高速动车组被动安全性和耐撞性研究

随着列车高速和重载的发展,对列车被动安全性的研究日益重要.本文以CRH3动车组为载体,应用碰撞仿真软件PAM-CRASH和多学科协同优化软件iSIGHT进行碰撞数值模拟分析和吸能结构优化,得到CRH3动车组在大变形碰撞时的变形模式及各碰撞参数,并对动车组的吸能结构进行评估及最优设计,实现车辆的被动安全保护和耐撞性优化设...     

高速列车追尾碰撞时乘员头颈部损伤力学响应与风险评估

基于代表我国50th百分位男性人体特征的假人模型,构建了列车-假人一体化被动安全性仿真分析有限元模型,分析了列车追尾碰撞过程中乘员的运动姿态,探讨了乘员头/颈部的生物力学响应特征,揭示了座椅排次对乘员头/颈部损伤响应的影响机制,建立了基于生物力学参数的乘员头/颈部损伤风险预测模型。结果表明：追尾列车中乘员面部与前排座椅的碰撞接触可能会引起原发性脑干损伤,乘员颈部前/后弯曲均会导致下颈部颈椎出现较大应力,而颈部前/后弯曲分别导致上颈部和下颈部椎间盘出现较大应力;现有标准中规定的N_ij耐受限值会显著低估列车追尾碰撞中乘员颈部的损伤情况。     

利用金属塑性变形原理的碰撞能量吸收装置

1.引言在现代世界上,各种车辆、船舶、飞行器的数量越来越多,速度越来越快,碰撞事故也随之日益增加,每年都要造成严重的生命和财产损失。因此,近20多年来,碰撞问题已引起许多国家的严重关注。解决这个问题的主要途径,是研究与提高各种车辆、船舶、飞行器结构的耐撞性(structural crashworthiness),参见[1—4]。同时,在某些特定的工况(例如飞行器的紧急着陆,核电站和高速公路旁重要设施的防护等等)下,已有结构难以满足吸      

预折纹管在低速冲击载荷作用下的能量吸收

为了降低结构的初始载荷、增加有效塑性变形面积,进而提高其吸能效率,研究一种以新型的预折纹管,在普通管的管壁上引入特别设计的折角。基于有限元软件ABAQUS/EXPLICIT的数值分析验证了预折纹在低速冲击载荷作用下可以引导预期的大变形模式,预折纹管的这种大变形模式相较于普通方管的对称变形模式有更低峰值载荷和更高的平均载荷。通过低速落锤实验获得了与有限元模拟结果相似的载荷-位移曲线和变形模式,验证了数值结果的可信性和预折纹方管的高效吸能特点。

     

中国高速列车研发与展望

十几年来,以高速列车为代表的高速铁路装备在长期技术积累和自主研发的基础上,经过引进消化吸收再创新、自主提升创新、全面创新和持续创新,成功研制了多代先进的高速列车产品.通过不断的技术创新,突破了高速列车系列关键技术,形成了自主研发能力,不断提升高速列车的安全性、可靠性、经济性、环保性及智能化.我国高速列车的运行速度、综合...     

中国高速列车研发与展望

十几年来, 以高速列车为代表的高速铁路装备在长期技术积累和自主研发的基础上,经过引进消化吸收再创新、自主提升创新、全面创新和持续创新,成功研制了多代先进的高速列车产品. 通过不断的技术创新,突破了高速列车系列关键技术, 形成了自主研发能力,不断提升高速列车的安全性、可靠性、经济性、环保性及智能化.我国高速列车的运行速度、综合舒适度、安全性、可靠性、节能环保等各项综合性能指标优良,部分指标达到国际领先水平.论文系统回顾了我国和谐号动车组、复兴号动车组、城际动车组、前沿动车组产品的发展成就及主要技术突破,分析了高速列车研发过程中面临的复杂环境适应性、大系统复杂耦合作用、安全可靠设计、智能化应用等关键技术挑战,系统概述了高速列车故障预测与健康管理技术、车体轻量化技术、被动安全防护技术、碳纤维复合材料应用、气动外形设计技术、高速转向架技术、噪声控制技术、牵引制动技术等关键技术的研究进展及主要技术突破, 并展望了高速列车动力学技术、结构安全技术、被动安全防护技术、流固耦合技术、牵引制动技术、智能控制安全技术、故障预测与健康管理技术、综合节能技术等关键技术的未来发展方向.      

Dynamic simulation and safety evaluation of high-speed trains meeting in open air

Dynamic responses of a carriage under excitation with the German high-speed low-interference track spectrum together with the air pressure pulse generated as high-speed trains passing each other are investigated with a multi-body dynamics method.The variations of degrees of freedom(DOFs:horizontal movement,roll angle,and yaw angle),the lateral wheel-rail force,the derailment coefficient and the rate of wheel load reduction with time when two carriages meet in open air are obtained and compared with the results of a single train travelling at specifie speeds.Results show that the rate of wheel load reduction increases with the increase of train speed and meets some safety standard at a certain speed,but exceeding the value of the rate of wheel load reduction does not necessarily mean derailment.The evaluation standard of the rate of wheel load reduction is somewhat conservative and may be loosened.The pressure pulse has significan effects on the train DOFs,and the evaluations of these safety indexes are strongly suggested in practice.The pressure pulse has a limited effect on the derailment coefficien and the lateral wheel-rail force,and,thus,their further evaluations may be not necessary.     

船舶与海洋平台撞击的荷载模拟

以某导管架结构的X斜撑在导管架安装阶段受到大吨位起重铺管船撞击后的损伤检测结果为依据。对碰撞过程进行了数值模拟,按照构件模型从简单到复杂的模拟思路得到了船舶对海洋平台结构的撞击力。建立了船舶与海洋平台碰撞系统的力学模型,对导管架平台受损构件进行了等效静力强度计算分析。为了考虑在船舶冲撞下的整体平台结构动力效应的影响,在分析时考虑了碰撞过程的水动力效应,桩-土-平台结构的相互作用,采用非线性弹簧来模拟受损构件局部凹陷损伤,在船舶以不同的速度与平台发生碰撞的情况下,模拟出平台受撞击构件的永久凹陷变形与碰撞接触时间的曲线．反演分析计算了船舶对平台结构碰撞的最大撞击力。为确定受到撞击后导管架平台结构构件和管节点的损伤程度,提出合理可行的修理加固方案提供了分析依据。     

Study on the operational safety of high-speed trains exposed to stochastic winds

The characteristic wind curve （CWC） was com- monly used in the previous work to evaluate the operational safety of the high-speed trains exposed to crosswinds. How- ever, the CWC only provide the dividing line between safety state and failure state of high-speed trains, which can not evaluate the risk of derailment of high-speed trains when ex- posed to natural winds. In the present paper, a more realistic approach taking into account the stochastic characteristics of natural winds is proposed, which can give a reasonable and effective assessment of the operational safety of high-speed trains under stochastic winds. In this approach, the longitudi- nal and lateral components of stochastic winds are simulated based on the Cooper theory and harmonic superposition. An algorithm is set up for calculating the unsteady aerody- namic forces （moments） of the high-speed trains exposed to stochastic winds. A multi-body dynamic model of the rail vehicle is established to compute the vehicle system dynamic response subjected to the unsteady aerodynamic forces （mo- ments） input. Then the statistical method is used to get the mean characteristic wind curve （MCWC） and spread range of the high-speed trains exposed to stochastic winds. It is found that the CWC provided by the previous analyticalmethod produces over-conservative limits. The methodol- ogy proposed in the present paper can provide more signif- icant reference for the safety operation of high-speed trains exposed to stochastic winds.     

Prediction of the softening and damage effects with permanent set in fibrous biological materials

Deformation induced softening is an inelastic phenomenon frequently accompanying mechanical response of soft biological tissues. Inelastic phenomena which occur in mechanical testing of biological tissues are very likely to be associated with alterations in the internal structure of these materials.In this study, a novel structural constitutive model is formulated to describe the inelastic effects in soft biological tissues such as Mullins type behavior, damage and permanent set as a result of residual strains after unloading. Anisotropic softening is considered by evolution of internal variables governing the anisotropic properties of the material. We consider two weight factors w_i (softening) and s_k (discontinuous damage) as internal variables characterizing the structural state of the material. Numerical simulations of several soft tissues are used to demonstrate the performance of the model in reproducing the inelastic behavior of soft biological tissues.     

Local wave theory of the collision of elastic bodies. Noncentral impact—Two-dimensional problem in the ideal-fluid approximation

An approach is developed for studying the collision of two bluff elastic bodies. Noncentral impact is examined within the framework of a two-dimensional problem. Nonsteady mixed boundary conditions are formulated with an undefined moving boundary. An infinite system of Volterra integral equations of the second kind is obtained for the case when the shear modulus is equal to zero. Numerical results are presented for the case of two identical spheres. S. P. Timoshenko Institute of Mechanics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 35, No. 11, pp. 79–89, November, 1999.     

Analysis of temperature and impact damage of fiber reinforced composites

Fracture resistance of fiber reinforced composites with polymer matrix is examined owing to impact loading and heat treatment over a wide range of temperatures. Test data are presented for the nonhomogeneous peeling behavior of layered composite specimen damaged by impact. Analytical results are also given for the peeling growth rate under the action of edge peel off and transverse shear.     

冲击荷载下钢筋混凝土梁的性能及损伤评估

基于落锤冲击试验,通过数值模拟研究钢筋混凝土梁在冲击荷载下的抗冲击性能和损伤机理。针对冲击荷载局部效应明显和持时短暂等特点,提出基于截面损伤因子的损伤评估方法;采用参数分析方法研究了箍筋间距、边界条件、冲头形状和面积以及冲击位置对钢筋混凝土梁的动态响应和损伤程度的影响。结果表明：基于截面的损伤评估方法能够比较直观地描述梁体损伤沿长度方向的分布;端部的固支约束可以有效地改变钢筋混凝土梁的耗能机制,并能提高梁的抗冲击承载潜力;冲击位置会直接影响梁体的裂缝分布和破坏模式;碰撞接触面积和冲头形状也对梁的损伤分布具有一定的影响。

     

复合材料层合板冲击损伤近场动力学模型与分析

近场动力学(简称PD)理论通过域内积分建立物质基本运动方程。不同于传统理论中通过微分建立运动方程的方法,该理论对场函数没有连续性的要求,因而适合求解各类不连续问题。基于此,本文建立了正交各向异性单层板PD理论模型,进而引入单层板层间作用,发展了正交各向异性层合板PD模型及其损伤模型,并模拟了各向同性与各向异性层合板冲击损伤;通过对比分析,对模型的有效性进行了验证。     

A phenomenological model of damage in articular cartilage under impact loading

Damage progression in high-strain rate and impact tests on articular cartilage is considered. A new type of kinetic damage evolution law is proposed and used to draw implications about the accumulated damage and the coefficient of restitution. Based on the developed damage model, a new fracture criterion is introduced.