On Globally Periodic Solutions of the Difference Equation x n + 1 = f ( x n )/ x n − 1

We study the second-order difference equation x n +1 = f ( x n ) x n m 1 where f ] C 1 ([0, X ),[0, X )) and x n ] (0, X ) for all n ] Z . For the cases p h 5, we find necessary and sufficient conditions on f for all solutions to be periodic with period p . We answer some questions and conjectures of Kulenovi ' and Ladas.     

Boundedness properties of the difference equation x n+1=(α+βx n +δx n−2)/(x n−1)

Consider the third-order difference equation x _n+1 = (α+βx _n +δx _n ? 2)/(x _n ? 1) with α ∈ [0,∞) and β,δ ∈ (0,∞). It is shown that this difference equation has unbounded solutions if and only if δ>β.     

On the Behavior of Solutions of x n+1 = p+(x n−1/xn )

Our goal in this article is to complete the study of the behavior of solutions of the equation in the title when the parameter p is positive and the initial conditions are arbitrary positive numbers. Our main focus is the case 0 < p < 1. We will show that in this case, all solutions which do not monotonically converge to the equilibrium have a subsequence which converges to p and a subsequence which diverges to infinity. For the sake of completeness, we will also present the results (which were previously known) with alternative proofs for the case p = 1 and the case p > 1.     

A Note on the Recursive Sequence x n + 1 = p k x n + p k − 1 x n − 1 +...+ p 1 x n − k + 1

We present some comments on the behavior of solutions of the difference equation where p _i 0, i = 1,..., k, k N, and x _–k ,..., x _–1 R.     

On the recursive sequencex n +1=α-(x n /x n −1)

We study the global asymptotic stability, global attractivity, boundedness character, and periodic nature of all positive solutions and all negative solutions of the difference equation $$x_{n + 1} = \alpha - \frac{{x_n }}{{x_{n - 1} }}, n = 0,1,...,$$ where α∈R is a real number, and the initial conditionsx?1,x ₀ are arbitrary real numbers.     

K 0 of hypersurfaces defined by x 1 2 + ... + x n 2 = ±1

Let k be a field of characteristic ≠ 2 and let Q _n,m (x ₁, ..., x _n , y ₁, ..., y _m ) = x ₁ ² +...+x _n ² ? (y ₁ ² +...+y _m ² ) be a quadratic form over k. Let R(Q _n,m ) = R _n,m = k[x ₁, ..., x _n , y ₁, ..., y _m ]/(Q _n,m ? 1). In this note we will calculate $\tilde K_0 \left( {R_{n,m} } \right)$ for every n,m ≥ 0. We will also calculate CH ₀(R _n,m ) and the Euler class group of R _n,m when k = ?.     

On the Periodic Structure of Delayed Difference Equations of the Form x n = f ( x n − k ) on I and S 1

The aim of this paper is to give an account of some results recently obtained in Combinatorial Dynamics and apply them to get for k S 2 the periodic structure of delayed difference equations of the form x n = f ( x n m k ) on I and S 1 .     

Zolotarev's first problem — the best approximation by polynomials of degree ≤n − 2 tox n − nσx n−1 in [−1, 1]

Chebyshev determined $$\mathop {\min }\limits_{(a)} \mathop {\max }\limits_{ - 1 \le x \le 1} |x^n + a_1 x^{n - 1} + \cdots + a_n |$$ as 2^1?n , which is attained when the polynomial is 2^1?n T _n(x), whereT _n(x) = cos(n arc cosx). Zolotarev's First Problem is to determine $$\mathop {\min }\limits_{(a)} \mathop {\max }\limits_{ - 1 \le x \le 1} |x^n - n\sigma x^{n - 1} + a_2 x^{n - 2} + \cdots + a_n |$$ as a function ofn and the parameter σ and to find the extremal polynomials. He solved this in 1878. Another discussion was given by Achieser in 1928, and another by Erdös and Szegö in 1942. The case when 0≤|σ|≤ tan²(π/2n) is quite simple, but that for |σ|> tan²(π/2n) is quite different and very complicated. We give two new versions of the proof and discuss the change in character of the solution. Both make use of the Equal Ripple Theorem.     

An Elementary Approach to Quasi-Isometries of Tree x ℝ n

We prove by elementary means a regularity theorem for quasi-isometries of T x ⁿ (where T denotes an infinite tree), and of many other metric spaces with similar combinatorial properties, e.g. Cayley graphs of Baumslag–Solitar groups. For quasi-isometries of T x ⁿ, it states that the image of {x} x ⁿ (xT) is uniformly close to {y} x ⁿ for some yT, and there is a well-defined surjection . Even stronger, the image of a quasi-isometric embedding of ⁿ⁺¹ in T x ⁿ is close to (a geodesic in T)T)x ⁿ.     

Zu Fragen der Analysis im Zusammenhang mit der Gleichungx 1 2 +...+x n 2 —ax 1...x n =b

x ₁ ² +...+x _n ² —ax ₁...x _n =b. First we describe a combinatorial presentation of a group of automorphisms of this equation, ifn=3, then we getPGL (2, ) as such a group of automorphisms of this equation. This gives analytical applications becausePGL (2, ) acts discontinously on the set {(x ₁,x ₂,x ₃)0<x ₁,x ₂,x ₃ andx ₁ ² +x ₂ ² +x ₃ ² –x ₁ x ₂ x ₃=b0}³. Further we ask for fundamental solutions of this equation. Finally, letx ₁,x ₂,x ₃ withx ¹ x ₂ ² +x ₃ ² ––x ₁ x ₂ x ₃=0 Then there areA, BSL(2, ) with trA=x ₁, trB=x ₂ and trA B=x ₃, and the group (A, B) is a discrete free group of rank two. In analysis we are interested in the question whether there are evenA, BSL(2, ) with trA=x ₁, trB=x ₂ and trA B=x ₃. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for that and remark that this question is connected with the ternary quadratic formk1p ²+k2q ²–r ²,k ¹=x ₁ ² ,k ₂=16(x ₂ ² +x ₁ ² +x ₃ ² –x ₁ x ₂ x ₃–4), which has some invariant properties.     

On the Diophantine Equations (2 n − 1)(6 n − 1) = x 2 and (a n − 1)(a kn − 1) = x 2

In this paper we prove that the equation (2 ⁿ – 1)(6 ⁿ – 1) = x ² has no solutions in positive integers n and x. Furthermore, the equation (a ⁿ – 1) (a ^kn – 1) = x ² in positive integers a > 1, n, k > 1 (kn > 2) and x is also considered. We show that this equation has the only solutions (a,n,k,x) = (2,3,2,21), (3,1,5,22) and (7,1,4,120).     

Rigid Sets of Dimension n – 1 in ℝ n

We give conditions allowing an intrinsic isometry on a dense subset to be extended to an isometry of the whole set. This enables us to find examples of (n-1)-dimensional sets rigid in ⁿ .     

关于满足I(x,n(x))=n(x)的D-蕴涵的刻画

研究I(x,n(x))=n(x),其中I为由连续三角模T、连续三角余模S和强否定n生成的D-蕴涵,即I(x,y)=S(T(n(x),n(y)),y),给出了满足I(x,n(x))=n(x)的充要条件。     

On the asymptotic behaviour of sums Σg(n){x/n} k

In this paper we estimate the difference between the sum given in the title (whereg(t) is an arbitrary real-valued non-decreasing function,k is a positive integer and summation is extended over all positive integersnx) and the corresponding integral, obtaining the boundO(g(x)x ^1/3logx). Furthermore, we show that these differences (for giveng and varyingk) are all approximately equal, with an error term ofO(g(x)x ^3/10). Finally it is remarked without proof that these estimates can be refined toO(g(x)x ) (with any >0,329...) resp.O(g(x)x ^109/382).     

The actions ofS n+1 andS n on the cohomology ring of a coxeter arrangement of typeA n−1

Let be the complexified Coxeter arrangement of hyperplanes of typeA _n−1. In this paper we construct anS _n+1 extension of the naturalS _n action on the complex cohomology ring of the complement ofA _n−1. Recurrence formulas connecting characters with respect to theS _n and theS _n+1 action are given.     

L-Factor of Irreducible x1×x2(×)σ

The L-factor of irreducible x1×x2(×)σ defined by Piatetski-Shapiro is computed by using non-split Bessel functional.