神光Ⅱ升级装置激光加速质子照相初步实验研究

在神光Ⅱ升级装置上开展了首轮激光加速质子对间接驱动快点火靶内爆过程的照相实验研究。通过激光与靶参数的优化,获得了能量高于18 MeV的质子束。通过静态客体的照相,获得了优于20 m的高空间分辨网格图像,为开展时间分辨的啁啾质子照相奠定了基础。开展了质子动态照相实验,获得了内爆压缩晚期的质子照相图像。实验发现内爆区域质子照相图像存在大量排空现象。内爆压缩区域不足以阻挡如此大范围质子束,证明了其中存在电磁场使得质子向外排开。动态照相的质子能量较低,分析是ns激光打靶过程产生的X射线及等离子体对质子加速存在影响。后续实验中需要进一步优化靶的屏蔽设计。     

直接驱动球内爆点火的数值模拟

 实现中心点火的基本条件是在内爆中心形成面密度0.3 g/cm²,温度10 keV的点火热斑。减速阶段流体不稳定性的增长,会破坏对称压缩,减小热斑体积,直接破坏点火热斑的形成,对点火构成威胁。在原有LARED-S程序的基础上,加入热核反应和α粒子加热过程程序模块,对直接驱动ICF球内爆过程进行数值模拟研究,1维模拟结果与NIF直接驱动点火靶的设计基本相符,显示α粒子加热对边缘点火起重要作用;2维模拟表明减速阶段流体不稳定性对点火有重要影响。     

神光Ⅱ装置靶丸内爆过程X射线背光照相实验研究

在神光Ⅱ装置上,8路激光注入金柱腔靶产生X射线驱动位于柱腔中心的DD靶丸内爆,第9路激光辐照Pd背光靶产生的L线X射线透视内爆靶丸,用针孔成像方式获得靶丸的透视图像,高速X射线条纹相机记录靶丸透视图像,建立了间接驱动内爆靶丸背光照相的实验方法,清晰地观测到了靶丸内爆的过程,对透视图像分析获得了内爆靶丸壳层运动轨迹和速度的实验数据,所获实验结果可用于间接驱动靶丸优化设计,还可用于内爆动力学数值模拟建模和计算结果的验证。     

神光Ⅱ装置靶丸内爆过程X射线背光照相实验研究北大核心CSCD

在神光Ⅱ装置上,8路激光注入金柱腔靶产生X射线驱动位于柱腔中心的DD靶丸内爆,第9路激光辐照Pd背光靶产生的L线X射线透视内爆靶丸,用针孔成像方式获得靶丸的透视图像,高速X射线条纹相机记录靶丸透视图像,建立了间接驱动内爆靶丸背光照相的实验方法,清晰地观测到了靶丸内爆的过程,对透视图像分析获得了内爆靶丸壳层运动轨迹和速度的实验数据,所获实验结果可用于间接驱动靶丸优化设计,还可用于内爆动力学数值模拟建模和计算结果的验证。     

丝阵Z箍缩可见光辐射区径向变化过程

 在“强光一号”上进行的Z箍缩实验中,利用1维可见光成像系统获取了丝阵内爆可见光辐射区径向变化过程图像。采用的负载包括单层钨丝阵、单层铝丝阵,驱动电流为1.3~1.5 MA,上升时间89~140 ns。实验结果表明:丝阵内爆产生轴向先驱等离子体柱,尺寸为0.3~0.5 mm;丝阵在内爆和内爆到芯及冷却飞散阶段,外围区域始终存在较弱的可见光辐射;获得的可见光条纹像提供了丝阵等离子体内爆可见光轨迹,内爆径向压缩比为2.84～7.84,丝阵内爆速度为4.60×10⁶～1.73×10⁷ cm/s。     

激光间接驱动内爆靶丸的X光诊断

 报道了神光Ⅱ激光聚变实验中内爆燃料靶丸区电子温度、电子密度以及燃料面密度的X光诊断结果。在电子温度诊断中,采用X射线光谱学方法,根据聚变靶丸燃料区的Ar示踪元素的Ly-β线与He-β线的强度比推断出靶丸燃料区电子温度为(950±100) eV;在电子密度诊断中,利用靶丸燃料区Ar元素的He-β线Stark展宽确定聚变靶丸芯部的电子密度为(0.9±0.2)×10²⁴ cm^-3;在燃料区面密度诊断中,利用X光单能照相技术获得了内爆靶丸的燃料面密度为（3.2±0.5） mg/cm²。     

ICF内爆压缩X光成像过程数值模拟

 基于定态局域热动平衡辐射输运方程求解和光线追踪方法,编制了X光成像后处理程序,能够数值再现ICF内爆压缩X光成像过程。将该程序用于神光Ⅱ装置间接驱动内爆物理的理论设计和实验数据分析。模拟结果表明：燃料区压缩后的尺寸、燃料区掺Ar和内壳层涂S两元素特征谱线发光时序及发光持续时间等过程,后处理方法结果与诊断测量数据基本符合。     

皮秒激光驱动的X射线源编码高分辨照相技术

为实现惯性约束聚变（ICF）内爆燃烧停滞阶段过程中最大压缩时刻的冷燃料面密度分布测量,设计了包含字母客体与针孔阵列的照相客体,通过同一发相同视角测量源分布与客体照相技术,首次建立了皮秒激光驱动的高能X射线源编码照相技术。通过星光III实验研究,基于W丝阵靶照相的反演图像空间分辨率5.4 μm±0.7 μm;激光到X射线（50～200 keV）的能量转换效率,W丝阵靶5.4×10?4,与传统Au单丝靶的转换效率（4.8×10?4）一致。基于源编码照相解决了传统皮秒激光背光照相中空间分辨率与光源亮度不能兼顾的困难,为强背景干扰下提供高信噪比、高分辨率的ICF靶丸压缩背光图像提供了重要照相方式。     

神光Ⅲ主机高能X射线背光照相研究

在惯性约束聚变研究中获得滞止阶段内爆靶丸芯部状态图像具有极其重要的意义和价值。高功率密度拍瓦装置打击高Z金属靶产生轫致X射线（70 keV）光源,并利用康普顿背光照相获取该图像是重要的诊断方法。基于神光Ⅲ主机装置483 kJ的驱动能力开展相关背光照相性能研究。结合国外相关实验结果和数值模拟计算方法分别从光源亮度以及内爆过程产生的噪声分析入手,从理论上设计了整套康普顿成像系统。结果表明在神光Ⅲ主机上利用康普顿背光照相可以获得高质量的内爆压缩靶丸滞止阶段图像。     

驱动堆中长寿命核废料碘的嬗变研究

利用理论模拟和实验手段对加速器驱动的快中子堆消除常规反应堆排放的核废料碘进行了研究.实验中,利用加速器加速质子使其能量达到1.0GeV,并轰击重金属铅靶,利用靶中产生的次级中子诱发核废料¹²⁹I的嬗变,使其嬗变为稳定同位素¹³⁰Xe.对实验嬗变效率进行了理论模拟验证,进而拓宽到研究的驱动堆体系中.堆芯区的核燃料为乏燃料铀和钚,靶和初级热交换剂为液态铅.     

用于ICF内爆诊断的质子成像磁透镜理论设计

根据加速器束流输运线设计的比例定律,设计了适用于ICF内爆DD反应产生的3.6 MeV准单能质子束成像的磁透镜系统。通过公式推导以及束流动力学追踪模拟,获得了类似于几何光学成像中的物像关系,并使用三维粒子追踪模拟验证了磁透镜成像的物像关系。物像关系的满足,使得可以对磁透镜系统进行封装,然后根据物像关系, 选择不同的物距以及相应的相距, 就可以对物体成不同大小的像。     

Time-resolved areal-density measurements with proton spectroscopy in spherical implosions

The temporal history of the target areal-density near peak compression of direct-drive spherical target implosions has been inferred with 14.7-MeV deuterium-helium-3 D3He proton spectroscopy of the 60-beam, 30-kJ UV OMEGA laser system. The target areal-density grows by a factor of approximately 8 during the time of neutron-production ( approximately 400 ps) before reaching 123+/-16 mg/cm(2) at peak compression in the implosion of a 950-micrometer-diam, 20-micrometer-thick plastic CH capsule filled with 4 atm of D3He fuel.     

CMOS图像传感器在质子辐照下热像素的产生和变化规律

应用于空间的图像传感器在辐射影响下产生的热像素严重影响空间光电探测性能,本文通过质子辐照试验研究了热像素的产生和变化规律。首先,使用3 MeV和10 MeV两种能量的质子对图像传感器进行辐照,分析不同能量、不同注量的质子辐照产生热像素的性质;其次,再对辐照后的器件进行退火试验,分析热像素的退火规律。对于相同注量辐照,3 MeV质子辐照下热像素产生率大约是10 MeV质子辐照下的2.3倍,但是10 MeV质子辐照产生热像素的灰度值高于3 MeV质子;辐照过程中热像素的数量都是随着注量的增加线性增加。退火过程中,热像素数量都不断减少,而3 MeV质子辐照产生的热像素相比于10 MeV质子,退火更为显著。结果表明,质子辐照下每个质子与器件之间的作用过程及产生缺陷的机制是相对独立的,不同质子的作用过程之间没有相关性。不同能量的质子辐照产生缺陷的类型不同,导致热像素具有不同特性。     

Laser Accelerated, High Quality Ion Beams

Intense beams of protons and heavy ions have been observed in ultra-intense laser-solid interaction experiments. Thereby, a considerable fraction of the laser energy is transferred to collimated beams of energetic ions (e.g. up to 50 MeV protons; 100 MeV fluorine), which makes these beams highly interesting for various applications. Experimental results indicate very short pulse duration and an excellent beam quality, leading to beam intensities in the TW range. To characterize the beam quality and its dependence on laser parameters and target conditions, we performed experiments at several high-power laser systems. We found a strong dependence on the target rear surface conditions allowing to tailor the ion beam by an appropriate target design. We also succeeded in the generation of heavy ion beams by suppressing the proton amount at the target surface. We will present recent experimental results demonstrating a transverse beam emittance far superior to accelerator-based ion beams. Finally, we will discuss the prospect of laser-accelerated ion beams as new diagnostics in laser-solid interaction experiements. Special fields of interest are proton radiography, electric field imaging, and relativistic electron transport inside the target.     

Monoenergetic-proton-radiography measurements of implosion dynamics in direct-drive inertial-confinement fusion

Time-gated, monoenergetic radiography with 15-MeV protons provides unique measurements of implosion dynamics in direct-drive inertial-confinement fusion. Images obtained during acceleration, coasting, deceleration, and stagnation display a comprehensive picture of spherical implosions. Critical information inferred from such images, hitherto unavailable, characterizes the spatial structure and temporal evolution of self-generated fields and plasma areal density. Results include the first observation of a radial electric field inside the imploding capsule. It is initially directed inward (at approximately 10(9) V/m), eventually reverses direction ( approximately 10(8) V/m), and is the probable consequence of the evolution of the electron pressure gradient.     

First results of electron cooling experiments at LEAR

The first results are presented of electron cooling experiments in the Low-Energy Antiproton Ring (LEAR) at CERN, performed with a proton beam of about 50 and 21 MeV. The number of stored protons ranged from 10⁷ to 3 × 10⁹. Cooling times of the order 1 s and proton drag rates of up to 0.7 MeV/s were obtained. The capture of cooling electrons by protons producing hydrogen atoms was used to derive an effective electron temperature (0.25 eV). From the angular profile of the neutral hydrogen beam an upper limit of 3π mm.mrad could be deduced for the horizontal equilibrium proton-beam emittance. The lowest equilibrium momentum spread was 2 × 10⁵ (FWHM), as derived from the analysis of the longitudinal Schottky signal. This Schottky signal exhibited an unusual behaviour with beam intensity and under certain conditions showed a doublepeak structure which was associated with collective beam noise. For very cold beams transverse instabilities were observed, which resulted in a rapid spill-off of protons and a stabilization at lower intensities. The threshold of these instabilities was raised by heating the proton or the electron beam. The cooling of a bunched proton beam was investigated. The reduction of the proton momentum spread led to bunch lengths of about 2 m, containing 3 × 10⁸ protons.     

IH型永磁漂移管加速腔初步设计

设计了一个用于加速低能质子的永磁聚焦IH型漂移管加速腔。通过迭代设计,使得束流通过每个漂移管中心的束流相位与预设值一致。设计的永磁聚焦IH型漂移管加速腔将质子束从0.75 MeV加速到2.5 MeV,长度0.96m,分流阻抗约90 MΩ/m。不考虑束晕和误差因素,50mA流强下该漂移管加速腔中的束流损失可以控制在0.1%量级。     

Large-angle proton emission in the 9Be(p, 2p) reaction at 300 MeV

A ⁹Be(p, 2p) coincidence experiment performed to further elucidate the reaction mechanism for the production of energetic wide-angle protons in intermediate-energy proton-induced reac- tions is reported. Detectors in a coplanar geometry were used to measure coincidences between trigger protons at 90° to the beam and forward-angle protons on the opposite side of the beam. The incident proton energy was 300 MeV. We report both the inclusive spectra for the trigger protons and the differential mean multiplicities for the coincidence events.The outgoing proton energies were measured using NaI detectors. Trigger protons were grouped into 10 MeV bins covering the kinetic energy range from 55 to 155 MeV. The forward protons were measured over a kinetic energy range of 65–280 MeV and an angular range of 14–60° with respect to the beam.The present results are compared with two previous experiments which covered a more restrictive kinematical range. Calculations are performed with both phase-space and direct knockout models, and compared with experiment. Observation of angle and energy correlation effects suggested by knockout models indicate that such direct mechanisms provide a significant contribution to energetic wide-angle inclusive proton spectra.     

激光聚变内爆D3He质子源的在线诊断系统

提出了一种基于混合像素探测器作为记录介质的用于激光聚变内爆D3He质子源能谱和产额测量的在线磁谱仪诊断系统。通过对探测器上特征团簇数目和能量的识别,结合诊断系统排布,可以快速获取激光聚变反应产生的D3He质子源的能谱和产额。在神光装置上对该诊断系统进行了测试。实验使用31束纳秒激光聚焦到靶丸上驱动聚变反应。靶丸内充有原子比1∶1的D₂和3He的混合气体。在线磁谱仪诊断系统测量到了中心能量在14.6 MeV、半高全宽为2.1 MeV、产额约(2.3±0.13)×109的初级D3He质子能谱。该系统的建立可以实时给出D3He质子源能谱和产额信息,从而更加及时地指导实验的开展。