Dietary,but not topical,alpha-linolenic acid suppresses UVB-induced skin injury in hairless mice when compared with linoleic acids

Peroxidizability of fatty acids in the air is roughly proportional to the number of double bonds, but in vivo peroxidation proceeds in a more complex manner. Here, we compared the effects of dietary and topically applied oils enriched with linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) or alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) on UV-induced skin injury in a strain of hairless mice. The UVB-induced erythema score was significantly lower in mice with topically applied creams containing LA and ALA than in mice with the basal cream; no significant increase in the score was detected in the ALA group compared with the LA group. However, dietary ALA inhibited the increase in erythema score after UVB irradiation compared with LA. The peroxidizability index of the skin total lipids was significantly higher, but UVB-induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production was significantly lower in the group fed an ALA-rich diet compared with the group fed an LA-rich diet. The levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, estimated in the presence of butylated hydroxytoluene in the assay mixture, were not affected by UVB treatment or by the dietary fatty acids, but the severity of the skin lesion was associated with PGE2 levels. These results indicate that the type of fatty acids, n-6 or n-3, is critical for the suppression of UVB-induced skin lesion when the skin fatty acids are modified by dietary manipulation. Anti-inflammatory activity of dietary flaxseed oil with relatively high ALA and low LA contents was demonstrated in UVB-irradiated hairless mice.     

Positive Association between Aqueous Humor Hydroxylinoleate Levels and Intraocular Pressure

We previously proposed the total assessment of hydroxylinoleates (HODEs) by LC-MS/MS after saponification and reduction of the biologic samples as biomarkers to investigate pathogenesis, disease progression, and prognosis. In this study, HODE levels were estimated in aqueous humor (AH) samples from 63 eyes (41 Japanese subjects; 15 men; mean age, 77.3 ± 6.8 years) with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) or cataracts. The correlations between intraocular HODE levels and background parameters, including intraocular pressure (IOP), were analyzed to assess the possible involvement of oxidative stress in glaucoma pathology. Univariate analyses showed that linoleic acid (LA) (p = 0.034) and arachidonic acid (AA) (p = 0.0041) levels were associated negatively with age; 13-(Z,E)-HODE (p = 0.018) and 13-(E,E)-HODE (p = 0.021) were associated positively with IOP; 9-(Z,E)-HODE (p = 0.039), 13-(Z,E)-HODE (p = 0.021), totally assessed-HODE (t-HODE, p = 0.023), LA (p = 0.0080), and AA (p = 0.0051) were higher in eyes with glaucoma than cataract. No gender differences were seen. A mixed-effect regression model showed that higher 13-(Z,E)-HODE (p = 0.0040) and higher t-HODE (p = 0.040) were associated with glaucoma rather than cataracts; and higher levels of 13-(Z,E)-HODE/LA (p = 0.043), 13-(E,E)-HODE/LA (p = 0.042), 13-(Z,E)-HODE (p = 0.0054), and 13-(E,E)-HODE (p = 0.027) were associated with higher IOP. Linoleate-derived oxidation products were quantified successfully in AH samples from patients with glaucoma and cataracts. A free radical oxidation mechanism can be associated with IOP elevation, while enzymatic oxidation may be involved, specifically, in the pathogenesis of POAG.     

Exploration of the Interrelationship within Biomass Pyrolysis Liquid Composition Based on Multivariate Analysis

The diverse utilization of pyrolysis liquid is closely related to its chemical compositions. Several factors affect PA compositions during the preparation. In this study, multivariate statistical analysis was conducted to assess PA compositions data obtained from published paper and experimental data. Results showed the chemical constituents were not significantly different in different feedstock materials. Acids and phenolics contents were 31.96% (CI: 25.30–38.62) and 26.50% (CI: 21.43–31.57), respectively, accounting for 58.46% (CI: 46.72–70.19) of the total relative contents. When pyrolysis temperatures range increased to above 350 °C, acids and ketones contents decreased by more than 5.2-fold and 1.53-fold, respectively, whereas phenolics content increased by more than 2.1-fold, and acetic acid content was the highest, reaching 34.16% (CI: 25.55–42.78). Correlation analysis demonstrated a significantly negative correlation between acids and phenolics (r² = −0.43, p < 0.001) and significantly positive correlation between ketones and alcohols (r² = 0.26, p < 0.05). The pyrolysis temperatures had a negative linear relationship with acids (slope = −0.07, r² = 0.16, p < 0.001) and aldehydes (slope = −0.02, r² = 0.09, p < 0.05) and positive linear relationship with phenolics (slope = 0.04, r² = 0.07, p < 0.05). This study provides a theoretical reference of PA application.     

Physicochemical,Antioxidant and Anticancer Characteristics of Seed Oil from Three Chenopodium quinoa Genotypes

Chenopodium quinoa Willd. is recognized to be an excellent nutrient with high nutritional content. However, few genotypes of quinoa were analyzed, so we found a knowledge gap in the comparison of quinoa seeds of different genotypes. This study aims to compare the physicochemical, antioxidant, and anticancer properties of seed oil from three C. quinoa genotypes. Seeds of three genotypes (white, red, and black) were extracted with hexane and compared in this study. The oil yields of these quinoa seeds were 5.68–6.19% which contained predominantly polyunsaturated fatty acids (82.78–85.52%). The total tocopherol content ranged from 117.29 to 156.67 mg/kg and mainly consisted of γ-tocopherol. Total phytosterols in the three oils ranged from 9.4 to 12.2 g/kg. Black quinoa seed oil had the highest phytosterols followed by red and white quinoas. The chemical profile of quinoa seed oils paralleled by their antioxidant and anticancer activities in vitro was positively correlated with the seed coat color. Black quinoa seed oil had the best antioxidant and anti-proliferation effect on HCT 116 cells by the induction of apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, which may play more significant roles in the chemoprevention of cancer and other diseases related to oxidative stress as a source of functional foods.     

Determination of total copper in haemodialysis water by differential-pulse anodic stripping voltammetry

An anodic stripping voltammetric method was developed in order to determine copper in the water used to prepare haemodialysis solutions. The interference from organic matter was overcome by high-pressure bomb mineralization. The electrochemical results were compared with those obtained by using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and the correlation was excellent (r = 0.983, p < 0.001). The detection limit was 0.2 μg l^?1 copper.     

Activation of Hair Cell Growth Factors by Linoleic Acid in Malva verticillata Seed

Hair loss by excessive stress from work and lifestyle changes has become a growing concern, particularly among young individuals. However, most drugs for alopecia impose a plethora of side effects. We have found the powerful impact of Malva verticillata seed extracts on alleviating hair loss. This study further isolated effective chemicals in M. verticillata seed extracts by liquid silica gel column chromatography. Under the screening for the growth rate (%) of human follicles dermal papilla cells (HFDPCs), we identified linoleic acid (LA) and oleic acid in n-hexane of M. verticillate (MH)2 fraction. LA treatment activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling and induced HFDPCs growth by increasing the expression of cell cycle proteins such as cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 2. LA treatment also increased several growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-1, hepatocyte growth factor, and keratinocyte growth factor, in a dose-dependent manner. Besides, LA significantly inhibited Dickkopf-related protein expression (DKK-1), a primary alopecia signaling by dihydrotestosterone. Our findings suggest that LA treatment may alleviate a testosterone-induced signaling molecule and induces HFDPCs growth by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling.     

Integration of biogas in the natural gas grid: Thermodynamic characterization of a biogas-like mixture

The composition of biogas may vary significantly due to the diversity of production sources, making it essential to have a detailed knowledge of their thermophysical properties in order to develop and validate methods for the estimation of density, heat capacity and calorific value of biogas and biomethane. In this work the thermodynamic behavior of a synthetic biogas-like mixture, composed of methane (50%), carbon dioxide (35%), nitrogen (10%) and carbon monoxide (5%), is studied through accurate (p, ρ, T) experimental data obtained by using a single sinker densimeter with magnetic suspension coupling. The mixture was prepared by the gravimetric method at the Spanish National Metrology Institute (Centro Español de Metrología, CEM) and the accurate density measurements have been performed in the temperature range from (275 to 400) K and pressures up to 20 MPa. This work is part of the research project ‘Metrology for Biogas’ supported by the European Metrology Research Program. Experimental data are compared with the densities calculated with the GERG-2008 equation of state. The deviation between experimental and estimated densities is within a ±0.2% band at all temperatures, except at the lower temperature, 275 K, and pressures from (6 to 15) MPa, which shows a higher deviation.     

Oxidative Stress Is Increased in Combined Oral Contraceptives Users and Is Positively Associated with High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein

Information concerning the mechanisms underlying oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation in young healthy women predisposing eventually to future diseases is scarce. We investigated the relationship of oxidative stress and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in fertile-age women by oral combined contraceptive (OC) use. Caucasian Italian healthy non-obese women (n = 290; 100 OC-users; 190 non-OC-users; mean age 23.2 ± 4.7 years) were analyzed. Blood hydroperoxides, as oxidative stress biomarkers, were assessed by Free Oxygen Radical Test (FORT). Serum hsCRP was determined by an ultra-sensitive method (hsCRP). Markedly elevated oxidative stress (≥400 FORT Units) was found in 77.0% of OC-users and 1.6% of non-OC-users, odds ratio (OR) = 209, 95% CI = 60.9–715.4, p < 0.001. Elevated hsCRP levels ≥ 2.0 mg/L, considered risky for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), were found in 41.0% of OC-users and 9.5% of non-OC-users, OR = 6.6, 95%CI 3.5–12.4, p < 0.001. Hydroperoxides were strongly positively correlated to hsCRP in all women (r_s = 0.622, p < 0.001), in OC-users (r_s = 0.442, p < 0.001), and in non-OC-users (r_s = 0.426, p < 0.001). Women with hydroperoxides ≥ 400 FORT Units were eight times as likely to have hsCRP ≥ 2 mg/L. In non-OC-users only, hydroperoxides values were positively correlated with weight and body mass index, but negatively correlated with red meat, fish and chocolate consumption. Our research is the first finding a strong positive correlation of serum hydroperoxides with hsCRP, a marker of low-grade chronic inflammation, in young healthy women. Further research is needed to elucidate the potential role of these two biomarkers in OC-use associated side-effects, like thromboembolism and other CVDs.     

Bimetallic amine-bridged bis(phenolate) lanthanide aryloxides and alkoxides: synthesis,characterization, and application in the ring-opening polymerization of rac-lactide and rac-β-butyrolactone

A series of neutral bimetallic lanthanide aryloxides p-C6H4[OLnL(THF)n]2 [Ln = Y(1), Yb(2), Sm(3)(n = 1) and La(4)(n = 2), L = Me2NCH2CH2N{CH2-(2-O–C6H2–tBu2-3,5)}2] and alkoxides p-C6H4CH2[OLnL(THF)]2 [Ln = Y(5), Yb(6)] supported by an amine-bridged bis(phenolate) ligand have been synthesized through one-pot reactions of Ln(C5H5)3(THF), LH2 with p-benzenediol and 1,4-benzenedimethanol, respectively. All complexes have been fully characterized by elemental analyses, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, and IR and multi-nuclear NMR spectroscopy(in the cases of 1, 4 and 5). Study of their catalytic behavior revealed that, in general, all complexes are efficient initiators for the polymerization of rac-lactide(LA) and rac-β-butyrolactone(BBL), except for 3 and 4 in the case of BBL. The influence imposed by lanthanides of different ionic radii and initiating groups of different structures on the activity, controllability, and stereoselectivity of polymerization were systematically studied and compared. Highly heterotactic PLA(Pr up to 0.99) and syndiotactic PHB(Pr ≈ 0.81) with high molecular weight and narrow polydispersity formed and were automatically capped with hydroxyl functionality at both ends.     

BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS TO 6-AMINOLEVULINIC ACID INDUCED BY BLUE LIGHT IN THE PIGMENT MUTANT C-2A‘ OF SCENEDESMUS OBLIQUUS*

The X-ray induced mutant C-2A of Scenedesmus obliquus grows heterotrophically but forms only traces of chlorophyll in the dark. Upon illumination, baminolevulinic acid (ALA) is synthesized and chlorophyll is formed. These processes are blue light dependent and cease immediately when the cells are transferred back into darkness. Addition of levulinic acid (LA) inhibits the light-dependent formation of chlorophyll and causes accumulation of ALA by competitive inhibition of the ALA dehydratase (EC. 4.2.1.24). By feeding specifically labelled ¹⁴C precursors to the pigment mutant, inhibiting the ALA dehydratase with LA, accumulating, extracting and analyzing the ALA, two pathways leading towards ALA could be established: glycine and succinyl CoA can be condensed to ALA and the 5 carbon skeleton of glutamate can completely be incorporated into ALA via a second pathway. The glycine-succinyl CoA pathway dominates over the glutamate pathway, but both lead to chlorophyll formation.     

Protolytic properties of silica modified with maleinized linseed oil

The protolytic equilibria on the surface of silicas coated with a layer of maleinized linseed oil (MLO), a new type of carboxylic cation exchangers, were studied using potentiometric titration. The ionexchange capacity of the sorbents was determined, a parameter that first increases and then decreases with increasing concentration of MLO on the silica surface. For the dibasic carboxy groups of MLO, pK _a=3.99±0.04 and 4.73±0.04, values close to pK _a for succinic acid, a homogeneous analogue of the system under study.     

Methadone concentrations in blood, plasma, and oral fluid determined by isotope-dilution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Methadone (MTD) is widely used for detoxification of heroin addicts and also in pain management programs. Information about the distribution of methadone between blood, plasma, and alternative specimens, such as oral fluid (OF), is needed in clinical, forensic, and traffic medicine when analytical results are interpreted. We determined MTD and its metabolite 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) in blood, plasma, blood cells, and OF by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after adding deuterium-labeled internal standards. The analytical limits of quantitation for MTD and EDDP by this method were 20 and 3 ng/mL, respectively. The amounts of MTD and EDDP were higher in plasma (80.4 % and 76.5 %) compared with blood cells (19.6 % and 23.5 %) and we found that repeated washing of blood cells with phosphate–buffered saline increased the amounts in plasma (93.6 % and 88.6 %). Mean plasma/blood concentration ratios of MTD and EDDP in spiked samples (N?=?5) were 1.27 and 1.21, respectively. In clinical samples from patients (N?=?46), the concentrations of MTD in plasma and whole blood were highly correlated (r?=?0.92, p?<?0.001) and mean (median) plasma/blood distribution ratios were 1.43 (1.41). The correlations between MTD in OF and plasma (r?=?0.46) and OF and blood (r?=?0.52) were also statistically significant (p?<?0.001) and the mean OF/plasma and OF/blood distribution ratios were 0.55 and 0.77, respectively. The MTD concentration in OF decreased as salivary pH increased (more basic). These results will prove useful in clinical and forensic medicine when MTD concentrations in alternative specimens are compared and contrasted.     

The distance distribution of radical—paramagnetic ion pairs studied by the electron spin echo method. Spatial regularities of radical diffusion in glassy alcohols

Applications of the electron spin echo (ESE) technique to determine the distance distribution function for radical-ion pairs stabilized in solids are described. The ESE signal intensity depends on the ion spin-lattice relaxation time T₁, thus on temperature, as well as on the function n(r),n(r) can be determined up to a distance of 50 A. At r < 10 - 20 A it is possible to estimate the portion of radicals stabilized at these distances in the vicinity of a paramegnetic ion. The photochemical reaction Fe³⁺ + R₂CH(OH)→Fe²⁺ +_R₂C(OH) + H⁺ has been studied in glassy methanol and isopropanol. The pair distribution function n(r) has been obtained at 17 < r < 26 A. Its changes induced by radical diffusion have been studied. The portion of radicals stabilized at distance r < 17 A was about 80% for both alcohols.     

Association of LIM Domain 7 Gene Polymorphisms and Plasma Levels of LIM Domain 7 with Dilated Cardiomyopathy in a Chinese Population

The aim of our study was to investigate the potential association of mRNA expression and plasma levels of the LIM domain 7 (LMO7) gene with the pathogenesis of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Two SNPs of the LMO7 gene were genotyped in 310 patients with DCM and 415 controls. Our results showed that SNP rs7986131 (p = 0.002, OR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.12–1.71), but not SNP rs4884021, was associated with DCM in the Han Chinese population. Haplotype analysis showed that the haplotype GT was associated with increased DCM susceptibility while AC was a protective haplotype. The Cox multivariate survival analysis indicated that the rs7986131 TT genotype (HR 1.659, 95% CI = 1.122–2.454, p = 0.011) was an independent multivariate predictor for shorter overall survival in patients with DCM. LMO7 mRNA expression and plasma LMO7 levels were significantly decreased in DCM (p < 0.0001). Spearman correlation test revealed that the plasma LMO7 level was negatively associated with left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (r = ?0.384, p = 0.01), left ventricular end-diastolic volume (r = ?0.375, p = 0.012), and brain natriuretic peptide (r = ?0.482, p = 0.001). Our study suggested that the LMO7 gene may play an important role in the pathogenesis of DCM in the Han Chinese population.     

Optimisation of Batch Culture Conditions for Cell-Envelope-Associated Proteinase Production from Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis ATCC? 7830?

Using a combination of conventional sequential techniques, the batch growth conditions for the production of cell-envelope-associated proteinases have for the first time been studied and optimised in Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis 313 (ATCC 7830; LDL 313). Concentrations of inoculum (0.1?<?X?<?10?% vol/vol), agitation speed (0?<?S?<?200?rpm), varying incubation temperature (30?<?T?<?50?°C), starting pH (4.5?<?pH?<?7) and carbon/nitrogen ratio of production medium (0.2?<?r?<?5) had an individual effect on proteinase yield (p?<?0.01). Optimal conditions for proteinase production included an initial pH of 6.0, 45?°C incubation temperature, 2?% (v/v) inoculum size of OD₅₆₀?=?1, 150?rpm agitation speed, and growth medium carbon/nitrogen ratio of 1.0. Maximum proteinase activity obtained for whole cells was 0.99 U/ml after 8?h of incubation. The variables studied are very relevant due to their significance in improving the productivity of proteinase synthesis from LDL 313, under process and, likely, economic optimum conditions.     

Chemo-Enzymatic Epoxidation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lallemantia Iberica</Emphasis>Seed Oil: Process Development and Economic-Ecological Evaluation

The chemo-enzymatic epoxidation of Lallemantia iberica seed oil (LISO), a novel plant oil characterized by its exceptional high content of alpha-linolenic acid (>?60%), was developed using an immobilized lipase from Pseudozyma antarctica and hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. A statistical approach was used to study the effect of enzyme amount, temperature, time, and solvent amount on the oxirane oxygen content obtained during epoxidation. An oxirane oxygen content of 8.6 ± 0.2% corresponding to a yield of 82% was obtained under optimized conditions that were identified to be at an enzyme load of 8.2 g/mol of double bonds, a solvent amount of 56.4 wt.%, a temperature of 33 °C, and an incubation time of 17 h. In addition, the experimental investigation was combined with a techno-economic and ecological assessment gaining detailed information regarding cost structure and environmental impact for the chemo-enzymatic epoxidation of the novel plant oil.     

Profile characterization and biological activities of cold pressed Garden Cress (Lepidium sativum) seed oil

Lepidium sativum is cultivated mainly for the edible oil from its seeds, and considered as an unutilized and neglected crop despite its important properties. Its oil fraction is used to produce soap and stabilize linseed oil when it is mixed with wild mustard seed oil. Once converted into fatty acid methyl esters, it represents a good substitute for imported petroleum diesel after alkaline transesterification reaction. In the current study, Lepidium sativum seeds cultivated in Tunisia and the physicochemical properties and nutrient profile of its cold pressed seed oil were investigated. The antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities of the above oil were also assessed. Lepidium sativum seed oil was abundant in both linolenic (35.59 ± 1.9%) and oleic (21.14 ± 0.63%) acids, and high amounts of β-sitosterol (42.57 ± 2.96 mg/100 g), campesterol (20.04 ± 1.4 mg/100 g) and Δ 5,24 stigmastadienol (11.82 ± 0.45 mg/100 g) were detected. The total tocopherol content of Lepidium sativum seed oil reached 136.83 ± 7.6 mg/100 g with a predominance of γ-tocopherol (86.23%). Its seed oil exhibited an IC₅₀ of 10.33 ± 0.05 mg/mL and a radical scavenging activity of 415.6 ± 40 Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) for the DPPH and the ABTS assays, respectively. While the thermal analysis proved a high thermal stability of Lepidium sativum seed oil, that of eight bacteria and one fungal strain showed no noticeable bacterial or antifungal effects. It was also revealed that Lepidium sativum seed oil held a remarkable anti-inflammatory activity. Hence, the obtained results evidenced remarkable chemical, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Lepidium sativum seed oil, which might potentially be promising for enhancing human health and preventing age-related diseases.     

Homologous and Heterologous Expression of Delta(12)-Desaturase in Mucor circinelloides Enhanced the Production of Linolenic Acid

Linolenic acid (LA) is gaining more interest within the scientific community. This is because it has a potential medical role in reducing the risk of inflammation, carcinogenesis, atherosclerosis and diabetes and is a valuable nutraceutical for human health. The oleaginous fungus Mucor circinelloides produces a high lipid content (36%), including valuable polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). However, the critical step in which oleic acid (OA) is converted into LA is not efficient at supplying enough substrates for PUFA synthesis. Hence, we propose a method to increase LA production based on genetic engineering. The overexpression of the Δ12-desaturase gene from M. circinelloides and Mortierella alpina increased the LA content and improved the lipid accumulation (from 14.9% to 21.6% in the Δ12-desaturase gene of the M. circinelloides overexpressing strain (Mc-D12MC) and from 14.9% to 18.7% in the Δ12-desaturase gene of M. alpina overexpressing strain (Mc-D12MA)). Additionally, the up-regulated expression levels of these genes targeted the genes involved in NADPH production, implying that the elevated Δ12-desaturase gene may function as a critical regulator of NADPH and lipid synthesis in M. circinelloides. This study provides the first evidence to support the design of metabolic engineering related to LA and PUFA production in M. circinelloides for potential industrial applications.     

Infrared spectra of bis(aniline) and bis (p-toluidine) metal(II) isothiocyanate complexes

The infrared spectra of eight complexes of general formula [ML₂(NCS)₂] (M = Co, Ni, Cu, Zn; L = aniline or p-toluidine) have been determined over the range 4000–4150 cm^?1. Colour, magnetic moments and IR spectra are consistent with polymeric octahedral coordination in the Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes and polymeric tetragonal coordination in the Cu(II) complexes, while the Zn(II) complexes are assigned polymeric octahedral (L = aniline) and tetrahedral (L = p-toluidine) structure on the basis of their IR spectra. Independent ¹⁵N-labelling of the nitrogen atoms of the amino and isothiocyanate groups yields assignments for the internal vibrations of both groups and enables the metal-amine and metal—isothiocyanate stretching vibrations (vM-NH₂ and vM-NCS) to be distinguished. Both vM-NH₂ and vM-NCS are metal ion dependent in the Irving-Williams sequence (Co < Ni < Cu > Zn) expected from their proposed structures while the vN-H and vN-CS vibrations are inversely related to the masses of the coordinated metal ions.     

Experimental and theoretical studies of the topological and energy parameters in the crystal of 4,7-di-tert-butyl-2-phenyl-1,3,2-benzodioxaborole

The electron density distribution in the crystal of 4,7-di-tert-butyl-2-phenyl-1,3,2-benzodioxaborole (1) was examined both experimentally and theoretically. According to the theory “Atoms in Molecules”, the B-O bonds are “intermediate” interactions (?²γ(r) > 0, h _e(r) < 0), while the B-C(Ph), O-C, and C-C bonds are “shared” (?²γ(r) < 0, h _e(r) < 0). The energies of intra- and intermolecular interactions in the crystals were estimated. Compound 1 is inert to oxygen, which agrees with the low HOMO energy (?6.26 eV).