X-射线法测定间规-1,2聚丁二烯结晶度

根据X-射线衍射强度理论和高聚物两相模型概念,对沿用的作图法计算结晶度的公式进行了修正,求出间规-1,2聚丁二烯(St-1,2 PB)四个主要衍射峰的校正因子,从而导出了St-1,2 PB的结晶度计算公式。用所给公式计算的结晶度数值与用密度梯度法测得的结晶度数值相比,结果是满意的。     

聚合物材料结晶度（下）

4.2 Ruland方法使用式(2)计算结晶度时,Ruland考虑了热运动及晶格畸变的影响,从而使算得的结晶度值较合理。在不失计算结晶度W_(c,x)数值精度的情况下,在Ruland方法的实验中可以只取具有较大衍射峰强度的S范围,就可提高计算结晶度的数值准确性,克服了其它方法必须收集尽可能大范围S内的衍射强度数据的限制。Ruland方法测定结晶度的基本公式:     

半晶聚醚醚酮结晶度的X射线分析

本文描述了X射线散射与衍射法测定半晶聚合物结晶度Xc的思想、方法、公式;评论了求Xc时应注意解决的六个问题;提出一种分离结晶峰与非晶峰界线的方法;并对200℃单轴拉伸后的聚醚醚酮的结晶度Xc值进行实际测定。     

尼龙1010骤冷退火样品的晶体结构

尼龙1010的晶体结构属三斜晶系.作者最近导出了X射线衍射法(WAXD)测定尼龙1010结晶度的公式,进而考查了等温结晶时结晶温度T_C对结晶度X_C、晶粒尺寸L_(100)和氢键面相对衍射强度R的影响.发现X_C和L_(100)均随T_C升高而增大,达196℃后又减小;而R与T_C的关系则相反,呈线性降低.结晶速率快有利于分子链在垂直于氢键面的(100)晶面生长,但R值却降低了.本文利用WAXD考查了尼龙1010不同骤冷退火条件样品的晶体结构.     

稀土顺-1,4聚丁二烯结晶度计算

本文根据X-射线衍射强度理论,定义了结晶度计算公式的校正因子,对大角X-射线衍射(WAXD)图谱,按图解分峰法导出了Ln-PB结晶度计算公式。木文所讨论的方法可适用于其它晶性高聚物结晶度计算。     

聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯的玻璃化转变和结晶化的正电子湮没研究

研究了聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯的玻璃化转变和结晶过程对正电子湮没寿命谱的影响.结果表明,结晶过程对正电子湮没的长寿命组份τ_3的寿命值不敏感,用这种方法测得的“T_g”不随结晶度而变化,而长寿命组份的相对强度则随结晶度的增加而减小.     

X-射线衍射法测定尼龙1010结晶度

根据X-射线散射强度理论,使用图解多重峰方法对尼龙1010三个结晶峰及非晶峰的衍射强度进行校正,首次导出了尼龙1010结晶度计算公式,所得结果与密度及量热测定结果具有很好可比性。     

聚对苯甲酰胺存在下尼龙6的结晶化

用解偏振光强度法和DSC等方法研究了少量聚对苯甲酰胺(PBA)对尼龙6结晶化过程和热行为的影响.利用Avrami方程处理解偏振光强度法的实验结果,得到了尼龙6及含PBA 1%、2%尼龙6的n值分别为3.3、1.6、1.7.DSC结果表明,尼龙6中掺入少量的PBA会使结晶度提高,X射线衍射显示,当尼龙6中加入少量PBA后,晶格结构并未改变。     

拉伸对聚左旋乳酸结晶的影响

在成型加工过程中,拉伸是提高聚合物材料结晶能力的一种重要手段. 本文采用红外光谱、差示扫描量热分析、X射线衍射等方法系统研究了不同温度下拉伸对聚左旋乳酸（PLLA）结晶行为的影响. 结果表明,在合适的温度条件下,拉伸能迅速提高PLLA的结晶速度和结晶度. 对经过拉伸预处理但未结晶的PLLA样品进行等温及非等温结晶的研究发现,经过拉伸预处理的PLLA样品的结晶速率和结晶度都得到提高,这表明预拉伸会影响PLLA在后续过程中的结晶行为.     

甲壳胺的结晶度和结晶形态

首次制得非晶甲壳胺样品,并给出了根据X射线衍射图精确计算甲壳胺结晶度的公式,计算得知甲壳胺的结晶度随脱酰度的增加(74%～85%)而增加,发现甲壳胺的结晶结构和结晶形态与制样条件有关。     

THE EFFECT OF CLAY DISPERSION ON THE CRYSTALLIZATION AND MORPHOLOGY OF POLYPROPYLENE／CLAY COMPOSITES

PP/clay composites with different dispersions, namely, exfoliated dispersion, intercalated dispersion and agglomerates and particle-like dispersion, were prepared by direct melt intercalation or compounding. The effect of clay dispersion on the crystallization and morphology of PP was investigated via PLM, SAXS and DSC. Experimental results show that exfoliated clay layers are much more efficient than intercalated clay and agglomerates of clay in serving as nucleation agent due to the nano-scale dispersion of clay, resulting in a dramatic decrease in crystal size (lamellar thickness and spherulites) and an increase of crystallization temperature and crystallization rate. On the other hand, a decrease of melting temperature and crystallinity was also observed in PP/clay composites with exfoliated dispersion, due to the strong interaction between PP and clay. Compared with exfoliated clay layers, the intercalated clay layers have a less important effect on the crystallization and crystal morphology. No effect is seen for samples with agglomerates and particle-like dispersion, in regard to melting temperature, crystallization temperature, crystal thickness and crystallinity.     

固体填料对聚乙二醇结晶性的影响

采用DSC、WAXD技术研究了固体填料 (Al粉、奥克托金 (HMX)、高氯酸铵 (AP) )对聚乙二醇结晶性的影响 .Al粉及HMX不影响混合物中PEG的结晶度及晶体结构 ,高氯酸铵与PEG之间存在较强的相互作用 ,降低了混合物中PEG的结晶度 .某些金属盐也与PEG之间存在类似的相互作用 ,这种相互作用以金属盐溶于PEG熔体为前提 .高氯酸铵及金属盐导致PEG结晶度的降低是由于其阳离子与PEG分子链中的氧原子形成了络合物 ,增强了二者之间的相互作用 .     

Influence of crystal polymorphism on crystallinity calculation of poly(l-lactic acid) by infrared spectroscopy

Vibrational spectroscopic methods have been used to determine the crystallinity of poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA), which is the most popular bio-plastic today. However, it is found that influence of crystal polymorphism of PLLA on the quantitative method proposed for crystallinity calculation based on IR technique has seldom been considered. Herein, by preparing a set of PLLA specimens with different crystallinity and crystal forms, the absorption coefficient ratios between amorphous and crystal bands for evaluating the absolute crystallinity of PLLA α and α′ crystal form have been derived, respectively. In addition, a comparison of the proposed IR method with other techniques used to analyze crystallinity of PLLA such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is presented. The origin of the disagreement on the results of quantitative measurements of crystallinity by different methods is also discussed. This study provides a simple spectral method to determine the crystallinity of PLLA with various crystal modifications.     

甲苯在纤维素乙基化过程中的作用

本文研究了甲苯在纤维素乙基化过程中的影响。实验表明,甲苯能明显提高乙基化反应速度和氯乙烷的反应效率;甲苯用量对乙基化反应程度和乙氧基的分布有显著的影响。在适量甲苯存在下所得到的乙基纤维素有较低的液晶转变温度、较宽的液晶温度范围和均匀的液晶态。     

Effect of molecular orientation distribution and crystallinity on the measurement of the crystal lattice modulus of nylon 6 by x-ray diffraction

The crystal lattice modulus of nylon 6 (-type) was measured by x-ray diffraction using nylon 6 films drawn up to five times. The measured crystal lattice modulus was 173–175 GPa for all specimens whose crystallinity and the Young's modulus were beyond 46% and 3.75 GPa, respectively. These results indicate that a state of homogenous stress can be achieved. In contrast, the values were scattered for the speciments whose crystallinity and Young's modulus are less than the above values. To study the origin, a numerical calculation of the crystal lattice modulus, as measured by x-ray diffraction, was carried out by considering effects on the orientation factors of molecular chains and crystallinity. In this calculation, a previously introduced model was employed, in which oriented crystalline layers are surrounded by oriented amorphous phases so that the strains of the two phases at the boundary are identical. The theoretical results calculated by the introduced model indicated that the crystal lattice modulus by x-ray diffraction is almost equal to the intrinsic crystal modulus if the morphology of the test specimen can be represented as a series model. In contrast, if a parallel model is more appropriate, the difference between the measured modulus and the intrinsic value can be pronounced. Such morphological dependence was found to be less pronounced with increasing high degree of molecular orientation and crystallinity.     

聚合物熔体冷却阶段结晶行为的多尺度模拟

针对结晶型聚合物熔体冷却过程的结晶行为,建立了偶合宏观温度场与微观结晶形态的多尺度模型.该模型揭示了宏观温度的变化会引起晶核数、晶体生长速率的改变,从而影响微观结晶形态;而微观结晶释放的潜热也将导致宏观温度的改变.为了求解上述多尺度模型,提出了有限体积/像素法偶合的多尺度算法,即在粗网格上采用有限体积法对宏观温度场进行求解,而在细网格上采用像素法对微观结晶形态进行模拟.基于多尺度模型及多尺度算法,文中对二维聚合物熔体模壁等速降温的冷却问题进行了研究,考察了温度、相对结晶度的变化及结晶形态的演化,并比较了不同冷却速率、初始温度对温度、相对结晶度及结晶形态的影响.数值结果表明,冷却速率是影响结晶行为的关键.高冷却速率下,温度平台出现较早,持续较短;结晶过程对应的温度范围较广;且平均晶体直径较小.而初始温度只影响温度平台及结晶行为出现的早晚,与其持续时间几乎无关。     

WAXD分峰研究多晶型等规聚丙烯的相结构

本文对含α、β结晶相的多晶型等规聚丙烯(i-PP)进行WAXD的分峰研究。选用不对称高斯-柯西函数表征结晶与非晶衍射峰,对结晶峰其结果优于对称高斯-柯西函数,对非晶峰其结果优于多项式、指数函数和双指数函数;在微处理机上采用阻尼最小二乘法,分峰结果比较满意。对加β成核剂的含α、β多晶型试样,分峰研究得到了它们的相态、结晶度、晶粒度及α、β两相比等随结晶温度了T_c(100°～140℃)变化的规律。结果指出:α相含量随T_c变化甚小,β相变化与非晶相反,β晶粒随T_c变化的重组大于α相,β相的最佳结晶温度在130℃。将分峰法得到的两相比k与Turner-Jones公式的k_(T-J)作了比较,就非晶扣除、峰面积代替峰高、考虑(hk1)晶面贡献及重叠峰的分离等进行了改进。并提出了计算WAXD中各相峰面积的简便方法。     

利用x射线衍射法测定不同序列的聚苯乙烯-聚环氧乙烷嵌段共聚物的结晶度和晶粒大小

PSt-PEO嵌段共聚物,由于其PSt链段的亲油性及无定形性,PEO链段亲水性及结晶性所具有的两重性质^[1],使得它们在理论研究及实际应用上都具有较大的意义。但对其结晶度及晶粒大小的测定还不曾见报导。     

辐照亚硫酸纸浆结晶度的研究

<正> 纤维素分子中含有大量的羟基,易形成氢键,是结晶性很高的聚合物,无论在研究工作和工业生产中,这一性质都受到高度重视。纤维素在辐照场中的结晶行为,也是被研究的重点。从已发表的研究结果看,辐照纤维素的结晶行为有很大的差别,据有关文章报道,在γ射线和电子束射线的辐照场中,纤维素的结晶结构没有变化。例如,美国     

聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯光学特性的椭圆偏振光谱研究

概要介绍椭圆偏振光谱 (SE)的原理与特点 ,并用椭偏光谱测定了一组结晶度不同的无取向PET薄膜的光学常数谱 ,研究半结晶性高聚物PET不同结晶形态对其光学性能的影响 ,发现随结晶度的增加 ,其光学常数显著增大 ,并趋于晶态的光学常数 .光学性质的改变可能与微晶的尺寸有关