一种利用示踪粒子群体运动特征的PTV方法

通过利用示踪粒子在流场局域运动基本相同的事实,提出了用２ 帧图像实现粒子跟踪的ＰＴＶ（ＰａｒｔｉｃｌｅＴｒａｃｋｉｎｇ Ｖｅｌｏｃｉｍｅｔｒｙ） 算法,给出了算法实施的数据结构,并用运动场模拟数据和实测数据进行了验证,证明了这种方法的可行性。     

一种单相机流场速度场三维测量方法

提出了一种用单CCD摄像机进行大型流场三维速度场的测量方法 ,该方法通过利用片光的厚度特征和粒子跟踪算法实现三维速度场的重建 ,通过对模拟脱硫塔中的流场测量证明 ,该方法可以测量定常或低速流场。     

A phase-stepped grating technique for frequency shifting in laser Doppler velocimetry

We demonstrate a novel approach to the moving grating technique for removal of velocity ambiguity in a laser Doppler velocimeter. The method replaces the continuous motion of a moving grating with a grating which can be positioned or switched to three distinct phase positions. Advantages of this approach are its potential for compact implementation and high stability of the velocity offset.     

An image-shifting technique based on grey-scale classification for particle image velocimetry

The image-shifting techniques are used to overcome the directional ambiguity of particle image displacement in the measurement of particle image velocimetry (PIV). This paper proposes an image-shifting technique based on grey-scale classification for PIV. By calculating the unified grey-scale statistical frequency of each interrogated unit, the directional ambiguity is resolved without any special requirement of the camera, and the particle image displacement is calculated synchronously. This image-shifting technique can be realized by controlling the difference in the light intensity of two lasers. Using this new technique, a PIV system was developed and used to measure the diesel spray flow. The displacement vector map of fuel particle in the spray flow was obtained, and the structure of the spray flow was investigated. The application confirmed that the image-shifting technique is viable and effective.     

颠簸摇摆引起的车辆测速误差分析

分析了车辆颠簸摇摆时单光束测速系统的测量误差,提出了一种基于Janus配置的激光测速系统。该系统由两个单光束系统组成,安装于车辆底部,分别向车头和车尾方向以相同的倾角发射同频激光束,测量各自散射回波的多普勒频移,根据两多普勒频移和发射倾角得到摇摆角的值,进而求得车辆运行速度。理论分析和仿真结果表明:单光束系统的测速精度受光束的发射倾角、车辆摇摆角以及车辆垂直方向的速度影响较大;Janus系统对车辆的颠簸摇摆不敏感,可得到较高的测速精度,颠簸起伏速度为0.3m/s,当摇摆角为16°时,误差小于0.5%。     

用于层析粒子图像测速的模拟粒子场成像

对层析粒子图像测速(PIV)技术中示踪粒子成像部分进行理论分析,并结合真实风洞的相应参数,通过搭建模拟粒子成像平台的方法来进行研究。设计了一套体积为80 mm×100 mm×100 mm的激光照明系统,以提供粒子场的入射光强。建立了示踪粒子的三维成像模型,从而得到层析PIV系统的模拟图像。分析了影响PIV系统成像质量的相关因素。在单像素粒子数为0.007 7的情况下,通过真实粒子图像和模拟粒子图像比较,验证了该方法的正确性。     

A new particle image velocimetry technique for three-dimensional flows

A PC-based machine vision system for obtaining three-dimensional particle co-ordinates using a single camera is presented. Based on photogrammetric imaging, this system uniquely combines the advantages of stereo and orthogonal views to determine the accurate locations of the particles. A 3D cross-correlation algorithm has been implemented to follow the particles from frame to frame and compute the velocity vectors. Experiments have been carried out to obtain the velocity profiles in a cubical test section with an offset inlet and outlet. The results obtained from the experimental investigation were compared with numerical simulation data obtained from FLUENT and STAR-CD.     

Optical coherence tomography based particle image velocimetry (OCT-PIV) of polymer flows

The measurement of spatially resolved velocity distributions is crucial for modelling flow and for understanding properties of materials produced in extrusion processes. Traditional methods for flow visualization such as particle image velocimetry (PIV) rely on optically transparent media and cannot be applied to turbid polymer melts. Here we present optical coherence tomography as an imaging technique for PIV data processing that allows for measuring a sequence of time resolved images even in turbid media. Time-resolved OCT images of a glass-fibre polymer compound were acquired during an extrusion process in a slit die. The images are post-processed by ensemble cross-correlation to calculate spatially resolved velocity vector fields. The results compared well with velocity data obtained by Doppler-OCT. Overall, this new technique (OCT-PIV) represents an important extension of PIV to turbid materials by the use of OCT.     

A new proof of Mie effect in light scattering

In detecting particles on a substrate, two-white-spots phenomenon was observed. This gives an illusion that light scattering is caused by two spheres, in fact it is just caused by one sphere. This phenomenon makes particle detection by light scattering much more complicated. Analysis on this phenomenon shows that Mie effect is the reason of formation of two white spots. This experiment demonstrates the images of Mie effect, and provides a strong evidence of theory of Mie effect.     

A semi-analytic technique to speed up successive order of scattering model for optically thick media

A semi-analytic technique has been developed to speed up the integration of radiative transfer over optically thick media for the successive order of scattering (SOS) method. Based on the characteristics of the internal distribution of scattering intensity, this technique uses piecewise analytic eigenfunctions to fit internal scattering intensities and integrates them analytically over optical depth. This semi-analytic approach greatly reduces the number of sub-layers required for accurate radiative transfer calculation based on the SOS method. Results show that an accuracy of 1% for both flux and radiance (polar angle less than 67^°) can be achieved with a significantly small number of layers. This technique is accurate and efficient and makes the SOS method applicable for optically thick scattering media.     

一种新的光子多普勒速度频谱分析方法

光子多普勒速度计可给出飞层表面某一速度带内颗粒群速度随时间演化的频谱数据, 在冲击动力学实验尤其是微喷射及其混合研究中得到广泛应用. 本文提出一种新的光子多普勒频谱数据分析方法, 可推断出混合区厚度变化和前端等效颗粒尺度. 利用该方法, 对一些典型状态下喷射混合速度频谱开展分析, 获得了不同冲击压力、气体条件下颗粒度数据, 证实了气体环境下喷射颗粒的气动破碎现象, 以及破碎后尺度与初始条件的依赖性, 为喷射混合物理规律研究提供了重要依据.     

基于粒子成像测速技术的雨滴微物理特性研究

为了获取自然环境条件下的雨滴形状、尺度、速度、取向等微物理特性,基于粒子成像测速的瞬态测量可视化技术,研究基于点扩散函数的图像复原算法和自相关图像的速度提取算法,设计并研制了一种基于面阵电荷耦合元件的自然降水成像测速系统.通过外场观测试验研究了雨滴的直径、速度、轴比和空间取向及其谱分布等微观物理特性;雨滴的速度随直径的增大呈指数增大,轴比随直径的增大呈线性减小,空间取向易受环境风的影响,倾斜角的平均值在2.1?左右,标准偏差为11.5?;基于实测数据拟合了雨滴速度和轴比随直径的变化关系.与国外已有模型相比,本文进一步得出了具有本地化特征的雨滴微物理特性.所得到的结论对于云降水物理学研究、天气雷达地面定标、雨致微波衰减评估等方面的应用具有重要的意义.     

The development of full field interferometric methods for fluid velocimetry

The development of full field interferometry as a velocimetry technique in experimental fluid mechanics from its inception in 1977 to the present is discussed. In 1977, holographic interferometry (HI) was applied for the first time to measure the velocity field in a liquid flow. It was not until 1998 that the first application to a gaseous flow was reported. The only kind of speckle interferometry that has been applied to measure velocity fields so far is digital speckle pattern interferometry (DSPI). It was in 1999 that DSPI was demonstrated both in a liquid and a gaseous flow.     

A magnetic field sensor based on orthoconjugate reflection used for current sensing

One of the predominant limitations to the practical applications of bulk glass optical current transformers is the harmful influence of the reflection-induced retardance and linear birefringence existing inside the glass current-sensing elements. To solve this problem, a new design of optical magnetic field sensor using a Faraday Mirror for current measurement, is proposed, the optical setup is shown, the working principle is derived, the experimental result is given, and the advantages and shortcomings of the design are discussed in this paper.     

基于CCD成像方法的激光束近场光强分布测试技术

激光束近场光强分布是影响激光束特性的重要参数之一,为了使目前激光束近场光强分布的评价更加合理和科学化,对CCD直接测量法和漫反射屏测量法两种测量方法进行了研究,并分析了材料不同的漫反射屏对测量结果的影响。研究结果表明,漫反射屏材料的不同对测量结果有较大影响,并且漫反射屏测量法存在的散斑对测量结果影响也较大。两种测量方法比较表明CCD直接测量法测得结果更加客观,与真实值更加接近。     

基于CCD成像方法的激光束近场光强分布测试技术?

激光束近场光强分布是影响激光束特性的重要参数之一,为了使目前激光束近场光强分布的评价更加合理和科学化,对CCD直接测量法和漫反射屏测量法两种测量方法进行了研究,并分析了材料不同的漫反射屏对测量结果的影响。研究结果表明,漫反射屏材料的不同对测量结果有较大影响,并且漫反射屏测量法存在的散斑对测量结果影响也较大。两种测量方法比较表明CCD直接测量法测得结果更加客观,与真实值更加接近。     

A new approach to charged-particle scattering in the presence of laser plus Coulomb-field

A new approach to charge-particle scattering in the presence of laser plus coulomb-field by using Fourier analysis technique is described. Explicit expressions for positive energy states and their asymptotic limits for the zero, one and two photon processes are evaluated exactly.     

DPSM technique for ultrasonic field modelling near fluid-solid interface

Distributed point source method (DPSM) is gradually gaining popularity in the field of non-destructive evaluation (NDE). DPSM is a semi-analytical technique that can be used to calculate the ultrasonic fields produced by transducers of finite dimension placed in homogeneous or non-homogeneous media. This technique has been already used to model ultrasonic fields in homogeneous and multi-layered fluid structures. In this paper the method is extended to model the ultrasonic fields generated in both fluid and solid media near a fluid-solid interface when the transducer is placed in the fluid half-space near the interface. Most results in this paper are generated by the newly developed DPSM technique that requires matrix inversion. This technique is identified as the matrix inversion based DPSM technique. Some of these results are compared with the results produced by the Rayleigh-Sommerfield integral based DPSM technique. Theory behind both matrix inversion based and Rayleigh-Sommerfield integral based DPSM techniques is presented in this paper. The matrix inversion based DPSM technique is found to be very efficient for computing the ultrasonic field in non-homogeneous materials. One objective of this study is to model ultrasonic fields in both solids and fluids generated by the leaky Rayleigh wave when finite size transducers are inclined at Rayleigh critical angles. This phenomenon has been correctly modelled by the technique. It should be mentioned here that techniques based on paraxial assumptions fail to model the critical reflection phenomenon. Other advantages of the DPSM technique compared to the currently available techniques for transducer radiation modelling are discussed in the paper under Introduction.     

基于电场数值加权的跨介质元胞共形新技术

针对时域有限差分法处理跨介质元胞现有共形技术中存在误差大、平行方向未被包含等问题, 提出一种利用电场数值加权法来进行跨介质元胞共形计算的新算法. 该算法不再对介电常数ε做加权平均处理, 而是根据中值定理对时域有限差分法真正的求解分量电场强度进行权值选择, 并将权值乘入积分路径中. 该方法同时考虑了跨介质安培环路元胞与跨介质法拉第环路元胞对结果带来的不连续影响, 而且对介质界面与元胞中场分量的各种位置关系均能应用, 通用性强、精度高且易于实现. 利用介质填充圆波导作为数值模型来进行理论数值计算和仿真验证, 比较不同共形方法的二维TE模式的特征根与理论值的偏差以及由共形技术所带来的各向相异性. 数值结果表明, 本文所提出算法求得的特征根最接近理论值, 而且造成的各向相异性更小, 从而验证了该算法在处理跨介质元胞时的有效性. 关键词： 时域有限差分 电场数值加权法 二维TE模式 跨介质元胞     

Defocus and binocular vision based stereo particle pairing method for 3D particle tracking velocimetry

We propose a new method, based on the depth-from-defocus technique and binocular vision, for solving the stereo particle pairing problem in 3D particle tracking velocimetry (PTV). Firstly, the apparent particle depth is measured with a single camera, using the depth-from-defocus technique. Secondly, a strict mathematical model of the particle-to-particle correspondence relationship between the left and right images, taking into account the refractions at the interfaces in the optical path, is presented, with the assumption that the apparent particle depth is measured. Thirdly, based on the apparent particle depth and particle-to-particle correspondence relationship, the epipoplar line is truncated into a short line segment by cutting off, where the apparent particle depth extends beyond its estimated range. For the first time, the range of the blur circle radius is employed as an additional stereo particle pairing constraint. Finally, the optimal pairing particle is selected by applying the epipolar line segment and blur circle radius constraints. The experimental results show that the rate of correct pairing is significantly improved compared with the epipolar line nearest neighbor analysis, especially when the particle density is increasing.