适配体生物传感器在病原微生物检测中的应用

适配体是通过指数富集系统进化技术(SELEX)体外筛选得到的一类能够特异性地结合小分子物质、蛋白,甚至整个细胞的寡核苷酸序列.由于具有制备简便、易于修饰、稳定性好等特点,适配体已广泛应用于构建生物传感器,实现对病原微生物的识别和检测.本文在阐述适配体基本原理的基础之上,结合近年来病原微生物适配体研究领域的最新研究成果,综述以病原微生物为目标的适配体筛选技术的最新进展;列举目前已经筛选获得的病原微生物(原生生物、病毒、细菌)适配体;综述适配体生物传感器在病原微生物检测中的应用.并展望了适配体生物传感器在病原微生物检测领域的发展趋势.     

细菌的核酸适配体筛选的研究进展

核酸适配体(aptamer)是通过指数富集配体系统进化技术(SELEX)筛选的能够以高亲和力和高特异性识别靶标分子或细胞的核糖核酸(RNA)和单链脱氧核糖核酸(ssDNA)。作为化学抗体,核酸适配体的制备和合成比抗体的成本更低。核酸适配体的靶标范围极其广泛,包括小分子、生物大分子、细菌和细胞等。针对细菌靶标筛选的适配体,目前主要应用于食品、医药和环境中的细菌检测。细菌的核酸适配体筛选可以通过离心法将菌体-适配体复合物与游离的适配体分离,并通过荧光成像、荧光光谱分析、流式细胞仪分选、DNA捕获元件、酶联适配体分析等方法表征适配体与靶标的相互作用。筛选出的适配体可结合生物、化学检测方法用于细菌检测。本文介绍了细菌适配体的筛选和表征方法以及基于适配体的检测方法的最新进展,分析了不同检测方法的利弊,并列出了2011~2015年筛选的细菌的核酸适配体。     

蛋白质的核酸适配体筛选及应用的研究进展

核酸适配体是通过指数富集配体系统进化(SELEX)筛选方法获得的,能够与靶标分子高亲和力和特异性结合的单链DNA或RNA。蛋白质是一种非常重要的生物功能大分子,迄今为止,已经开发了许多SELEX技术,用于蛋白质的适配体的筛选。目前,适配体的筛选优化方法主要集中在提高筛选效率、降低筛选成本,以及提升适配体性能等方面,从而获得可与靶标分子以高亲和力和高特异性结合的适配体。适配体与靶标分子亲和力的表征是关键的筛选步骤,用于判定所筛选的适配体是否可以满足后续应用需求。本文归纳总结了2016年以来蛋白质靶标的适配体筛选的研究进展,对核酸适配体筛选过程中有关核酸库的优化方法和筛选方法的改进、新筛选方法的开发、核酸适配体的应用等方面的研究进行了评述。     

基于核酸适配体和纳米粒子的光学探针

核酸适配体(aptamer)是一类通过指数富集的配体系统进化技术(SELEX)经体外筛选得到的单链DNA或RNA。核酸适配体借自身形成的空间结构与靶标分子特异性结合,具有靶分子广、亲和力高、特异性强、易改造修饰等特点,因而在生命科学、临床诊断、药物发现和环境科学等方面得以广泛应用。近年来,核酸适配体与纳米技术结合,并利用纳米材料在光学、磁学、电学、化学及生物学方面表现出的特殊性质,实现了对靶标分子高灵敏度、高选择性、简便快速的识别与检测。本文评述了基于核酸适配体-纳米粒子特性的光学探针在生物大分子、金属离子和有机小分子检测等领域的应用现状与发展趋势,主要包括比色法、荧光光谱法、表面增强拉曼光谱法等。     

适配体在癌症诊断与靶向治疗中的研究进展

核酸适配体是利用体外筛选技术,即指数富集的配体系统进化技术(SELEX),从核酸分子文库中得到的寡核苷酸片段。其与靶标物有很高的特异性和亲和力,将适配体作为识别单元的生物传感研究以及适配体偶联成像试剂的生物体内外成像研究在临床诊断中有很大的应用前景,此外,适配体靶向癌细胞或组织的治疗方法相比传统化学治疗副作用更小,在临床上也有极大的应用前景。本文综述了适配体目前在癌症诊断和靶向治疗两个方面的研究进展,并分析现阶段存在的问题以及面临的挑战。     

核酸适配体在多肽研究中的应用

多肽在生命体的生理过程中发挥着重要作用,其生理功能一直是生物学、药理学和医学等领域的重要研究内容.核酸适配体是经体外筛选获得的单链DNA或RNA,能与靶标高亲和力、高特异性地结合,有"化学抗体"或"化学家的抗体"之称.以多肽为靶标筛选获得的核酸适配体主要有两大用途:一是基于其识别功能,作为亲和试剂来建立分析检测方法或开展生物成像研究;二是基于它们的生物学活性,作为拮抗剂在活体水平影响靶标多肽的正常功能,阻碍下游信号通路,从而对疾病进行治疗.本文总结了近年来以多肽为靶标筛选的核酸适配体在体内及体外的用途,并探讨了其在筛选、表征及应用中存在的问题,并对其未来的发展趋势进行了展望.     

适配体探针传感技术进展

适配体是通过指数富集配基的系统进化技术体外筛选得到的一组能与靶分子高亲和、高特异性结合的寡核苷酸序列（单链DNA或RNA）。作为一类新型的功能分子,适配体己在生命科学、化学等领域获得愈来愈多的应用。以不同类型的示踪分子标记适配体后,该类适配体探针可以直观地将适配体与靶分子的特异性识别转化为灵敏的示踪信号,从而为金属离子、有机小分子、核酸和蛋白质等大分子乃至细胞等的检测提供一种灵敏、特异的新型模式。本文阐述适配体探针在多种传感技术方面中的应用,并着重介绍适配体探针荧光传感技术的最新发展。     

基于微流控芯片的核酸适配体筛选技术研究进展

适配体(Aptamer)是通过指数富集的配体系统进化技术(SELEX)筛选得到的,可与靶标分子以高亲和力特异性结合的单链DNA或RNA,在生物分离分析、临床诊断和疾病靶向治疗等领域应用广泛。适配体的发展与筛选技术的进步密切相关,以SELEX为基础,研究者开发了磁珠SELEX和毛细管电泳SELEX等多种适配体体外筛选技术,但这些方法存在筛选轮次多、筛选周期长和样品消耗量大、对小分子筛选效率低等缺点。微流控芯片具有体积小、高通量和易集成等特点,基于微流控芯片的SELEX技术在一定程度上可解决上述问题,实现适配体快速、高通量的体外筛选。本文在总结SELEX及其关键技术要点的基础上,重点评述了基于微流控和微阵列芯片SELEX技术的研究进展,并对SELEX技术中未来的发展方向进行了总结和展望。     

引言

核酸适配体特指具有分子识别功能的短序列的单链核酸,也被称为"化学抗体"。它既有可与抗体相当的亲和力和特异性,又有明显优于抗体的特点:可通过化学合成制备,无需动物免疫,成本低;分子性质稳定,能可逆变性与复性,易储存运输;分子量小,易穿过细胞膜,免疫原性低,无明显的毒副作用;靶标范围广泛,包括金属离子、小分子、蛋白质、细胞和微生物等。Web of Science数据库显示,仅2010年以来就有超过5300篇核酸适配体论文发表,涉及生物医学、分子生物学、化学生物学、分析化学、材料化学、物理学、数学等学科领域。核酸适配体研究具有交叉学科特色,与核酸适配体应用相关的食品、环境和生物分析检测,以及核酸适配体在疾病诊断和治疗、药物研发和分子成像领域的应用潜力正吸引多学科领域研究者的广泛关注。我国学者在核酸适配体研究领域取得大量处于世界前列的研究成果。2009年以来,约300个核酸适配体相关项目获国家重大研究计划以及国家自然科学基金资助。近3年来,在生物、医学、中医药、环境和食品安全检测领域的核酸适配体相关应用研究也在快速增加。 纵观核酸适配体25年的发展,已报道的靶标超过500种,筛选出的核酸适配体超过2300种。但大量的研究和应用主要集中于一些常见的靶标和特定的核酸适配体。令人满意的具有实际应用价值的核酸适配体数目还非常有限。研究者普遍的共识是,核酸适配体的筛选过程复杂,筛选效率低,且缺少标准化的方法表征适配体的功能,这是目前制约核酸适配体广泛应用的两个瓶颈。     

基于量子点标记的适配体技术在分析检测中的研究进展

由于光学性质独特,量子点成为近年来发展起来的极具应用前景的半导体纳米材料,作为荧光标记物在生物和化学领域备受关注。随着生物技术的发展,适配体以其高特异性、强亲和力等特点被用作生物探针或生物传感元件,在分析检测中得到广泛应用。将量子点与适配体结合构建的纳米生物识别体系,互补结合适配体和量子点的特殊性质,可实现对靶标物质的超灵敏、高选择性及快速检测。本文概述了量子点的合成、修饰及其与适配体的偶联,重点介绍了近几年基于量子点标记的适配体技术在生物分子、病原微生物、细胞、真菌毒素等方面的应用,并展望了该技术在分析检测领域的发展趋势。     

适配体在靶向特异性检测中的最新应用进展

适配体是体外采用SELEX技术筛选得到的一段寡核苷酸序列(DNA或RNA),能折叠成一定的空间结构结合靶物质,实现特异性吸附。其功能类似抗体,但具有抗体无法比拟的优势,如靶物质范围广、特异性强、亲和力高、可体外筛选、易于标记和修饰、稳定性好、没有毒性、易制备等。近年来,适配体已在分析检测、生物化学、食品安全、临床医疗等领域得到广泛应用。本文综述了适配体在金属离子、抗生素、农药残留、真菌毒素、蛋白质、微生物、细胞等成分靶向特异性快速检测方面的应用进展,并分析其存在的局限性和问题,展望其应用前景和发展趋势,以期为适配体应用的拓展和相关研究提供依据和支持。     

SELEX and dynamic combinatorial chemistry interplay for the selection of conjugated RNA aptamers

SELEX (for Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential enrichment) has proven to be extraordinarily powerful for the isolation of DNA or RNA aptamers that bind with high affinity and specificity to a wide range of molecular targets. However, the modest chemical functionality of nucleic acids poses some limits on the versatility of aptamers as binders and catalysts. To further improve the properties of aptamers, additional chemical diversity must be introduced. The design of chemical modifications is not a trivial task. Recently, dynamic combinatorial chemistry (DCC) has been introduced as an alternative to traditional combinatorial chemistry. DCC employs equilibrium shifting to effect molecular evolution of a dynamic combinatorial library of molecules. Herein, we describe an original process that combines DCC and SELEX for the in vitro selection of modified aptamers which are conjugated to chemically diverse small-molecules. Its successful application for the selection of small-molecule conjugated RNA aptamers that bind tightly to the transactivation-response (TAR) element of HIV-1 is presented.     

Aptamers as analytical reagents

Many important analytical methods are based on molecular recognition. Aptamers are oligonucleotides that exhibit molecular recognition; they are capable of specifically binding a target molecule, and have exhibited affinity for several classes of molecules. The use of aptamers as tools in analytical chemistry is on the rise due to the development of the "systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment" (SELEX) procedure. This technique allows high-affinity aptamers to be isolated and amplified when starting from a large pool of oligonucleotide sequences. These molecules have been used in flow cytometry, biosensors, affinity probe electrophoresis, capillary electrochromatography, and affinity chromatography. In this paper, we will discuss applications of aptamers which have led to the development of aptamers as chromatographic stationary phases and applications of these stationary phases; and look towards future work which may benefit from the use of aptamers as stationary phases.     

全细胞的核酸适配体筛选的研究进展

核酸适配体(aptamer)是从人工合成的随机单链DNA(ssDNA)或RNA文库中筛选得到的,能够高亲和力、高特异性地与靶标结合的ssDNA或RNA。核酸适配体的靶标范围广,可包括小分子、蛋白质、细胞、微生物等多种靶标。其中以细胞为靶标的适配体在生物感应、分子成像、医学诊断、药物传输和疾病治疗等领域有很大的应用潜能。但全细胞的核酸适配体筛选过程复杂,筛选难度大,筛选的适配体性能不佳是导致目前可用的适配体非常有限的主要原因。由于细胞表面蛋白质在提取纯化过程中分子结构和形态会发生改变,故以膜表面蛋白质为靶标筛选的适配体很难应用于识别整体细胞。以全细胞为靶标的核酸适配体筛选则不需要准确了解细胞表面的分子结构,筛选过程中可保持细胞的天然状态,以全细胞为靶标筛选出的核酸适配体有望直接用于全细胞识别。本文总结了2008~2015年全细胞的核酸适配体筛选的研究进展,介绍了靶细胞的分类、核酸库的设计、筛选条件和方法以及核酸适配体的亲和力表征方法等。并列出全细胞靶标的核酸适配体序列。     

Microfluidic selection and applications of aptamers

The high affinity and specificity of aptamers make them ideal reagents for a wide range of analytical applications. It is not surprising that they are finding application in microfluidics as well. CE has proven to be an efficient technique for isolating aptamers. Aptamers have been used as affinity reagents in CE assays. Aptamer-based chromatography stationary phases have demonstrated unique selectivities. Possibly the application that holds the highest potential is aptamer microarrays for screening proteomic samples.     

Kinetic capillary electrophoresis-based affinity screening of aptamer clones

DNA aptamers are single stranded DNA (ssDNA) molecules artificially selected from random-sequence DNA libraries for their specific binding to a certain target. DNA aptamers have a number of advantages over antibodies and promise to replace them in both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. The development of DNA aptamers involves three major stages: library enrichment, obtaining individual DNA clones, and the affinity screening of the clones. The purpose of the screening is to obtain the nucleotide sequences of aptamers and the binding parameters of their interaction with the target. Highly efficient approaches have been recently developed for the first two stages, while the third stage remained the rate-limiting one. Here, we introduce a new method for affinity screening of individual DNA aptamer clones. The proposed method amalgamates: (i) aptamer amplification by asymmetric PCR (PCR with a primer ratio different from unity), (ii) analysis of aptamer-target interaction, combining in-capillary mixing of reactants by transverse diffusion of laminar flow profiles (TDLFP) and affinity analysis using kinetic capillary electrophoresis (KCE), and (iii) sequencing of only aptamers with satisfying binding parameters. For the first time we showed that aptamer clones can be directly used in TDLFP/KCE-based affinity analysis without an additional purification step after asymmetric PCR amplification. We also demonstrated that mathematical modeling of TDLFP-based mixing allows for the determination of K_d values for the in-capillary reaction of an aptamer and a target and that the obtained K_d values can be used for the accurate affinity ranking of aptamers. The proposed method does not require the knowledge of aptamer sequences before screening, avoids lengthy (3-5 h) purification steps of aptamer clones, and minimizes reagent consumption to nanoliters.     

Applications of aptamers for chemistry analysis,medicine and food security

Since aptamer and its in vitro selection process called SELEX were independently described by Ellington and Gold in 1990, extensive research has been undertaken and numerous isolated aptamers for various targets have been applied. Aptamers can bind to a wide range of targets that include small organic molecules, inorganic compounds, haptens and even whole cells with high binding affinity and specificity. Aptamers for a wide range of targets have been selected currently. In addition, aptamers are thermo stable and can also be regenerated easily within a few minutes denaturation, which makes them easy to store or handle. These advantages make aptamers extremely suitable for applications based on molecular recognition as analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic tools. In this review, the recent applications of aptamers for chemistry analysis, medicine and food security, along with the future trend will be discussed.     

小分子靶标的核酸适配体筛选的研究进展

核酸适配体(aptamer)是通过指数富集配体系统进化(SELEX)技术筛选得到的核糖核酸(RNA)或单链脱氧核糖核酸(ssDNA)。核酸适配体通过高亲和力特异性地识别小分子、蛋白质、细胞、微生物等多种靶标,在生物、医药、食品和环境检测等领域的应用日渐增多。但目前实际可用的核酸适配体有限,其筛选过程复杂,筛选难度大,制约了其应用。与生物大分子、细胞和微生物等靶标不同,小分子靶标与核酸分子的结合位点少、亲和力弱,且靶标通常需要固定在载体上。此外,小分子靶标结合核酸形成的复合物与核酸自身的大小、质量、电荷性质等方面差异较小,二者的分离难度大。故小分子靶标的核酸适配体筛选过程与大分子和细胞等复合靶标相比有明显差异,筛选难度更大。因此需要根据其自身结构特点和核酸适配体的应用目的选定靶标或核酸库的固定方法,优化靶标核酸复合物的分离方法。本文介绍了不同类型小分子(具有基团差异的单分子、含相同基团分子和手性分子等)靶标的选择及其核酸适配体的筛选方法,并对核酸库的设计、与靶标结合的核酸的分离方法和亲和作用表征方法进行了介绍,列出了自2008年以来报道的40余种小分子靶标的核酸适配体序列和复合物的平衡解离常数(K_d)。     

A Generalizable and Noncovalent Strategy for Interfacing Aptamers with a Microelectrode for the Selective Sensing of Neurotransmitters In Vivo

The selective sensing of neurochemicals is essential for understanding the chemical basis of brain function and pathology. Interfacing the excellent recognition features of aptamers with in vivo compatible carbon fiber microelectrode (CFE)-based electroanalytical systems offers a plausible means to achieve this end. However, this is challenging in terms of coupling chemistry, stability, and versatility. Here, we present a new interfacial functionalization strategy based on the assembly of aptamer cholesterol amphiphiles (aptCAs) on the alkyl chain-functionalized CFE. The noncovalent cholesterol-alkyl chain interactions effectively immobilize aptamers onto the CFE surface, allowing the generation of a highly selective system for probing neurochemical dynamics in living systems and opening up a vast array of new opportunities for designing in vivo sensors for exploring brain chemistry.     

Aptamers: molecular tools for analytical applications

Aptamers are artificial nucleic acid ligands, specifically generated against certain targets, such as amino acids, drugs, proteins or other molecules. In nature they exist as a nucleic acid based genetic regulatory element called a riboswitch. For generation of artificial ligands, they are isolated from combinatorial libraries of synthetic nucleic acid by exponential enrichment, via an in vitro iterative process of adsorption, recovery and reamplification known as systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). Thanks to their unique characteristics and chemical structure, aptamers offer themselves as ideal candidates for use in analytical devices and techniques. Recent progress in the aptamer selection and incorporation of aptamers into molecular beacon structures will ensure the application of aptamers for functional and quantitative proteomics and high-throughput screening for drug discovery, as well as in various analytical applications. The properties of aptamers as well as recent developments in improved, time-efficient methods for their selection and stabilization are outlined. The use of these powerful molecular tools for analysis and the advantages they offer over existing affinity biocomponents are discussed. Finally the evolving use of aptamers in specific analytical applications such as chromatography, ELISA-type assays, biosensors and affinity PCR as well as current avenues of research and future perspectives conclude this review.