Catalytic Coatings for Active and Passive Diesel Particulate Filter Regeneration

Summary. This paper will give an overview how catalytic coatings are applied in diesel particulate filter systems to support filter regeneration by soot oxidation with nitrogen dioxide or oxygen. Catalytic coatings can be placed on a catalyst substrate in front of a diesel particulate filter, on a filter, or in a combined system on both. Strategies and conditions for successful filter regeneration of those systems will be discussed.This revised version was published online in February 2005. In the previous version the issue was not marked as a special issue, and the issue title and the editor was missing     

催化型DPF对车用柴油机气态污染物的影响研究

基于催化器小样评价测试仪对催化型颗粒捕集器CDPF小样进行活性评价,再结合柴油机台架性能测试,采用AVL(Systemforemissionsamplingandmeasurement,SESAM)FT-IR傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对全尺寸CDPF进行柴油机气态污染物影响研究,综合分析不同催化剂的CDPF对柴油机排放(二次气溶胶)气态前体物的影响。结果表明,随贵金属含量的增加,CDPF小样对CO、C3H8的起燃温度t50依次降低。相同物种起燃温度因相同比例贵金属的剂量不同而异。在高温时,催化剂中贵金属含量、价态以及混合气组分协同作用对C3H8转换效率影响明显;在柴油机台架性能实验中,全尺寸CDPF对CO、THC具有更低的起燃温度。在适度反应温度范围内,增加Pt负载量会促进NO氧化,Pd多以氧化态PdO存在促进NO的氧化,并且PdO还原成的Pd会促进催化剂热稳定性。NO氧化生成NO2的过程受到NO2浓度的抑制,同时也受柴油机排气中氧浓度的影响。在Pt、Pd和Rh同在的催化剂中,Pd含量较低的CDPF对SO2的吸附量较大,但随温度升高,助剂中CeO2促进SO2脱附,使CDPF具有一定的抗硫性。     

NH3选择性还原NOx技术在重型柴油车尾气净化中的应用

基于实验室对柴油车用V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂催化剂配方以及涂覆成型技术的大量研究,设计了一条产量为6000只/月的NH₃选择性催化还原NO_x （NH₃-SCR）催化剂中试生产线,并对生产的催化剂产品进行了发动机台架测试. 结果表明,实验室制备的V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂粉体催化剂和生产线产品,在空速为50000 h^-1和200-450 ℃条件下NO_x转化率均可达80%以上;采用大尺寸堇青石载体涂覆后制备的V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂整体催化剂经实验室小样测试,在空速为10000-30000 h^-1和250-450 ℃条件下NO_x转化率也为80%以上. 发动机台架测试结果表明,该催化剂产品可使重型柴油机NO_x排放达到国IV标准中欧洲稳态循环（ESC）和欧洲瞬态循环（ETC）排放限值的要求. 该生产线经适当调整后也可用于生产非钒基NH₃-SCR整体催化剂,以满足未来钒基NH₃-SCR催化剂更新换代的需求.     

柴油机尾气净化催化剂的最新研究进展

柴油机尾气排放的污染物已经引起了严重的环境污染问题,催化净化技术是柴油机尾气污染治理必不可少和最有效的处理技术之一,而高效催化剂的研制和开发是催化净化技术的核心.本文以柴油机尾气中最难处理的两种污染物NOx和碳烟颗粒(PM)的催化处理技术为主线,综述了NOx的催化还原(选择性催化还原(SCR)和贮存还原(NSR))催化剂、碳烟的催化燃烧催化剂、NOx和碳烟颗粒同时消除的催化剂及柴油机尾气四效催化剂的最新研究进展,并总结性地提出了目前该研究方向存在的主要问题和发展方向.     

一种具有低SO2氧化活性并满足欧V排放标准的柴油车氧化型催化剂

制备了具有高性能的稀土储氧材料Ce_0.75Zr_0.25O₂-Al₂O₃,Ti_0.9Zr_0.1O₂复合材料和Cr改性的β分子筛(Cr-β分子筛),并以此制备了单Pt型柴油车尾气净化氧化型催化剂.低温N₂吸附-脱附、储氧量测试结果表明,Ce_0.75Zr_0.25O₂-Al₂O₃样品具有较大的比表面积和优异的储氧性能,Ti_0.9Zr_0.1O₂复合材料也具有优越的织构性能.催化剂对HC和CO具有较高的催化活性,可使SOF在140℃开始转化,且具有较低的SO₂氧化活性.在YC4F国Ⅳ柴油机的测试结果表明,经该催化剂处理后的尾气排放能够满足欧Ⅴ排放标准对HC和CO排放要求.     

Thermal and catalytic degradation of pyrolytic oil from pyrolysis of municipal plastic wastes

Thermal and catalytic degradation of pyrolytic oil obtained from the commercial rotary kiln pyrolysis plant for municipal plastic waste was studied by using fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst in a bench scale reactor. The characteristics of raw pyrolytic oil and also thermal and catalytic degradation of pyrolytic oil using FCC catalyst (fresh and spent FCC catalyst) under rising temperature programming was examined. The experiments were conducted by temperature programming with 10 °C/min of heating rate up to 420 °C and then holding time of 5 h. During this programming, the sampling of product oil was conducted at a different degradation temperature and also different holding time. The raw pyrolytic oil showed a wide retention time distribution in GC analysis, from 5 of carbon number to about 25, and also different product characteristics with a comparison of those of commercial oils (gasoline, kerosene and diesel). In thermal degradation, the characteristics of product oils obtained were influenced by reaction temperature under temperature programming and holding time in the reactor at 420 °C. The addition of FCC catalyst in degradation process showed the improvement of liquid and gas yield, and also high fraction of heavy hydrocarbons in oil product due to more cracking of residue. Moreover, the characteristic of oil product in catalytic degradation using both spent and fresh FCC catalysts were similar, but a relatively good effect of spent FCC catalyst was observed.     

相转移催化剂对催化柴油氧化脱硫作用的数学模型

经过顺序氧化反应动力学方程、相转移催化剂强化作用数学模型方程和萃取相平衡方程的推导,确定了催化柴油氧化萃取脱硫数学模型方程。研究表明,呈指数函数形式的相转移催化剂作用数学模型具有较高的计算精度。通过模型参数估值确定了氧化速率常数的频率因子和活化能、相平衡常数、相转移催化剂作用模型参数,建立了脱硫率数学模型。模型预测显示,柴油脱硫率随着氧化时间延长呈先提高后降低的趋势;氧化时间较短时,柴油脱硫率随相转移催化剂用量提高而增大,但氧化时间较长时的情况相反;柴油脱硫率随着氧化溶液体积分数增大或萃取剂与油比增大均呈提高的趋势。     

Ce0.5+xZr0.4-xLa0.1O2-Al2O3催化剂催化燃烧柴油车碳烟

采用共沉淀法制备了系列Ce_0.5+xZr_0.4-xLa_0.1O₂-Al₂O₃催化剂, 其中0≤x≤0.4且Ce_0.5+xZr_0.4-xLa_0.1O₂与Al₂O₃的质量比为1:1. 考察了该系列催化剂对柴油车排放碳烟的催化燃烧性能, 并用低温N2吸附-脱附、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、氢气程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)和氧气程序升温脱附(O₂-TPD)等手段对催化剂进行了表征. 研究结果表明该系列催化剂均形成了具有立方萤石结构的固溶体. 当x=0.2时, Ce³⁺离子在催化剂表面有一定的富集, 此时催化剂具有最大的β氧脱附峰和最好的表面还原性能, 同时具有良好的催化碳烟氧化活性, 碳烟在该催化剂的起燃温度为360 °C, 具有较好的应用前景.     

Sulfur impact on diesel emission control- A review

The effect of sulfur on diesel emission control is reviewed in this paper. Diesel exhaust differs from that of petrol engine exhaust in two major characteristics. Firstly, diesel exhaust contains a far higher amount of particulate matter, and secondly, the exhaust is far leaner, that is, far more oxidizing than a typical exhaust from petrol engines. Under these conditions, the conventional three-way catalysts are not effective in reducing NO_x . Emission from diesel engines is a complex phenomenon. The composition, the properties and the amount of these emissions depend on strictly technical parameters such as engine design and engine operation characteristics and on fuel and lube oil composition. Diesel fuel contains a small amount of sulfur which has an adverse effect even on the raw particulate emissions. The investigations on the effect of sulfur on hydrocarbons, CO and NO_x abatement in diesel exhaust gas is reviewed together with the newest technologies to avoid catalyst deactivation by unwanted SO₂ reactions.     

改性二氧化钛负载贵金属Ru催化剂催化降解苯胺溶液

苯胺类废水污染物具有结构复杂、浓度高、不易生物降解、生物毒性大等特点,传统的苯胺降解措施存在着许多弊端,很难达到排放标准.催化湿法氧化技术(CWAO)主要针对降解高浓度难降解的有机废水,表现出降解效率高、反应时间短、对生物毒性物质的废水降解效果良好等优点,越来越受到人们的重视.但催化剂在使用过程中,需要在高温高压下进行,且有机物降解产生了有机酸,使得催化剂的活性组分流失和载体的物理化学性质发生变化,导致其催化活性下降.因此,需要开发出一种降解活性高,性能稳定的催化剂成为此技术在工业中广泛应用的关键.本文采用溶胶凝胶法对二氧化钛进行改性,制备了Ti0.9Zr0.1O2和Ti0.9Ce0.1O2载体,采用过量浸渍法将三氯化钌负载到载体表面制备了2%Ru/Ti0.9Zr0.1O2和2%Ru/Ti0.9Ce0.1O2催化剂.在高温高压反应条件下,以苯胺为催化湿法氧化污染物,对不同催化剂湿法降解苯胺进行比较研究,系统地探究了催化降解的反应温度和反应压力对苯胺降解的影响.此外,利用HPLC-MS鉴定出催化降解产生的中间产物,确定了催化降解的反应路径图.在改性的催化剂中,2%Ru/Ti0.9Zr0.1O2催化剂表现出最高的催化降解活性和稳定性.在初始苯胺浓度4 g/L,催化剂浓度4 g/L,反应温度180℃,O2压力1.5 MPa下,反应时间5 h后,苯胺完全转化,COD转化率达88.3%.并且催化剂进行三次循环试验后,苯胺转化率仍接近100%.X射线衍射和N2物理吸附结果表明,Ce,Zr掺杂到TiO2晶格中形成了共溶体,其晶格尺寸更小,比表面积和孔体积更大.负载贵金属后,并未出现其他晶相,说明贵金属均匀分散在载体表面.透射电镜结果表明,贵金属负载在改性TiO2上表现出较好的分散性和较小的颗粒尺寸,为催化降解苯胺提供更多的催化活性位点,而Ru/TiO2催化剂表面,贵金属发生团聚现象且颗粒尺寸大.X射线光电子能谱结果表明,Ce,Zr的掺杂使得TiO2表面活性氧和四价Ru的含量增加,更多的表面活性氧成为催化降解苯胺的直接原因.H2程序升温还原结果表明,在300?400oC处还原峰对应于催化剂载体晶格氧的还原,改性后,其还原峰增至2倍,即使在贫氧环境下,改性催化剂可以及时从载体中释放晶格氧,为催化降解苯胺提供更多的活性氧.     

Review of Ag/Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>-Reductant System in the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>

Ag/Al₂O₃ is a promising catalyst for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) by hydrocarbons (HC) of NO _x in both laboratory and diesel engine bench tests. New developments of the HC-SCR of NO _x over a Ag/Al₂O₃ catalyst are reviewed, including the efficiencies and sulfur tolerances of different Ag/Al₂O₃-reductant systems for the SCR of NO _x ; the low-temperature activity improvement of H₂-assisted HC-SCR of NO _x over Ag/Al₂O₃; and the application of a Ag/Al₂O₃-ethanol SCR system with a heavy-duty diesel engine. The discussions are focused on the reaction mechanisms of different Ag/Al₂O₃-reductant systems and H₂-assisted HC-SCR of NO _x over Ag/Al₂O₃. A SO₂-resistant surface structure in situ synthesized on Ag/Al₂O₃ by using ethanol as a reductant is proposed based on the study of the sulfate formation. These results provide new insight into the design of a high-efficiency NO _x reduction system. The diesel engine bench test results showed that a Ag/Al₂O₃-ethanol system is promising for catalytic cleaning of NO _x in diesel exhaust.     

银离子修饰的介孔磷钨酸/二氧化硅催化剂氧化脱硫性能研究(英文)

采用银修饰介孔磷钨酸/二氧化硅(mesoporous HPW/SiO2)催化剂,并研究了其在模拟柴油和真实柴油氧化脱硫反应中的催化性能.通过银修饰介孔HPW/SiO2,结合银离子对有机硫化物的选择吸附性和HPW对有机硫化物的催化氧化活性,以达到选择氧化脱硫的目的.模拟柴油分别采用石油醚、苯、1-辛烯和二苯并噻吩配制,当银离子与HPW的摩尔比为2时,催化剂具有最高的选择催化氧化活性.采用N2 吸附-脱附、XRD、UV-vis和EDS表征了银修饰的介孔HPW/SiO2催化剂,结果表明,银物种分散均匀且以Ag+形式存在.真实柴油的脱硫研究表明,相比介孔HPW/SiO2催化剂,修饰的催化剂介孔Ag2-HPW/SiO2脱硫率提高了4.6%,初始硫含量为1800×10-6的直馏柴油能被脱除至228×10-6,脱硫率为87.3%.介孔Ag2-HPW/SiO2催化剂具有良好的再生性能,经再生处理后,Ag的损失量极少,其三次脱硫率达到84.8%.     

Simultaneous Removal of Nitrogen Oxides and Particulate Matters from Diesel Engine Exhaust using Dielectric Barrier Discharge and Catalysis Hybrid System

Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) and catalysis hybrid process was used to remove nitrogen oxides and particulate matters from diesel engine exhaust. The DBD reactor converts a part of NO into NO₂, and then the exhaust gas containing the mixture of NO and NO₂ enters the catalytic reactor where both NO and NO₂ are reduced to N₂. The effect of energy density (power input divided by gas flow rate) and reaction temperature on the removal of nitrogen oxides was investigated with a stationary diesel engine. The hybrid process was able to remove about 80% of the initial nitrogen oxides at an energy density of 25 J/L and 150°C. The removal of particulate matters did not largely depend on the electrode structure, but it was a strong function of the energy density. On the basis of 80% removal efficiency, the energy yield for nitrogen oxides was 40 eV/molecule while that for particulate matters was 83 kJ/mg. The present study suggests that this kind of hybrid process can be applied to simultaneous removal of nitrogen oxides and particulate matters from diesel engine exhausts.     

金属改性硅基介孔材料及其加氢脱硫研究进展

硅基介孔材料具有孔径分布均一、孔道结构独特、比表面积高等优点,其在石油产品加氢脱硫(HDS)催化剂载体中的应用成为近年来研究的热点。但在实际应用过程中硅基介孔材料的耐硫性差、路径选择性低等局限性也逐渐显现出来,针对此类问题,近年来的研究集中在硅基材料的改性工作上。本文综述了近年来金属改性的硅基介孔材料应用于油品加氢脱硫的研究现状,重点讨论了铝、钛、锆等金属的引入对硅基介孔材料基本结构(比表面积、孔容和孔径)、酸性和HDS催化活性的影响。分析总结了经金属改性的硅基介孔材料作为HDS催化剂载体的优点和不足,并展望了其未来的应用前景。     

Propylene polymerization in liquid monomer with a Ziegler-Natta catalyst in bench scale reactors. Kinetics and model to predict reaction yields

The study of new catalytic systems is critical in order to develop improved and cost effective polymerization processes. One of the methods to evaluate the performance of a catalytic system is by means of bench scale reactors. Despite its difference in size with large scale industrial plants, bench scale reactors have proved to be a valuable tool to understand the behavior of the catalytic system during the polymerization. In this work, a method to estimate the kinetic parameters of propylene polymerization over a conventional Ziegler Natta catalyst is evaluated. Thus, it was possible to set up a semi-empirical model to correlate the reaction yield with the polymerization time, the hydrogen content in the reactor and the reaction temperature. This model proves to be useful to evaluate the performance of a catalytic system within the range of normal operating conditions. A brief study on the particle size distribution of the products is also carried out.     

Micron Particles of AlN/Al: Efficient,Novel, and Reusable Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Synthesis of Bis(indolyl)methanes

The present work introduces for the first time the catalytic utility of micron particulate aluminium nitride (AlN/Al) as a novel and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes involving the electrophilic substitution of indoles on aldehydes. The catalyst is recyclable and works without any significant change in its catalytic activity.     

VmTi和KnV0.04Ti担载氧化物催化剂的表征与催化燃烧柴油炭黑的性能

用FTIR和UV-Vis研究了2个系列不同V和K负载量的VOx/TiO2和K-VOx/TiO2催化剂结构的变化;并使用程序升温氧化反应技术对这两种催化剂催化柴油炭黑燃烧活性进行了考察.结果表明,当VOx/TiO2催化剂中n(V)∶n(Ti)=0.04时,催化剂活性最好(tm=389℃).添加K能显著改善VOx/TiO2催化剂活性,n(K)∶n(V)∶n(Ti)=0.04∶0.04∶1时,炭黑燃烧的反应温度最低(tm=343℃).FTIR和UV-Vis结果表明,当VOx/TiO2催化剂n(V)∶n(Ti)>0.04∶1时,催化剂表面有V2O5形成,由于V2O5氧化能力较弱,因而催化剂的活性反而降低.而当K-VOx/TiO2催化剂中n(K)∶n(V)达到1∶1时,由于形成的KVO3物种与TiO2载体有很好的协同作用,所以催化剂活性最好.     

芳炔烯基化制烯基芳香化合物用硫酸化的介孔镧锆固体超强酸催化剂的织构和酸性质调控研究

烯基芳香化合物作为重要的精细化学品及中间体在医药、染料、农药、香料、新型高分子材料、天然产品等化学工业领域占据显著地位.芳香化合物与烯基化合物进行反应是该化合物的经典合成方法,但其存在诸多缺陷：(1)芳环需要预活化,如卤代、三氟甲磺酸取代等;(2)产生氢卤酸和无机盐废物,污染环境;(3)原子经济性差.如何高效绿色合成烯基芳香化合物已引起国际学术界的极大兴趣.近年来发现的芳香化合物与炔的烯基化,亦称炔的氢芳化,被认为是颇具应用前景的简单、清洁、原子经济的烯基芳香化合物合成新路线.与烯基芳香化合物的经典合成路线相比,经由芳香化合物与炔的烯基化来合成该目标化合物具有如下优点：(1)芳环无需预活化;(2)不产生氢卤酸和无机盐,合成过程环境友好;(3)原子经济性好(100%).因此,采用芳香化合物与炔的烯基化路线来合成烯基芳香化合物得到了国际学术界的广泛关注.芳香化合物与炔的烯基化反应主要经由两种路径：(1)活化芳环,形成σ-芳基金属络合物;(2)活化炔基,形成烯基阳离子.活化芳环烯基化催化剂的研究主要集中在贵金属盐、贵金属配合物或有机金属.采用贵金属或有机金属催化,活性高、选择性好,但存在价格高、多需昂贵配体、分离和催化剂回收困难、操作条件苛刻等问题,缺乏实用性.酸催化活化炔基是芳香化合物烯基化反应的另一途径.酸催化芳烃烷基化已得以广泛而深入地研究,并在化学工业中占据着突出的历史地位,但酸催化烯基化相关文献报道尚少.相对于酸催化的烷基化,烯基化面临更多挑战.尽管如此,成本低、实用性强的酸催化烯基化路线仍得到了国际学术界的极大关注.但是,仍存在腐蚀设备、污染环境、催化效率差、收率低、催化剂分离困难及炔聚合严重等不足之处.因此,开展清洁、高效、实用的新型烯基化固体酸催化剂的研究意义深远.微孔沸石分子筛克服了液体酸所固有的上述缺点,作为环境友好的固体酸催化剂在烷基化、酰基化等诸多反应中均得到了广泛应用,用于烯基化,存在底物适用范围窄、催化效率低、选择性差和炔聚合严重的问题.以介孔固体酸取代微孔沸石分子筛并结合催化剂微结构和酸性质调控,有望实现对反应底物和烯基化产品的扩散、炔的活化及芳烃与烯基阳离子之间的碰撞过程进行调控,从而解决现有固体酸催化该反应存在的问题.我们开展了芳烃与炔烃的付-克烯基化制烯基芳香化合物用硫酸化的介孔镧锆固体超强酸催化剂的织构和酸性质调控研究.通过介孔镧锆复合氧化物的制备过程参数,如模板剂和氨水的加入量、水热温度、水热时间的调节,来调控硫酸化的介孔镧锆固体超强酸催化剂的织构和酸性质,进而调控固体酸的烯基化催化性能.结果表明,介孔镧锆复合氧化物的制备过程参数对所制备的硫酸化的介孔镧锆固体超强酸催化剂的织构和酸性质影响显著,需要合适的模板剂和氨水的加入量、水热温度、水热时间,才能获得适宜的织构和酸性质.介孔镧锆复合氧化物的最佳制备条件为：模板剂与金属离子摩尔比0.18、氨水与金属离子摩尔比16、水热温度90oC、水热时间60 h.相对于研究组先前报道的硫酸化的介孔镧锆固体超强酸催化剂,经织构和酸性质调控优化的硫酸化的介孔镧锆固体超强酸催化剂的催化活性和稳定性均得以显著提升.采用本文所构筑的固体酸催化剂,用于不同芳香化合物的烯基化,也展示出了良好的催化性能.研究结果表明,具有适宜织构和酸性质的介孔固体酸用于芳香化合物与炔烃的烯基化,来制备烯基芳香化合物,具有很好的发展前景.     

稀土改性L沸石在烃类催化裂化催化剂中的应用

采用离子交换的方法制备了一系列复合稀土（含La及Ce）质量分数不同的稀土改性超稳L沸石（RE-USL）,以RE USL沸石替代质量分数为5%的REUSY作为催化裂化催化剂的活性组分,用标准轻油微反活性试验（MAT）评价了其催化性能,并同单一稀土元素改性USL沸石进行了对比。结果表明,一定量的复合稀土改性USL沸石的催化性能优于单一稀土（La或Ce）改性的USL沸石,在催化裂化催化剂中加入稀土改性USL沸石,可以降低汽油产品的烯烃质量分数;可以提高汽油的辛烷值。当复合稀土在RE USL沸石中的质量分数为0.4%左右时, 与不加稀土改性USL沸石催化剂相比较,催化剂的活性指数MAT提高3.6个单位,烯烃质量分数降低1.57个单位,研究法辛烷值（RON）提高2.08个单位,产品分布更合理。     

M/(MgO)y(CeO2)1－y(M=Ni、Co、Cu)催化剂的催化甲烷燃烧性能

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了M/(MgO)_y(CeO2)_1－y(M=Ni、Co、Cu)催化剂. 研究了催化剂Ni/(MgO)y(CeO₂)_1－y催化活性与Ce含量的关系, 当y＝0.9时, 催化剂的活性和稳定性最好. 对比研究了(MgO)_0.9(CeO2)_0.1为载体, 负载Ni、Co、Cu活性组分的催化剂催化甲烷燃烧性能. 结果表明, 负载Cu的催化剂活性最好, 但二次评价后催化剂已烧结；负载Ni的催化剂活性与负载Cu的催化剂相差不大, 且稳定性最好, 经1000 ℃焙烧的Ni/(MgO)_0.9(CeO2)_0.1催化剂比表面仍有14.32 m₂•g^－1, 具有较高的催化活性和很好的热稳定性；负载Co的催化剂活性不如前两者, 稳定性居中, 但比表面降低得最少, 抗烧结能力强.