爆炸冲击作用时间差对盆骨和腰椎的损伤研究

为研究爆炸冲击环境下车内乘员小腿和座椅所受垂向冲击时间差对乘员盆骨和腰椎损伤的影响,利用Hyperworks和LS-DYNA进行建模和仿真分析,并结合小腿冲击试验和座椅跌落试验开展研究。分析结果表明:乘员小腿和座椅安装点单独受冲击时盆骨加速度、动态响应指数和腰椎z向力会分别产生正向和负向的峰值,但同时作用并控制冲击时间间隔时并不会出现正负峰值相抵消的现象;小腿和座椅安装点不同时受冲击时会加重乘员盆骨和腰椎损伤,且小腿先受冲击时损伤程度较座椅安装点先受冲击时严重。     

冲击荷载下钢筋混凝土梁的性能及损伤评估

基于落锤冲击试验,通过数值模拟研究钢筋混凝土梁在冲击荷载下的抗冲击性能和损伤机理。针对冲击荷载局部效应明显和持时短暂等特点,提出基于截面损伤因子的损伤评估方法;采用参数分析方法研究了箍筋间距、边界条件、冲头形状和面积以及冲击位置对钢筋混凝土梁的动态响应和损伤程度的影响。结果表明:基于截面的损伤评估方法能够比较直观地描述梁体损伤沿长度方向的分布;端部的固支约束可以有效地改变钢筋混凝土梁的耗能机制,并能提高梁的抗冲击承载潜力;冲击位置会直接影响梁体的裂缝分布和破坏模式;碰撞接触面积和冲头形状也对梁的损伤分布具有一定的影响。     

装甲车座椅抗地雷爆炸冲击模拟试验方法研究

针对装甲车辆防雷座椅在研发/设计优化和定型量产等阶段的性能测试需求和爆轰波的波形特点,提出了此类座椅的抗爆炸冲击试验模拟方法,并搭建了试验装置和测试系统;解决了座椅抗爆炸冲击试验过程中的爆炸冲击波形模拟、安装连接方式设计、测试验证方案确定等技术问题;通过多型号防雷座椅试验对该方法及试验装置进行验证,并以某型试验的结果为例,对测试结果进行详细分析与说明。结果表明,该试验模拟方法可行,构建的试验系统稳定、可靠,可用于防雷座椅抗爆炸冲击性能的测试,进而通过测试数据分析给出了座椅系统的缓冲性能和乘员的脊柱损伤程度测试方法。     

载人空投着陆冲击下不同乘员姿态的损伤影响

针对某军用车辆在1 m高度进行无缓冲平台空投实验,并建立座椅与乘员的模拟模型。利用实验获取的座椅安装点冲击信号作为模拟模型的输入数据,并通过实验结果与模拟结果的对比验证了该模型的可靠性。借鉴航空工程相关研究,提出了一种将各关键损伤指标加以归一化的权重评价指标—加权损伤准则(weighted injury criteria,WIC)。研究了乘员仰卧角度和大小腿夹角两个姿态参数对乘员损伤的影响,并以WIC为优化目标,利用遗传算法完成参数优化工作。研究发现:对乘员小腿运动进行约束能降低乘员整体损伤响应,乘员对抗着陆冲击的最佳姿态为仰卧角47°～56°、大小腿夹角62°～68°。     

两种热处理钢轨焊接接头冲击磨损与损伤性能研究

研究了过共析钢轨焊接接头淬火和正火后不同区域的硬度与微观组织,利用冲击磨损试验机对不同区域进行冲击试验,分析了各区域冲击磨损与损伤特性. 结果表明:钢轨焊接接头分为母材区、焊缝区和热影响区. 母材区微观组织为片层状珠光体,焊缝区为珠光体与先共析铁素体且正火后铁素体含量较多,热影响区淬火后为粒状珠光体而正火后存在少量片层状珠光体. 焊接接头不同区域硬度大小为母材区>淬火焊缝区>正火焊缝区>正火热影响区>淬火热影响区. 硬度越低的区域,冲击深度和磨损体积越大. 母材区冲击损伤轻微,表面呈轻微剥落;焊缝区损伤较严重,出现明显裂纹且正火后损伤较淬火后严重;热影响区损伤最为严重且正火后损伤较淬火后略轻微.      

基于凹坑深度的复合材料低速冲击损伤分析

对复合材料层合板进行了低速冲击实验,建立了冲击凹坑深度与冲击能量的关系。依据凹坑深度反推冲击能量,并用能量确定冲锤质量和冲击速度,从而可对层合板进行动态数值模拟。冲击凹坑深度与冲击能量的关系表明,凹坑深度的变化是与冲击能量的变化过程相适应的,在此基础上对损伤的分布形式及大小做了详细的分析。采用ANSYS有限元程序对复合材料层合板横向低速冲击进行模拟,采用瞬态分析方法来研究层合板的冲击与损伤过程。对冲击后的试验件进行了C扫描损失检测。计算和试验结果表明,此方法是可行的,特别适合于层合板冲击后的损伤评估。     

基于红外热成像的编织复合材料低速冲击和冲击后压缩试验研究

针对二维三轴编织复合材料（two-dimensional triaxially braided composite, 2DTBC）在低速冲击和冲击后压缩（compression after impact, CAI）载荷下的损伤失效机理,开展了2DTBC试样的不同能量低速冲击试验以及相应的CAI试验,并采用红外热像仪监测在低速冲击和CAI试验过程中的温升现象。通过C扫描表征了不同能量低速冲击后试样的分层损伤情况,讨论了试样背面温度场分布特性及其随冲击能量的演化规律;对比分析了2DTBC冲击后剩余压缩强度与冲击能量的对应关系,基于数字图像相关（digital image correlation, DIC）技术监测了CAI试验中的全局应变场,结合热成像、变形场和光学图像数据,阐明了不同能量冲击后2DTBC的压缩失效特性,讨论了基于红外热成像技术表征编织复合材料损伤失效行为的有效性。试验结果显示:编织复合材料低速冲击和CAI试验中的温度场分布图与编织几何构型有明显关联度;低速冲击试验的温升幅值随冲击能量的增加而快速上升,CAI试验的温升现象随着冲击能量的增加而减弱;分层面积随冲击能量的增大而增大,冲击后剩余压缩强度随冲击能量的增大而降低。研究结果表明:红外热成像技术能够很好地捕捉试样破坏瞬间释放断裂能所产生的温升现象,温度场图像相较于全局应变场能更好地捕捉破坏的起始位置和失效特征。     

破片冲击作用下舰船复合材料结构损伤的近场动力学模拟

基于近场动力学方法，综合分析了破片的速度、层合板的铺层方式、加筋板的筋条尺寸和破片相对筋条的冲击位置对结构损伤模式和破片剩余速度的影响。结果显示:高速破片冲击作用下，层合板会发生侵彻和穿透现象，层合板的损伤模式以基体损伤为主，且随着破片冲击速度的增大，板上下表面的损伤区域呈现出一种先增大后减小的趋势；高速破片冲击作用下，层合的板损伤扩展方向和纤维铺设方向有关，对于纤维铺层方向相同的层合板，其上下表面的损伤扩展方向一般与纤维方向相同；加筋板通过增加少量质量可以获得比层合板更好的抗破片冲击性能，且加筋板的筋条尺寸和破片相对筋条的冲击位置对加筋板的损伤具有明显影响。     

雷暴冲击风风洞设计及流场测试

鉴于雷暴冲击风试验装置的特殊性以及与低速直流风洞的共通性,参考低速直流风洞的设计方法设计完成了试验装置的洞体结构,并制作了具有调节功能的平板来模拟地面.通过调节平板,该装置能够同时改变冲击风强度、直径、射流高度、入射倾角等冲击风参数.试验测得稳态条件下射流口下竖向风速分布,以及沿竖向分布和水平分布的水平风速,研究了水平距离、高度及冲击风参数的影响.研究结果表明:最大水平风速出现的高度与其水平位置有关;射流速度V_(jet)与射流直径D_(jet)在一定范围内对试验结果影响不大;射流高度h与入射倾角α对冲击风的流场有明显影响.     

蜂窝夹芯结构冲击损伤后的压缩行为研究

通过试验结合有限元方法,针对蜂窝夹芯结构的无损件和三种冲击损伤件开展了单轴压缩载荷下的失效模式研究,同时考虑了胶层性能与损伤尺寸的影响。研究结果表明：试验和有限元方法得到的损伤模式及起始损伤位置相同;不同冲击损伤位置可导致结构的整体承载能力不同,下降的范围为10%~20%。其中：损伤位于顶面区时承载能力下降最为严重,损伤位于边缘区时承载能力下降最少;面芯界面胶层性能的不同会使结构材料破坏顺序改变,胶层断裂能较低时夹芯结构由蜂窝芯破坏向层间破坏转变;冲击能量不同引起结构损伤程度不同,随着损伤深度的增加,结构破坏的危险位置由中心转向边缘。     

A nonlinear finite-element approach for kineto-static analysis of multibody systems

Methods that treat rigid/flexible multibody systems undergoing large motion as well as deformations are often accompanied with inefficiencies and instabilities in the numerical solution due to the large number of state variables, differences in the magnitudes of the rigid and flexible body coordinates, and the time dependencies of the mass and stiffness matrices. The kineto-static methodology of this paper treats a multibody mechanical system to consist of two collections of bulky (rigid) bodies and relatively flexible ones. A mixed boundary condition nonlinear finite element problem is then formulated at each time step whose known quantities are the displacements of the nodes at the boundary of rigid and flexible bodies and its unknowns are the deformed shape of the entire structure and the loads (forces and moments) at the boundary. Partitioning techniques are used to solve the systems of equations for the unknowns, and the numerical solution of the rigid multibody system governing equations of motion is carried out. The methodology is very much suitable in modelling and predicting the impact responses of multibody system since both nonlinear and large gross motion as well as deformations are encountered. Therefore, it has been adopted for the studies of the dynamic responses of ground vehicle or aircraft occupants in different crash scenarios. The kineto-static methodology is used to determine the large motion of the rigid segments of the occupant such as the limbs and the small deformations of the flexible bodies such as the spinal column. One of the most dangerous modes of injury is the amount of compressive load that the spine experiences. Based on the developed method, a mathematical model of the occupant with a nonlinear finite element model of the lumbar spine is developed for a Hybrid II (Part 572) anthropomorphic test dummy. The lumbar spine model is then incorporated into a gross motion occupant model. The analytical results are correlated with the experimental results from the impact sled test of the dummy/seat/restraint system. With this extended occupant model containing the lumbar spine, the gross motion of occupant segments, including displacements, velocities and accelerations as well as spinal axial loads, bending moments, shear forces, internal forces, nodal forces, and deformation time histories are evaluated. This detailed information helps in assessing the level of spinal injury, determining mechanisms of spinal injury, and designing better occupant safety devices.     

基于正面碰撞实验的胸部损伤有限元分析

安全带的逐步使用极大地提高了车内乘员的安全性,但最近的交通事故研究表明,在正面碰撞工况下,乘员胸部损伤的防护效率还需要进一步提升.利用已验证生物逼真度的人体有限元模型和PMHS(post mortem human subjects)实验结果,建立配有安全带的乘员有限元分析模型,研究在不同碰撞工况下安全带定位设计参数对胸部变形量和肋骨应力应变响应等损伤相关物理参数的影响,并提出在安全设计中为改进防护效率,有效减少胸部损伤风险的一种虚拟试验方法.参考PMHS实验,基于全球人体有限元模型建立了一个基准佩带有限元人体模型,结合实验中测试的运动学响应、安全带的拉伸力和胸部变形量指标验证其生物逼真度.通过参数分析研究正面碰撞中安全带高度位置、安全带角度和碰撞速度对乘员胸部损伤的影响.结果表明胸廓应力应变分布及胸部变形量对安全带的高度位置更加敏感,基于安全带设计参数变化预测的胸部变形量宏观指标和应力应变的微观指标的变化趋势一致.对乘员安全带相关的胸部损伤研究提供虚拟设计分析方法,相关胸部损伤机理的研究结果可为今后约束系统的优化设计提供参考.     

A nonlinear occupant-restraint system model for predicting human injuries caused by vertical impact

Nonlinear Dynamics - High-amplitude biodynamic responses may occur when the human body is subjected to a vertical impact load induced by explosions or crashes. In order to improve the occupant...     

爆炸地冲击作用下浮放设备滑移抛离分析

从基础和设备间的接触力特点出发,采用Matlab/SIMULINK仿真软件建立了爆炸地冲击作用下浮放设备的滑移抛离模型,并验证了该模型的正确性。通过输入实测爆炸地冲击加速度波得出在真实爆炸环境中浮放设备的运动历程可分为相对静止、滑移、抛离、滑移减速等四个阶段。并根据其特点,提出了合理简化加速度波,采用该加速度波形,分析得到了浮放设备运动响应与动摩擦系数、爆炸地运动参数的关系。     

Kinematics of the motorcar body side deformation process during front-to-side vehicle collision and the emergence of a hazard to car occupants

The kinematics of the process of deformation of the motorcar body side in the culminating phase of a front-to-side vehicle collision has been examined as a possible basis for analyzing and modeling the process of emergence of a hazard to car occupants during a road accident. The course of such accidents has a complex nature and their models are necessarily based on the approximation of non-linear elastoplastic characteristics of impact processes, especially during the transition from the compression phase to the restitution phase of the deformation process. For such characteristics to be obtained, a lot of experimental tests have to be carried out. This paper addresses the short-duration processes with a high degree of complexity.

A front-to-side motorcar collision model has been prepared, which made it possible to analyze the process of deformation of the car body side and the emergence of a hazard and injuries to car occupants. The results of calculation of the deformation rate and range in various car body zones, velocity of the test dummy placed on driver’s seat and velocity of possible dummy’s impact against the car body side being deformed may be taken as a basis for designing effective occupant protection systems. The kinematics of the phase of vehicle contact and deformation process was modeled with taking into account results of experimental tests, including the curves characterizing the largely non-linear processes that are decisive for the deformation of the car body side. The deformation processes analyzed on these grounds showed at the same time the range of penetration of the deformed body part into the car interior, which causes a hazard to vehicle occupants. The calculation results have shown e.g. that the car body side is deformed to a depth of 0.2 m as quickly as within 0.02–0.03 s. At such a car body side deformation range, the car body part being deformed hits occupant’s body in his/her hips and pelvis area with a velocity of about 6 m/s.

     

Influence of soil deformation on off-road heavy vehicle suspension vibration

Analyses of the dynamic behaviour of a heavy vehicle during off-road operation are conducted under steady state condition. Three different numerical quarter-vehicle models (single point contact model, rigid wheel contact model and deformable wheel contact model) are introduced, and the simulation results are compared in order to find the most appropriate vehicle model. During the longitudinal travel of the vehicle, arbitrary ground profile is an input of vertical excitation to the vehicle. When ground deformation is included in the numerical model, the deformation filters the vertical excitation to the vehicle while the level of excitation varies depending on the soil deformability. Bekker's non-linear pressure/sinkage relationship is applied in modelling the ground behaviour. The simulations are conducted in the time domain and various surface roughness and ground deformability are applied in the ground/vehicle interaction during a parameter study. The ground deformation under the wheel acts like a non-linear spring during the vehicle movement and influences the vehicle vibration. If a vehicle mainly operates on off-road condition with high ground deformability lower value of damping is required in order to minimise the vertical body acceleration.     

汽车侧面和斜碰撞中人体胸部损伤响应数值分析

车辆侧面和斜碰撞在导致乘员严重损伤的交通事故中占有相当大的比例, 但与正面碰撞事故研究相比仍缺少对车内乘员在侧面和斜碰撞中的胸部损伤生物力学的深入研究. 因此本文采用数值模型来分析这两种碰撞载荷下的人体胸部生物力学响应以及损伤相关的物理参数. 首先, 将自主开发验证的胸部、头颈部和下肢有限元模型相结合, 建立了一个完整的人体坐姿有限元模型;然后, 采用该坐姿模型模拟了文献中的7例尸体胸部侧面碰撞和斜碰撞实验;仿真计算获得的碰撞力、胸部变形量和力-变形等损伤相关的响应曲线都在对应的生物力学实验曲线走廊范围内;仿真与实验结果对比表明了坐姿模型的有效性;从仿真结果发现碰撞力峰值较接近于实验结果的较大值, 而变形量趋向于实验结果的较小值;同时, 侧面碰撞条件下所得到的碰撞力峰值比斜碰撞中稍大, 峰值出现的时刻较早;而侧面碰撞中胸部变形量峰值比斜碰撞中较小, 出现的时刻同样较早, 这与实验结果所呈现的趋势一致. 分析说明在相同载荷强度下侧面碰撞胸部耐受限度高于斜碰撞时的耐受限度. 该胸部有限元模型可较准确地再现侧面碰撞和斜碰撞生物力学实验中的胸部响应过程, 具有较好的生物逼真度, 可进一步用于侧面碰撞和斜碰撞中乘员胸部损伤生物力学研究.      

民机机身结构耐撞性研究的进展与挑战

应急着陆场景下的民机耐撞性与乘员安全直接相关,是民机安全性的重要体现,其中机身结构耐撞性是民机结构强度领域内的研究热点。机身结构耐撞性是复杂的非线性冲击动力学问题,涉及到结构的大变形、断裂失效与动态接触等。运输类飞机适航标准对机身结构耐撞性做出了明确规定,要求通过合理的设计,避免乘员承受过于严酷的冲击载荷,维持客舱内大质量体的有效约束,保持乘员的可生存空间以及维持乘员应急撤离通道的可用等,相关的设计需要通过实验方法或经验证的分析方法进行评估。本文对民机机身结构耐撞性研究中的几个关键问题,如紧固件和机械连接结构的冲击动力学行为,高效吸能元件与吸能结构设计方法,机身结构耐撞性评估的实验与数值方法等近年来的研究情况进行了分析,总结了主要研究进展,并分析了当前研究面临的主要挑战。     

民机机身结构耐撞性研究的进展与挑战

应急着陆场景下的民机耐撞性与乘员安全直接相关,是民机安全性的重要体现,其中机身结构耐撞性是民机结构强度领域内的研究热点。机身结构耐撞性是复杂的非线性冲击动力学问题,涉及到结构的大变形、断裂失效与动态接触等。运输类飞机适航标准对机身结构耐撞性做出了明确规定,要求通过合理的设计,避免乘员承受过于严酷的冲击载荷,维持客舱内大质量体的有效约束,保持乘员的可生存空间以及维持乘员应急撤离通道的可用等,相关的设计需要通过实验方法或经验证的分析方法进行评估。本文对民机机身结构耐撞性研究中的几个关键问题,如紧固件和机械连接结构的冲击动力学行为,高效吸能元件与吸能结构设计方法,机身结构耐撞性评估的实验与数值方法等近年来的研究情况进行了分析,总结了主要研究进展,并分析了当前研究面临的主要挑战。