Macroscopic strain potentials in nonlinear porous materials

By taking a hollow sphere as a representative volume element (RVE), the macroscopic strain potentials of porous materials with power-law incompressible matrix are studied in this paper. According to the principles of the minimum potential energy in nonlinear elasticity and the variational procedure, static admissible stress fields and kinematic admissible displacement fields are constructed, and hence the upper and the lower bounds of the macroscopic strain potential are obtained. The bounds given in the present paper differ so slightly that they both provide perfect approximations of the exact strain potential of the studied porous materials. It is also found that the upper bound proposed by previous authors is much higher than the present one, and the lower bounds given by Cocks is much lower. Moreover, the present calculation is also compared with the variational lower bound of Ponte Castañeda for statistically isotropic porous materials. Finally, the validity of the hollow spherical RVE for the studied nonlinear porous material is discussed by the difference between the present numerical results and the Cocks bound.     

Creep life predictions for structures subject to variable loading

Previous work which established upper and lower bounds on the creep life of steadily loaded structures is extended to cater for load and temperature variations in non-homogeneous structures. The investigation is limited to the range where short term plasticity and fatigue damage can be ignored. For proportional loading, the upper bound which is based on limit analysis, is similar in form to that for constant loading. In the more general case, the upper bound is less stringent and is based on the mean load and temperature distribution over the lifetime. A lower bound on life is taken as the time for the first part of the structure to fail.The bounds are applied to three simple structures. For proportional loading the upper bound predicts the lifetime with the same accuracy as for constant loading except for extreme load variations. The presence of a temperature distribution alters the accuracy of the upper bound prediction but in most cases the change is small. In contrast, the lower bound is very sensitive to the temperature gradient.The authors use these results to develop approximate techniques for estimating the creep life of components subjected to variable loads and temperature distributions. Simplified design procedures based on the upper bound are examined and suitable amendments are proposed.     

An upper bound to the free energy of mixing by twin-compatible lamination for n-variant martensitic phase transformations

Modeling the energetic behavior of martensitic (phase transforming) materials usually leads to non quasiconvex energy formulations. For this reason, researchers often employ quasiconvex relaxation methods to improve the character of the formulation. Unfortunately, explicit expressions for the relaxed free energy density for multi-variant martensitic materials are typically not available. Thus, some researchers have employed a Reuβ-like convex lower bound, which neglects compatibility constraints, as an estimate on the free energy of mixing. To be confident with such a technique, one needs a measure of the quality of the lower bound. In this paper, we seek such a measure by comparing the Reuβ-like lower bound to an upper bound. The upper bound is constructed upon assumptions on the type of microstructures that form in such alloys. In particular, we consider lamination type microstructures which form by temperature- or stress-induced transformation in monoclinic and orthorhombic Copper-based alloys with cubic austenitic symmetry. Our results display a striking congruence of upper and lower bounds in the most relevant cases.     

二次特征矩阵表示的特征值有界性分析

采用二次特征矩阵近似表示精确有限元和精确动态子结构分析中得出的超越或非线性动态刚度阵，并证明了在满足一定条件的前提下，二次特征阵给出的特征值是精确刚度阵特征值的上界或下界。     

A lower bound approach to the yield loci of porous materials

A lower bound approach is proposed for the first time to solve the macroscopic yield loci of porous materials. The results are then compared with Gurson's upper bound yield loci and those of the experiments. It is shown that the present analysis is much more in accordance with the experimental results than the Gurson's.     

Bounds for Arbitrary Steady Gravity Waves on Water of Finite Depth

Necessary conditions for the existence of arbitrary bounded steady waves are proved (earlier, these conditions, that have the form of bounds on the Bernoulli constant and other wave characteristics, were established only for Stokes waves). It is also shown that there exists an exact upper bound such that if the free-surface profile is less than this bound at infinity (positive, negative, or both), then the profile asymptotes the constant level corresponding to a unform stream (supercritical or subcritical). Finally, an integral property of arbitrary steady waves is obtained. A new technique is proposed for proving these results; it is based on modified Bernoulli’s equation that along with the free surface profile involves the difference between the potential and its vertical average.     

不排水双层粘性土地基极限承载力的数值分析

采用弹塑性有限元分析了条形基础作用下不排水条件的双层粘性土地基极限承载力性状。采用修正的地基承载力系数表征,并将不同的几何与土层参数条件下的数值解与上下限解和经典的经验解进行比较。表明弹塑性位移有限元法可以很好地求解地基的极限承载力问题,其求解得到的修正地基承载力系数与基于下限原理的有限元解很接近,而上限解高估了地基的极限荷载值,传统的经验解在某些条件下却偏小。     

车辆悬架控制臂液压衬套区间动刚度模型研究

已有文献的车辆悬架控制臂液压衬套动刚度模型仅能给出动刚度变化理想曲线,不能给出动刚度的上下变化曲线。为了解决这个问题,将流体惯性系数和流量阻尼系数定义为区间变量,运用区间不确定性理论建立了液压衬套的动刚度模型。将初始区间动刚度模型获得的仿真结果与已有的实验结果对比,吻合较好,验证了该模型的正确性。采用子区间组合法,在一定的区间精度下获得优化的区间动刚度模型,进而获得优化的动刚度上下限变化曲线。区间动刚度模型为动刚度的全面描述提供了一种方法,对文献的动刚度模型进行了改进。     

Bounds on the overall properties of composites with ellipsoidal inclusions

A new model is put forward to bound the effective elastic moduli of composites with ellipsoidal inclusions. In the present paper, transition layer for each ellipsoidal inclusion is introduced to make the trial displacement field for the upper bound and the trial stress field for the lower bound satisfy the continuous interface conditions which are absolutely necessary for the application of variational principles. According to the principles of minimum potential energy and minimum complementary energy, the upper and lower bounds on the effective elastic moduli of composites with ellipsoidal inclusions are rigorously derived. The effects of the distribution and geometric parameters of ellipsoidal inclusions on the bounds of the effective elastic moduli are analyzed in details. The present upper and lower bounds are still finite when the bulk and shear moduli of ellipsoidal inclusions tend to infinity and zero, respectively. It should be mentioned that the present method is simple and needs not calculate the complex integrals of multi-point correlation functions. Meanwhile, the present paper provides an entirely different way to bound the effective elastic moduli of composites with ellipsoidal inclusions, which can be developed to obtain a series of bounds by taking different trial displacement and stress fields.     

Electrohydrodynamic peristaltic flow of a dielectric Oldroydian viscoelastic fluid in a flexible channel with heat transfer

This paper discusses the effects of a vertical a.c. electric field and heat transfer on a peristaltic flow of an incompressible dielectric viscoelastic fluid in a symmetric flexible channel. The mathematical modeling includes interactions among the electric field, flow field, and temperature. The perturbation solution of the modeled problem is derived by considering a small wave number. The influence of pertinent parameters is demonstrated and discussed. The numerical results show that the possibility of flow reversal increases near the lower bound of the channel and decreases near the upper bound of the channel as the electrical Rayleigh number, the Reynolds number, and the Weissenberg number increase, whereas the opposite effect is observed as the temperature parameter and the Weissenberg number increase. It is observed that the size of the trapped bolus decreases at the upper bound of the channel and increases at the lower bound of the channel with increasing electrical Rayleigh number, whereas the opposite effect is observed as the temperature parameter increases. The results also show that the trapped bolus in the case of an Oldroydian fluid is smaller than that for a Newtonian fluid.     

Extensions of the Prager-Shield theory of optimal plastic design

The Prager-Shield associated displacement field method for optimal plastic design is extended to multi-component specific cost functions and multiple load conditions, and a lower bound theorem based on kinematic requirements only is introduced. Since any statically admissible stress field results in an upper bound, the proposed theorem provides a simple method for establishing bounds on the optimal cost. By a simple substitution of parameters into the general equations presented, the optimality criteria can be obtained for particular design problems. Examples of optimal fibre-reinforced plates are given.     

The general derivation of Ritz method and Trefftz method in elastomechanics

This paper derives the Ritz method and Trefftz method in linear elastomechanis with the help of general mathematical expressions. Thus it is proved that Ritz method gives the upper bound of the corresponding functional extremurn, while Trefftz method gives its lower bound. At the same time it has been found that the eigenvalue problem (e.g. thenatural frequency problem) concerning the functional variational method in Trefftz method is in concord with the lower bound method of the loosened boundary condition which seeks for the eigenvalue. Of course, the results of this derivation are also applicable to the sort of functional variational method of which Euler’s equation is linear positive definite.     

Solvability of Static Contact Problems with Coulomb Friction for Orthotropic Material

We calculate an exact upper bound for the magnitude of the coefficient of friction that ensures the existence of a solution to a static contact problem with Coulomb friction. The approach is based on a general existence result that is valid under the assumption that the coefficient of friction is bounded by a certain constant depending on the constants in two special trace type estimates for a half space domain. We calculate these constants for orthotropic material and two space dimensions with the help of a representation for a partial Fourier transform of the solution to the corresponding system of elasticity equations. The result is compared to the formula for general anisotropic material. The new bound for orthotropic material is significantly larger than the old one for general material, if the material is close to an isotropic material with Poisson ration greater than zero. For some cases the new bound can be even larger than one.      

Qualitative criteria in non-linear dynamic buckling and stability of autonomous dissipative systems

A general qualitative approach for dynamic buckling and stability of autonomous dissipative structural systems is comprehensively presented. Attention is focused on systems which under the same statically applied loading exhibit a limit point instability or an unstable branching point instability with a non-linear fundamental path. Using the total energy equation, the theory of point and periodic attractors of the basin of attraction of a stable equilibrium point, of local and global bifurcations, of the inset and outset manifolds of a saddle and of the geometry of the channel of motion, the stability of the fundamental equilibrium path and the mechanism of dynamic buckling are thoroughly discussed. This allows us to establish useful qualitative criteria leading to exact, approximate and upper/lower bound buckling estimates without integrating the highly non-linear initial-value problem. The individual and coupling effect of geometric and material non-linearities of damping and mass distribution on the dynamic buckling load are also examined. A comparison of the results of the above qualitative analysis with those obtained via numerical simulation is performed on several two- and three-degree-of-freedom models of engineering importance.     

An upper bound for validity limits of asymptotic analytical approaches based on normal form theory

Perturbation methods are routinely used in all fields of applied mathematics where analytical solutions for nonlinear dynamical systems are searched. Among them, normal form theory provides a reliable method for systematically simplifying dynamical systems via nonlinear change of coordinates, and is also used in a mechanical context to define Nonlinear Normal Modes (NNMs). The main recognized drawback of perturbation methods is the absence of a criterion establishing their range of validity in terms of amplitude. In this paper, we propose a method to obtain upper bounds for amplitudes of changes of variables in normal form transformations. The criterion is tested on simple mechanical systems with one and two degrees-of-freedom, and for complex as well as real normal form. Its behavior with increasing order in the normal transform is established, and comparisons are drawn between exact solutions and normal form computations for increasing levels of amplitudes. The results clearly establish that the criterion gives an upper bound for validity limit of normal transforms.     

Experimental lower bounds on geometrically necessary dislocation density

A single nickel crystal is indented with a wedge indenter such that a two-dimensional deformation state with three effective plane strain slip systems is induced. The in-plane lattice rotation of the crystal lattice is measured with a three micrometer spatial resolution using Orientation Imaging Microscopy (OIM). All non-zero components of the Nye dislocation density tensor are calculated from the lattice rotation field. A rigorous analytical expression is derived for the lower bound of the total Geometrically Necessary Dislocation (GND) density. Existence and uniqueness of the lower bound are demonstrated, and the apportionment of the total GND density onto the effective individual slip systems is determined. The lower bound solution reduces to the exact solution under circumstances in which only one or two of the effective slip systems are known to have been activated. The results give insight into the active slip systems as well as the dislocation structures formed in the nickel crystal as a result of the wedge indentation.     

数学规划加权残值法分析薄板与薄壳的几何非线性问题

使用数学规划加权残值涯分析了薄板大挠度及薄壳的非线性稳定问题。在两者应变协调方程严格满足的情况下,论证并利用平衡方程的单调性,建立数学规划问题,首先得到无布载荷四边简支方板中心挠度的最小上界及最大下界,经典Ｌｅｖｙ解位基其间。     

Spinning rods, elliptical disks and solid ellipsoidal bodies: Elastic and plastic stresses and limit spins

The analysis of the stresses in one-, two- and three-dimensional spinning bodies is discussed in a systematic and comprehensive way. First elastic solutions are derived for rods, for elliptical-shaped flat disks and for ellipsoidal solid bodies spinning about their sideways axes. Then the spins for first plastic yield are found in each case using each of the Tresca and the von Mises yield conditions. Then upper and lower bounds on the maximum allowable limit spins where the body would globally fail assuming perfectly plastic behavior are derived. The elastic solutions at first yield always give a lower bound to that limit spin, but global failure generally does not occur until the spin is increased. A way to calculate an improved lower bound is illustrated. Upper bounds are found in a simple and new way. The method uses the fact that the volume-averaged stresses can be calculated directly from the loadings without the need for any actual stress solutions, and then it is proved that the use of those average stresses in the yield functions always gives an upper bound to the limit loads. That use of the statically determinate average stresses to obtain meaningful plastic upper bounds to limit loads is though to be a new method, and can be applied to any shape. Finally, several finite element calculations are used to determine the quantitative relations between the lower and upper bounds and the actual limit spins for ellipsoidal bodies.The results are of interest in the spin of planetary bodies, where they explain the nature of an average-stress approximate method, and in the analysis of spinning bodies in general. In addition, the approach gives a very interesting example of the utility of the limit analysis approaches of plasticity theories.     

On the deformation and fracture of porous materials

The constitutive behavior of porous materials (including the yield loci, the void growth rate, the macro stress-strain relation and the strain to localization instability) is examined based on the lower bound approach proposed by the present authors. These results are then compared with the experimental and the finite element results as well as those predicted by Gurson's equations. Emphasis is placed on approaching the real behavior from the upper and the lower bound analysis. Calculation is also made on the influence of void nucleation on the critical strain to instability and a modified strain-controlled nucleation criterion is proposed. Finally the instability and fracture of AISI4340 steel in plane strain tension is examined and comparison is made between theoretical and experimental results.