaldehyde conversions of all catalysts were similar, and much higher than those in toluene. This could not be explained by the results obtained from either of the two conventional basicity measurements. Further experimental results proved that g-C₃N₄ catalysts swelled in polar solutions, and more basic sites were exposed on the surface of the swollen catalysts, leading to the imminent increase in catalytic activity. This was proved by the catalyst poisoning data, which showed that the g-C₃N₄ catalyst lost its activity completely in toluene by adding 40.9 mmol·g^-1 benzoic acid, while the same catalyst was still active in ethanol until the added amount exceeded 143.3 m·g^-1. Additionally, the reaction tests in various solutions showed that the swelling effect was enhanced according to the polarity of the solvent used. A similar conclusion could be reached for the Knoevenagel condensation of furfural and malononitrile in various solvents. The reusability of g-C₃N₄ catalyst in Knoevenagel condensation was also studied, which showed that g-C₃N₄ was stable in liquid-phase reactions, whose activity dropped from 74.2% to 63.8% after three regeneration processes.     

A recyclable bifunctional acid-base organocatalyst with ionic liquid character. The role of site separation and spatial configuration on different condensation reactions

A series of bifunctional organic catalysts containing acid and basic sites with ionic liquid characteristics have been prepared and their catalytic activity and reaction coordinate for aldol and Knoevenagel condensations have been compared. While the only factor controlling catalyst activity for the Knoevenagel condensation was the distance between the acid and base sites, the spatial orientation of the organocatalyst is also key to achieve high activity and selectivity in the Claisen-Schmidt condensation. Mechanistic studies based on theoretical DFT calculations show that the acid-base bifunctional organocatalyst follows a mechanism inspired in natural aldolases for the synthesis of trans-chalcones, being able to produce a large variety of these compounds of industrial interest. The combination of the acid-base pairs within the proper geometry and the ionic liquid nature makes this catalyst active, selective and recyclable.     

Basic Catalytic Performance of Amino and Acylamide Functionalized Metal-organic Framework in the Synthesis of Chloropropene Carbonate from CO2 Under Atmospheric Pressure

In this work, a metal-organic framework with free standing basic groups(e. g., amino and acylamide groups) decorated in the pore wall was utilized to catalyze the CO₂ cycloaddition reaction and its basic properties were tested in Knoevenagel condensation reactions. The results reveal that the metal-organic framework(MOF) material has excellent catalytic activity and high repeatability for the synthesis of chloropropene carbonate from CO₂ and epichlorohydrin with no co-catalyst under mild reaction conditions, suggesting that it is a promising heteroge-neous catalyst for CO₂ cycloaddition reaction.     

Naturally Occurring Alkaline Amino Acids Function as Efficient Catalysts on Knoevenagel Condensation at Physiological pH: A Mechanistic Elucidation

To maintain biological functions, thousands of different reactions take place in human body at physiological pH (7.0) and mild conditions, which is associated with health and disease. Therefore, to examine the catalytic function of the intrinsically occurring molecules, such as amino acids at neutral pH, is of fundamental interests. Natural basic α-amino acid of l-lysine, l-arginine, and l-histidine neutralized to physiological pH as salts were investigated for their ability to catalyze Knoevenagel condensation of benzaldehyde and ethyl cyanoacetate. Compared with their free base forms, although neutralized alkaline amino acid salts reduced the catalytic activity markedly, they were still capable to perform an efficient catalysis at physiological pH as porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL), one of the best enzymes that catalyze Knoevenagel condensation. In agreement with the fact that the three basic amino acids were well neutralized, stronger basic amino acid Arg and Lys showed more obvious variation in NH bend peak from the FTIR spectroscopy study. Study of ethanol/water system and quantitative kinetic analysis suggested that the microenvironment in the vicinity of amino acid salts and protonability/deprotonability of the amine moiety may determine their catalytic activity and mechanism. The kinetic study of best approximation suggested that the random binding might be the most probable catalytic mechanism for the neutralized alkaline amino acid salt-catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation.     

Preparation, characterization and catalyst application of ternary interpenetrating networks of poly 4-methyl vinyl pyridinium hydroxide-SiO2-Al2O3

In this work, Al₂O₃ was mixed with SiO₂ and poly 4-vinylpyridine by the sol-gel method in order to make a composite which is used as a heterogeneous basic catalyst for Knoevenagel condensation reaction. The physical and chemical properties of the composite catalyst were investigated by XRD, FT-IR, TG, BET and SEM techniques. The catalytic performance of each material was determined for the Knoevenagel condensation reaction between carbonyl compound and malononitrile. The reactions were performed in solvent-free conditions and the product was obtained in high yield and purity after a simple work-up. The effects of the amount of catalyst, amount of monomer for the synthesis of composite and recyclability of the heterogeneous composite were investigated. The composite catalyst used for this synthetically useful transformation showed considerable level of reusability besides very good activity.     

Basic Ionic Liquid： A Reusable Catalyst for Knoevenagel Condensation in Aqueous Media

IntroductionThe Knoevenagel condensation of aldehydes/ketones and activated methylene compounds is one ofthe most common synthetic methods to produce func-tionalized alkenes. Theα,β-unsaturated productsobtained by this method have been widely used as th…     

咪唑根碱性离子液体在水介质Knoevenagel反应中的催化作用

报道了咪唑根1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑([Bmim]Im)碱性离子液体的合成与表征,该离子液体具有强碱性和较好的热稳定性.碱性离子液体[Bmim]Im用于催化水介质中Knoevenagel反应,发挥了碱催化剂与相转移催化剂双重作用.此外,离子液体[Bmim]Im及其水溶液还具有良好的循环使用性能.水介质、低催化剂用量、室温...     

Dicalcium phosphate dehydrate DCPD as a highly efficient and reusable catalyst for Knoevenagel condensation

We have described the catalytic activities of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) in the condensation reaction of various substituted benzaldehydes with active methylene compound malononitrile. The influences of reaction conditions on the corresponding catalytic behavior have been investigated. The results showed that the DCPD exhibited high catalytic activity and versatility and that it can be recycled without significant loss of its activity for the condensation reactions, which shows the material is a promising new type of heterogeneous catalyst for the condensation reactions. Meanwhile, the catalytic results of DCPD compared favorably with those of other materials for Knoevenagel reactions reported previously.     

Fe3O4‐Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate‐guanidine (Fe3O4–4,4′‐MDI‐Gn): A novel superparamagnetic powerful basic and recyclable nanocatalyst as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the Knoevenagel condensation and tandem Knoevenagel‐Michael‐cyclocondensation reactions

In this paper, guanidine groups (Gn) supported on modified magnetic nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄–4,4′‐MDI) were synthesized for the first time. The catalyst synthesized was characterized by various techniques such as SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), TEM (Transmission electron microscopy), XRD ( X‐ray Diffraction ), TGA (Thermogravimetric ananlysis), EDS ( Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy ) and VSM (vibrating sample magnetometer). The catalyst activity of modified MNPs–MDI‐Gn, as powerful basic nanocatalyst, was probed through the Knoevenagel and Tandem Knoevenagel–Michael‐cyclocondensation reactions. Conversion was high under optimal conditions, and reaction time was remarkably shortened. This nanocatalyst could simply be separated and recovered from the reaction mixture by simple magnetic decantation and reused many times without significant loss of its catalytic activity. Also, the nanocatalyst could be recycled for at least seven (Knoevenagel condensation) and six (Knoevenagel and Tandem Knoevenagel–Michael‐cyclocondensation) additional cycles after they were separated by magnetic decantation and, washed with ethanol, air‐dried, and immediately reused.     

活性炭负载壳聚糖催化室温无溶剂Knoevenagel缩合反应

通过活性炭(AC)负载壳聚糖(CS)的方法,制备了负载型的"壳聚糖/活性炭"催化剂(CS/AC)。利用FT-IR、XRD、TG-DTG、SEM、BET、元素分析等方法对催化剂进行表征,并系统研究了该催化剂在Knoevenagel缩合反应中的催化性能。结果表明,催化剂具有较好的活性,在室温无溶剂条件下,可以催化一系列芳香醛化合物与活泼亚甲基化合物进行缩合反应,产率均在80%以上;且反应体系放大100倍时,仍然保持较高的催化效率;此外,该催化剂具有较好稳定性,重复使用8次后,仍然保持较高的催化活性。     

Imine-bridged periodic mesoporous organosilica as stable high-activity catalytic for Knoevenagel reaction in aqueous medium

An imine-functionalized mesoporous solid base catalyst (BA@BE-PMO) was prepared by template agent-directed self-assembly condensation of bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]amine and 1,2-bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane in acid solution. The imine groups with catalytic activity were integrally embedded into mesopore walls of as-made BA@BE-PMO. In Knoevenagel reactions in aqueous medium, the BA@BE-PMO catalyst exhibited better catalytic activity than imine-functionalized SBA-15 catalyst synthesized using the traditional co-condensation method, which can be attributed to the pore surface with strong hydrophobicity originating from –CH₂CH₂– group fragments incorporated into pore walls. The strong hydrophobicity of the surface facilitates adsorption and diffusion of organic compounds on the catalyst surface in reactions in aqueous medium. Moreover, it exhibited comparable catalytic activity to dipropylamine homogeneous base catalyst because of the uniform dispersion of imine group active sites. The BA@BE-PMO catalyst could also be recovered and reused in up to five runs without significant loss in activity without any negative environmental impact.

     

Novel Basic Ionic Liquid Based on Alkylammonium as Efficient Catalyst for Knoevenagel Reaction

The typical Knoevenagel condensation was carried out smoothly in the presence of a basic ionic liquid of N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-N′-hexyl-ethylenediammonium tetrafluoroborate ([TMHEDA]BF₄), and 99% of yield was obtained using ethyl cyanoacetate and benzaldehyde as substrates at 60 °C for 1 h. Four reuses of the ionic liquid without dramatic decrease in catalytic activity for Knoevenagel condensation demonstrated the good stability and operability of the ionic liquid. Moreover, the typical nucleophilic addition reactions were also accomplished by the same ionic liquid to check its feasibility. The dual function of the basic ionic liquid both as solvent and catalyst, combined with simple product separation and recycling, is expected to contribute to the development of a green and environmentally friendly strategy.     

Knoevenagel Condensation between Benzaldehyde and Malononitrile Over Magnesium Phosphates

The Knoevenagel condensation between benzaldehyde and malonitrile over different magnesium phosphates was studied. The structure and chemical surface properties of each solid, which determine their catalytic activity, were found to depend on the synthetic procedure used. The results obtained were compared with their basicity measured by phenol adsorption and their dehydrogenation selectivity in the conversion of 2-hexanol.     

Metal- and Solvent-Free Transesterification and Aldol Condensation Reactions by a Homogenous Recyclable Basic Ionic Liquid Based on the 1,3,5-Triazine Framework

A new recyclable basic ionic liquid was introduced as an efficient catalyst for aldol condensation and transesterification reactions under environmentally friendly conditions. The catalyst was prepared based on methyl imidazolium moieties bearing hydroxide counter anions via the Hofmann elimination on a 1,3,5-triazine framework. The ionic liquid with two functionalities including anion stabilizer and high basicity, was used as an efficient catalyst for aldol condensation as well as transesterification reaction of a variety of alkyl benzoates. All reactions were performed in the absence of any external reagent, co-catalyst, or solvent, in line with environmental protection. The kinetics isotope effect (KIE) was conducted for the transesterification reaction to elucidate the mechanism and rate determining step (RDS). It worth noted that, the homogeneous catalyst could be recycled from the reaction mixture and reused for several consecutive runs with insignificant drop of basicity and conversion.     

Oxidative coupling of methane over La-promoted CaO catalysts： Influence of precursors and catalyst preparation method

The oxidative coupling of methane to C2 hydrocarbons has been studied over a series of La-promoted CaO (La/Ca = 0.05) catalysts, prepared using different precursor salts for CaO and La2O3 (viz. acetates, carbonates, nitrates and hydroxides) and catalyst preparation methods (viz. physical mixing of precursors, co-precipitation using ammonium carbonate/sodium carbonate as a precipitating agent), under different reaction conditions (temperature: 700-850℃, CH4/O2 ratio: 4.0 and 8.0, and GHSV: 51360 cm3 g-1 h-1)...     

Bifunctional Gyroidal MOFs: Highly Efficient Lewis Base and Lewis Acid Catalysts

A family of gyroidal metal–organic frameworks (STUs) composited with transition metal ions and bi‐imidazolate ligands (BIm) were prepared and applied as both Lewis base and acid catalysts. Benefiting from the intrinsic basicity of the ligands and the Lewis acidic sites of the open metal centres, the STUs materials show excellent catalytic activities as Lewis base for the Knoevenagel condensation reaction between various aldehydes and malononitrile, and as Lewis acid for cyanosilylation reactions. Among these STUs, STU‐4 (Ni(BIm)) shows the best catalytic efficiency (conversions >99 %) in both Knoevenagel condensation and cyanosilylation reactions under mild conditions, providing thus an advanced material for both Lewis base and Lewis acid catalysis.     

Synthesis of NaX and NaY Zeolites from Tunisian Kaolinite as Base Catalysts: An Investigation of Knoevenagel Condensation

The synthesis of Faujasite‐type zeolites with high purity has been successfully performed from Tunisian kaolinite and the effects of different crystallization parameters on the final products were widely investigated. The alkaline fusion of kaolinite followed by hydrothermal treatment lead to zeolite NaX synthesis whereas the classic hydrothermal transformation of metakaolinite produces NaY zeolite. The results show that an increase in the synthesis temperature and time has improved the crystallization process of the zeolite NaX whereas the SiO₂/Al₂O₃ and the Na₂O/SiO₂ molar ratios were the key parameters to obtain a pure zeolite NaY. The highest specific surface areas obtained with the optimal crystallization conditions were 554 m2 g^?1 and 592 m2 g^?1 for respectively NaX and NaY zeolites. The basic properties of NaX and NaY zeolites were explored in the Knoevenagel condensation of benzaldehyde with ethyl cyanoacetate at 140 °C as a test reaction in the absence of solvent. The influence of ion exchange with cesium cation on the catalytic activity of prepared catalysts was also investigated. It was found that the NaX provided higher activity than that of NaY catalyst due to its lower Si/Al ratio whereas a cesium exchange conferred higher basicity to the prepared Na‐faujasite.