Characteristics of Lipids from Individual Organs of Veronica beccabunga

Lipids from various organs of the aquatic plant Veronica beccabunga were studied. It has been demonstrated that neutral and polar lipids are qualitatively typical of higher photosynthetic plants. Lipids in various organs of aquatic veronica were unevenly distributed. The most significant differences were observed in neutral lipids for the accumulation of glycerin esters, free fatty acids, alcohols, and hydrocarbons. The ratio of phospholipids varied considerably in the polar lipids.     

Lipids of Capsicum annuum Fruit Pulp

Lipids from fruit pulp of the sweet red pepper (Capsicum annuum, Solanaceae) were characterized. The principal components of the lipids from pepper fruit pulp were neutral lipids with predominance of triacylglycerines (55.8%). The polar lipids contained sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerines and phosphotidylglycerines. The fatty-acid compositions of the neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids were determined.     

Lipids ofPhellodendron lavalei seeds

The chemical composition of neutral lipids and phospholipids from seeds ofPhellodendron lavalei cork is studied. Characteristic features of the fine structure of the separate classes are found. Significant quantities of eicosatrienoic acid and neutral lipids are found. The polar lipids are biologically active.Deceased.I. G. Kutateladze Institute of Pharmacochemistry, Academy of Sciences of Georgia, Tbilisi, fax (99532) 25 00 26. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 3, pp. 220–222, May–June, 2000.     

Influence of irrigation-water salinity on lipids of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Crambe abyssinica</Emphasis> seeds

Lipids of Crambe abyssinica Hochst (Brassicaceae) seeds grown in hothouses in Israel and in the open in Uzbekistan in soil imported from the Aral Sea region were studied. It was found that the seed oil content decreased as the irrigation-water salinity increased. The content of total unsaturated fatty acids of neutral lipids was in the range 91.31–94.81%; of polar lipids, 69.59–83.78%.     

Lipids ofGossypium mexicanum

The surface lipids of the coat and the lipids of the kernel of the seeds of a wild form of the medium-fibered cotton plantGossypium mexicanum var.nervosum have been studied in comparison with cultured species. Using the methods of CC, TLC, and GLC, and UV and mass spectrometry, in the cuticular lipids ofG. mexicanum three classes of neutral lipids have been detected, and in the kernel lipids 10 classes of neutral lipids, 2 classes of glycolipids, and 7 classes of phospholipids. The structures of the epoxyacyl-, hydroxyacyl-, and diacylglycerols of the kernel have been established. The greatest differences between the seeds of the wild form of the cotton plant and the cultured species are the greater weight of the seed coat, the presence in it of a considerable amount of the 18:1 and of medium-molecular-weight fatty acids, and a higher level in the kernel of gossypol pigments, polar lipids, and acylglycerols containing the 18:2 acid.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, Tashkent. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 1, pp. 57–62, January–February, 1987.     

Lipids from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Crambe amabilis</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">C. kotschyana</Emphasis> seeds grown with saline irrigation water

Lipids from Crambe amabilis Butk. et Majlun and C. kotschyana Boiss. grown in the open in Uzbekistan in soil imported from the Aral Sea region were studied. It was found that the seed oil content decreased with increasing salinity of irrigation water with EC 1.5 up to 9.0 dS/m. The content of polar lipids increased. The content of unsaturated acids from C. amabilis neutral lipids was 94.74–97.46%; C. kotschyana, 95.76– 96.78%.     

Lipids ofHeracleum lehmannianum seeds

The lipid complex of the seeds ofHeracleum lehmannianum B. has been studied. The qualitative and quantitative compositions of the neutral lipids and the phospho- and glycolipids, and the fatty acid compositions of the acyl-containing classes of lipids have been determined. It has been shown that the neutral and the polar lipids differ considerably from one another with respect to the level of certain fatty acids. The position-species compositions of the TAGS and of the main components of the phospholipids have been calculated from the results of lipolytic hydrolysis.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, fax (3712) 89 14 75. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 1, pp. 10–14, January–February, 1996. Original article submitted June 12, 1995.     

Lipids from extracts ofChlorella vulgaris

The composition of ethanolic (I) and gasoline (II) extracts of the cultivated microalgaChlorella vulgaris has been studied. With the aid of CC, TLC, qualitative reactions, GLC, and UVS the following classes of compounds have been detected in them. From the neutral lipids: hydrocarbons, carotenoids, traces of sterols and their esters, fatty acid esters, tri- and diacylglycerols, free fatty acids, and chlorophylls; and from the polar lipids: di- and monogalactosylglycerols, phosphatidylethanolamine, lecithin, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, and three sphingosine bases. The polar lipids I and II made up 52.4 and 50.2% of the total, respectively. As compared with extract I, extract II was somewhat enriched with neutral lipids, including provitamins of the A group and vitamins of the F group. In the fatty acids of chlorella, 19 components were detected, the main ones being the 16:0 acid and 18:2 and 18:3 acids.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, Tashkent. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 3, pp. 284–288, May–June, 1986.     

Chemical composition ofCodonopsis clematidea grownin vitro

The amounts of neutral and polar lipids, chlorophylls, carotenoids and alkaloids have been determined in differentiated tissues of Codonopsis clematidea Schrenk grown by the tissue culture method. The qualitative and fatty-acid compositions of the neutral and polar lipids have been established and the presence has been shown of the quantitatively main alkaloid of the wild-growing plant, codonopsine, and of the minor alkaloid codonopsinine.Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 4, pp. 537–540, July–August, 1996. Original article submitted December 18, 1995     

Compositions of the lipids of the whitefishCoregonus peled from different parts of the body

The composition of the total, the neutral, and the polar lipids of the whitefishCoregonus peled (Gmelin) from different parts of the body — the white muscles of the back and abdomen, the red muscles, the brain, the internal organs, and the fish as a whole — have been studied. The amounts of lipids in these sections were 6.6, 16.1, 20.1, 13.8, 40.0, and 8.4%, respectively. It has been shown that the total and neutral lipids are similar with respect to the main groups of lipids, the bulk of them being represented by triacylglycerols (76.0–82.6%) and phospholipids (2.8–5.8%). The composition of the phospholipids depended substantially on their localization. In the lipids of the white muscles of the back, with a low level of choline-containing lipids, phosphatidylethanolamine and cardiolipin predominated. The lipids of the viscera were distinguished by a high content of sphingomyelin. A high level of choline-containing lipids and cerebrosides was found in the tissues of the brain.Tumen' State Medical Institute. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 1, pp. 24–27, January–February, 1985.     

Lipids of Ricinus communis Seeds

Lipids of Kazachok castor seeds were studied. The compositions of neutral lipids of the benzine extract and of the fatty acids of neutral and polar lipids were found. The principal acids were palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and 12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic.     

Lipids and lipophilic components of Viburnum opulus fruits during maturation

The variation of the composition of neutral and polar lipids and lipophilic components during maturation of guelder rose (V. opulus L., fam. Caprifoliaceae) fruits was investigated. During fruit ripening, all lipid groups are accumulated, the highest accumulation rate being observed in the first period of maturation. In nonpolar lipids, this is due to a substantial increase in the content of triacylglycerides, whereas the contents of free fatty acids, methyl esters of fatty acids, monoacylglycerides, and especially esters of triterpenoid compounds decrease. During early maturation, all acyl-containing classes of lipids contain large amounts of saturated fatty acids (mainly, 16:0), whose content decreases during ripening, while the contents of unsaturated 18:1 and 18:2 acids increase.     

Lipids ofGlycyrrhiza glabra roots

A petroleum ether extract ofGlycyrrhiza glabra L. roots was investigated. The extract contains 70% neutral lipids and 30% polar lipids. Hydrocarbons, sterols esters, triacylglycerols, free fatty acids, free sterols, and diacylglycerols were identified. The fatty acid contents of all of the acyl-containing lipids were determined. Fourteen fatty acids were identified; the 18 2 fatty acid prevails among the unsaturated acids, and the 16 0 acid prevails among the saturated acids.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2, pp. 367–370, February, 1995.     

Lipid classes of in vitro cultivar of Pakistani citrus

The in vitro cultivar of citrus contained 18.0% lipids after 12 weeks of germination of seed. The lipid was analyzed by GC procedure for its fatty acid composition. The oil contained seven major fatty acid constituents which were later identified by GC. The oil was further analyzed for its classes by means of thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography. The major portion of the lipid classes comprised of neutral lipids (93.9%) and polar lipids (6.1%). The identified neutral lipids comprised of hydrocarbon (1.4%), wax esters (1.5%), sterol esters (5.2%), triglycerides (52.3%), free fatty acids (1.3%), 1,3-diglycerides (6.0%), 1,2-diglycerides (5.0%), glycol (15.2%), sterols (6.0%), 2-monoglycerides (6.4%), 1-monoglycerides (5.3%) and the identified polar lipids comprised of phosphatidyl ethanolamine (1.8%) phosphatidyl choline (0.9%) lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine (1.8%) and phosphatidyl inositol (1.1%).     

Separation of acidic and neutral lipids by aminopropyl-bonded silica gel column chromatography.

The separation of acidic and neutral lipids by aminopropyl-bonded silica gel column chromatography is presented. Total lipid extracts from Escherichia coli and human spermatozoa were loaded onto pre-packed aminopropyl-bonded silica gel columns and the lipids separated into four fractions. Non-polar lipids including cholesterol esters, triglycerides, diglycerides, monoglycerides and cholesterol, were eluted with 4 ml of isopropanol-chloroform (1:2, v/v) (fraction 1); free fatty acids were eluted with 4 ml of 2% acetic acid in diethyl ether (fraction 2); neutral polar lipids, including phosphophatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and neutral glycolipids, were eluted with 4 ml of methanol (fraction 3); and, finally, polar acidic lipids, including phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, seminolipid lipid A and acidic glycosphingolipids, were eluted with 4 ml of chloroform-methanol-0.8 M sodium acetate (60:30:4.5, v/V/V) (fraction 4). The recoveries for the different lipids ranged between 89 and 98% and the intra-assay variation, expressed as the standard deviation, was less than 5%.     

Lipids of Hibiscus cannabinus seeds

The neutral and polar lipids of kenaf seeds of the variety Uzbetskii-1574 from the 1983 crop have been studied. The fatty acid compositions of six acyl-containing classes of neutral lipids have been established for the first time. The acids in the sn-2 positions of the triacylglycerols and of the main classes of phospholipids have been determined. The main triacylglycerol species are those in which the sn-2 position is esterified by linoleic acid.     

Comparison of three solid-phase extraction methods for fatty acid analysis of lipid fractions in tissues of marine bivalves

Objective of this study was to investigate the effect of using pre-packed Si (Si), manually packed silica hydrated with water (Si-H(2)O) and pre-packed aminopropyl-bonded silica (NH(2)), at various mass ratios of lipid to sorbent, on the recovery of polar lipids following the solid-phase extraction (SPE) of a standard mixture of lipids. We also applied SPE using these sorbents to the separation of lipids from oyster tissues and compared the fatty acid (FA) composition of each fraction. Recoveries of phospholipids after SPE using Si increased with an increasing ratio of lipid to sorbent. Although the use of Si-H(2)O improved the recovery of polar lipid compared to that obtained on Si, the neutral lipid from gills and muscles of oyster showed distorted FA compositions presumably due to a leakage of polar lipids. Finally, NH(2) eluted with methanol provided good recoveries of phospholipids from the standard mixture; although polar lipids of oyster tissues showed a reduction in 20:4n-6 and MUFA likely due to the selective retention of acidic phospholipids.     

Lipids of Hibiscus cannabinus seeds

The neutral and polar lipids of kenaf seeds of the variety Uzbetskii-1574 from the 1983 crop have been studied. The fatty acid compositions of six acyl-containing classes of neutral lipids have been established for the first time. The acids in the sn-2 positions of the triacylglycerols and of the main classes of phospholipids have been determined. The main triacylglycerol species are those in which the sn-2 position is esterified by linoleic acid.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances of the UzSSR Academy of Sciences, Tashkent. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 558–564, September–October, 1986.     

Quantification of fatty acids as methyl esters and phospholipids in cheese samples after separation of triacylglycerides and phospholipids

Determination of the individual fatty acid composition of neutral- and phospholipids as well as the phospholipid content of dairy food and other foodstuffs are important tasks in life sciences. For these purposes, a method was developed for the separation of lipids (standards of triolein and diacylphosphatidylcholines as well as three cheese samples) by solid-phase extraction using a self-packed column filled with partly deactivated silica. Non-halogenated solvents were used for the elution of the lipid classes. Cyclohexane/ethyl acetate (1:1, v/v) served for the elution of neutral lipids, while polar lipids were eluted with three solvents (ethyl acetate/methanol, methanol, and methanol/water) into one fraction. The separated lipid fractions were transesterified and the individual fatty acids were quantified by using gas chromatography coupled to electron ionization mass spectrometry (GC/EI-MS) in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The recovery rate for standard phosphatidylcholines was ∼90% and cross-contamination from neutral lipids was negligible. The method was applied to cheese samples. Quantitative amounts of individual fatty acids in the phospholipid fraction were <0.002-0.29% of total lipids from camembert, <0.002-0.12% of total lipids from mozzarella, and <0.002-0.18% of total lipids in a goat cream cheese. Differences in the fatty acid pattern of neutral and polar lipids were detected. The quantity of the fatty acids determined in the phospholipid fraction was divided by the factor 0.7 in order to convert the fatty acid content into the phospholipid content of the cheese samples. This factor is based on the contribution of 16:0 to dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC). The resulting DPPC equivalents (DPPC_eq) were found to be representative for the average contribution of fatty acids to all classes of phospholipids in dairy products. Using this approach, the phospholipid content of lipids from mozzarella, camembert, and goat cream cheese was 0.60%, 1.42% and 0.79%, respectively.     

Lipids of cottonseed kernels

The free, bound, and strongly bound lipids of the seed kernels of the cotton plant of variety 108-F have been studied. It has been shown that the free and bound lipids include 97.3% and 47.6% of neutral lipids, respectively. The polar lipids consist mainly of phospholipids and glycolipids. Two groups of glycolipids — sterol glycosides and glycosylglycerides — have been isolated and their compositions have been determined.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, Tashkent. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 4, pp. 435–438, July–August, 1983.