Enantiomer separation with capillary gas chromatography columns coated with cyclodextrins. Part I: Separation of enantiomeric 2-substituted propionic acid esters and some lower alcohols with permethylated β-cyclodextrin

The applicability of permethylated β-cyclodextrin as an enantioselective stationary phase for capillary gas chromatography has been investigated. Attention has been paid to its phase transitions in a temperature range of 40–200°C. The enantiomer separation of 2-substituted propionates and some lower alcohols illustrates the pronounced selectivity of the permethylated β-cyclodextrin relative to molecular geometry.     

Molecular Modeling of Enantioseparation of Phenylazetidin Derivatives by Cyclodextrins

β-Lactams are one of the most widely used types of antibiotics. As β-lactams are chiral, the enantiomeric separation of these compounds was investigated using cyclodextrins, frequently used as chiral separators. Molecular modeling methods were utilized in order to predict possible enantioseparation of four model compounds. Our results revealed that permethylated β-cyclodextrin is more likely to chirally separate the phenylazetidin derivates than the parent β-cyclodextrin. LC experiments using cyclodextrin as chiral stationary phase in most cases confirmed our prediction; however, more experiments and statistical evaluation of the results are needed in order to judge the prediction power of the molecular dynamic method.     

Sulfated cyclodextrins as water-soluble chiral NMR solvating agents for cationic compounds

The utility of a series of sulfated cyclodextrins as water-soluble chiral NMR solvating agents for cationic substrates is described. Sulfated α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrin with degrees of substitution of 12, 13 and 14, respectively, a sulfated β-cyclodextrin with a degree of substitution of 9 and a sulfobutyl ether β-cyclodextrin with a degree of substitution of 6.3 are examined. Results with 33 water-soluble cationic organic salts are reported. Chiral differentiation with the sulfated cyclodextrins is compared to prior results obtained with anionic carboxymethylated and phosphated cyclodextrins. The highly sulfated cyclodextrins are often more effective at causing enantiomeric differentiation in ¹H NMR spectra than the sulfobutyl ether, carboxymethylated and phosphated cyclodextrins, and are recommended as the first choice of a chiral solvating agent for the analysis of chiral cationic organic salts in aqueous solution.     

Separation of Cyclodextrins Using Cyclodextrin Bonded Phases

Abstract

Two different cyclodextrin bonded phases (α and β) were used for the separation of α-, β-and γ-cyclodextrins. The β-cyclodextrin phase was found to be, in general, more effective at resolving the cyclodextrins than the α-cyclodextrin bonded phase. Acetonitrile/water mixtures were used as mobile phases. The effect of mobile phase composition on retention and resolution is examined. The elution order was found to be size dependent. The results are discussed in terms of the overall retention mechanism.     

Durable chiral sensor based on quartz crystal microbalance using self-assembled monolayer of permethylated β-cyclodextrin

A novel chiral sensor based on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) with a self-assembled monolayer of permethylated β-cyclodextrin as the enantioselective coating has been derived which exhibit improved enantioselectivity and excellent long-term environmental stability when used in gas phase sensing.     

α－溴丙酸甲酯与β－环糊精衍生物手性识别过程的模 拟研究

应用分子动力学方法,模拟研究了α－溴丙酸甲酯分别与全甲基－β－环糊精(PMBCD)、七(2,6-二-O-丁基-3-O-丁酰基)-β－环糊精(DBBBCD)的手性识别过程。结果表明,α－溴丙酸甲酯对映体与PMBCD,DBBBCD的优先结合点位于环糊精空腔的内部,其对映体与所述环糊精的手性识别机理和形成腔内结合物有关;对映体在环糊精空腔内的结合并非传统意义上的紧密包合,对映体在腔内可以上下运动和转动;从对平衡构象的结构分析发现,所述对映体与环糊精衍生物的手性识别与葡萄糖单元的C(2),C(3)所提供的手性环境密切相关。而且,分子模拟方法得到的对映体保留顺序与气相色谱实验结果是一致的。     

环糊精对手性药物伪麻黄碱分子识别的电喷雾飞行时间质谱研究

用电喷雾正交飞行时间质谱仪分别研究了以α－环糊精、β－环糊精和γ－环 糊精作为手性拆分剂对手性药物伪麻黄碱的分子识别效应,同时还分别研究了 Nozzle电的变化对α－环糊精和γ－环糊精的手性识别的影响。在质谱图中能明显 反映出三种手性拆分剂都具备很强的手性识别能力,随Nozzle电压的改变,三种手 性拆分剂双分别具有各自的手性识别特征。     

Chiral analysis of helquats by capillary electrophoresis: resolution of helical N-heteroaromatic dications using randomly sulfated cyclodextrins

Enantiomers of helical N-heteroaromatic dications, helquats, were separated by CE. An acidic 22/35 mM sodium/phosphate background electrolyte, pH 2.4, with addition of randomly sulfated α-, β- and γ- cyclodextrins allowed enantioresolution of a series of helquats, which comprised 5, 6 and 7 fused rings participating in the helical backbone. In general, at least one of the chiral selectors was found to provide baseline separation for 22 out of 24 helquats and partial separation for the remaining two. Individually, the sulfated γ-cyclodextrin turned out to separate 79% of the helquats, followed by the β- and α-congeners with 54 and 42% of the resolved compounds, respectively. Migration order of enantiomers was inspected for selected helquats and a relation of molecular size of the analytes to a cavity of the cyclodextrin selectors is discussed.     

Enantioselective resolution of chiral aromatic acids by biphasic recognition chiral extraction

This paper reports a new chiral separation technology—biphasic recognition chiral extraction for the separation of aromatic acid enantiomers such as α-cyclohexyl-mandelic acid (CHMA) and naproxen (NAP). The biphasic recognition chiral extraction system was established by adding hydrophobic d(l)-isobutyl tartrate in 1,2-dichloroethane organic phase and hydrophilic β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) derivative in aqueous phase, which preferentially recognize the (R)-enantiomer and (S)-enantiomer, respectively. These studies involve an enantioselective extraction in a biphasic system, where aromatic acid enantiomers form complexes with the β-cyclodextrin derivative in the aqueous phase and d(l)-isobutyl tartrate in the organic phase, respectively. Factors affecting the extraction mechanism are analyzed, namely the influence of the concentrations of the extractants and aromatic acid enantiomers, the types of the extractants, pH, and temperature. The experimental results show that the biphasic recognition chiral extraction is of much stronger chiral separation ability than the monophasic recognition chiral extraction, which utilizes the cooperations of the forces of the tartrate and the β-CD derivative. Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), hydroxyethyl-β-cyclodextrin (HE-β-CD), and methyl-β-cyclodextrin (ME-β-CD) have stronger recognition abilities for the (S)-aromatic acid enantiomers than those for (R)-aromatic acid enantiomers, among which HP-β-CD has the strongest ability. d-Isobutyl tartrate preferentially recognizes (R)-CHMA and (S)-NAP, while l-isobutyl tartrate preferentially recognizes (S)-CHMA and (R)-NAP. The maximum enantioselectivities of CHMA and NAP are 2.49 and 1.65, under conditions at which the pH values of the aqueous phases are 2.7 and 2.5, at the ratio of 2:1 of [isobutyl tartrate] to [HP-β-CD].     

Separations of a-hexachlorocyclohexane (a-HCH) and pentachlorocyclohexene (PCCH) enantiomers on a cyclodextrin-phase (Cyclodex-B) by HRGC/ECD

The separation of a-hexachlorocyclohexane and of all eight possible pentachlorocyclohexene isomers into their enantiomers by high-resolution gas chromatography and electron capture detection was achieved by using permethylated β-cyclodextrin in DB 1701 (Cyclodex-B, J & W) as chiral stationary phase. The first step in the metabolism of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) is the formation of 1,3,4,5,6-pentachlorocyclohexene-1 (PCCH). Various degradation experiments were carried out with α-, β-, γ-, and δ-HCH. Whereas β-HCH gave no degradation products, the isomers α-, γ-, and δ-HCH degraded into various PCCHs and trichlorobenzenes, when using pyridine as dehydrochlorination reagent in xylene at 60°C. Isomerization into other HCH isomers was observed only for δ-HCH. Enantioselective dehydrochlorination was observed for a- and γ-HCH using the alkaloid (?)-brucine, R-(+)- or S-(?)-a-phenylethylamine as chiral base.     

Preparation and chiral resolution properties of bridged bis(cyclodextrin)s hybrid spheres for high performance liquid chromatography

Selenium-bridged bis(β-cyclodextrin)s organic–inorganic hybrid silica material with regular spherical shape as new type of chiral stationary phase was directly synthesized under the one-pot hydrothermal synthesis method, and the chiral stationary phase was further characterized by infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetry, and elemental analysis. The results of chiral separation showed that eight chiral compounds including various types of chiral alcohols and flavanone were successfully separated in the reversed-phase separation mode by high performance liquid chromatography, which showed the better chiral resolution effect than that on the C2 position of single β-cyclodextrin. The mechanism of chiral separation was likely due to multiple interactions such as inclusion, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interaction, dipole–dipole interaction, and the synergistic effect of two cyclodextrins during the chiral resolution process. The synergy of the two cyclodextrins has great potential for development in chiral resolution.     

Capillary electrophoretic study on the interaction between sodium dodecyl sulfate and neutral cyclodextrins

The micellization of the ionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) has been investigated in the presence of neutral cyclodextrins by means of capillary electrophoresis (CE). The measurements of electric current allowed the determination of the critical micelle concentration of SDS in the presence of α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrin, and of (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin and (2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin. Measurements of the CE current also yields information on the binding of SDS by cyclodextrins. The results are supported by electronic paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and suggest that the methylated cyclodextrin affects the micellization of SDS in an unconventional way compared to other considered cyclodextrins. The combination of SDS with methylated cyclodextrin can have a profound effect on the reliable application of cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography.     

LC Enantioseparation of β-Lactam Stereoisomers through the Use of β-Cyclodextrin-Based Chiral Stationary Phases

Direct liquid chromatographic methods were developed to investigate the enantioseparation of 19 β-lactams on three cyclodextrin-bonded chiral stationary phases: permethyl-β-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin and R,S-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, prepared by a novel synthetic route. 17 of the 19 β-lactam stereoisomers were partially or baseline-separated on at least one of the tested chiral stationary phases. The influence of the structures of the β-lactams (the positions and types of the substituents, the size of the attached rings) on the enantiomer separation is discussed. The permethylated β-cyclodextrin selector proved to be the most effective one for the tested analytes.     

全甲基及其多胺修饰环糊精与牛血清白蛋白的相互作用

制备了两个多胺修饰全甲基化环糊精, 即单-[6-(乙二胺)-6-脱氧]-七-(2,3,6-三甲氧基)-β-环糊精(4)和单-[6-(二乙烯三胺)-6-脱氧]-七-(2,3,6-三甲氧基)-β-环糊精(5), 并采用荧光和紫外-可见光谱方法测定了全甲基化环糊精及其多胺修饰衍生物在磷酸缓冲溶液中(25 ℃, pH=7.2)与牛血清白蛋白形成化学计量比为8∶1的超分子配合物的稳定常数. 结果表明, 全甲基化环糊精对牛血清白蛋白具有强于天然环糊精和部分甲基化环糊精的分子键合能力, 而经过多胺修饰的全甲基化环糊精衍生物则显示了更强的键合能力, 这些强的键合能力源于疏水作用、静电作用和氢键作用的协同效应.     

Enantioselective separations by capillary GC on derivatized cyclodextrins. Part 1: Separation of some racemic 2,2-dialkyl-4-alkoxycarbonyl-1,3-dioxolane derivatives on permethylated α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrins

The enantioseparation of some 2,2-dialkyl-4-alkoxycarbonyl-1,3-dioxolane derivatives, which are important intermediates in the total synthesis of a number of biologically active compounds, was studied by means of capillary gas chromatography (CGC). The chromatographic results, obtained on columns coated with permethylated α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrin respectively, are reported. Out of sixteen compounds, thirteen could be separated with a resolution superior to 1,2. One racemate could not be separated on any of the columns. Considerations concerning the separation mechanism are proposed.     

Crystal structures of cyclodextrin complexes with chiral molecules

The chiral recognition by cyclodextrins and permethylated cyclodextrins have been investigated on the basis of the X-ray data of crystalline inclusion complexes. The macrocyclic ring of - and -cyclodextrin shows a round and symmetrical structure. -Cyclodextrin includes racemic 1-phenylethanol with the statistical disorder of the hydroxyl group. A pair of the R- and S-isomers of flurbiprofen are included within the cylindrical cavity formed by dimeric -cyclodextrin molecules with a head-to-head arrangement. The macrocyclic ring of permethylated cyclodextrins is remarkably distorted from the regular polygonal symmetry and has more flexibility in the conformational change than cyclodextrins. Owing to the distorted conformation and steric hindrance involving methyl groups, permethylated cyclodextrins do not equally include both isomers, as demonstrated by the permethylated -cyclodextrin complexes with mandelic acids. Permethylated -cyclodextrin binds D-mandelic acid more tightlyvia a host-guest hydrogen bond and induced-fit conformational change. Permethylated -cyclodextrin forms a hydrated crystalline complex with R-flurbiprofen, but S-flurbiprofen forms a non-hydrated crystalline complex. Significant differences between the two complexes are found in the orientation of the phenyl group and hydrogen-bond formation involving the carboxyl group.     

丙炔醇类和丙二烯醇类化合物对映体的气相色谱拆分

使用全甲基-β-环糊精柱(Rt-βDex^TM~cst柱),对5种丙炔醇类和4种丙二烯醇类化合物对映体的气相色谱分离方法进行了研究,结果4种丙炔醇类和4种丙二烯醇类对映体得到分离,分离因子α为1.01～1.04,分离度R一般大于1.5。方法已用于实际不对称合成样品ee值的测定。探讨了对映体在该柱上的拆分机理,认为烷基取代基适当的疏水性和大小是降低非特异性相互作用、形成相对稳定的不对称环糊精包合物,从而成功拆分光学活性异构体的关键。     

Host–guest complexation of a nitroheterocyclic compound with cyclodextrins: a spectrofluorimetric and molecular modeling study

Nitroheterocyclic compounds (NC) were candidate drugs proposed for Chagas disease chemotherapy. In this study, we investigated the complexation of hydroxymethylnitrofurazone (NFOH), a potential antichagasic compound, with α-cyclodextrin (α-CD), β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), Dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin (DM-β-CD) and γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) by fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular modeling studies. Hildebrand–Benesi equation was used to calculate the formation constants of NFOH with cyclodextrins based on the fluorescence differences in the CDs solution. The complexing capacity of NFOH with different CDs was compared through the results of association constant according to the following order: DM-β-CD > β-CD > α-CD > HP-β-CD > γ-CD. Molecular modeling studies give support for the experimental assignments, in favor of the formation of an inclusion complex between cyclodextrins with NFOH. This is an important study to investigate the effects of different kinds of cyclodextrins on the inclusion complex formation with NFOH and to better characterize a potential formulations to be used as therapeutic options for the oral treatment of Chagas disease.     

Comparison of ionization behaviors of ring and linear carbohydrates in MALDI-TOFMS

Ionization efficiencies of cyclodextrins and their linear compounds in matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionisation (MALDI) analysis were compared, and differences in the ionization efficiencies of α- and β-cyclodextrins were also studied. The mass spectra showed a series of the [M+cation]⁺ ions but not the [M+H]⁺ ions. Alkali metal salts of Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, and Cs⁺ were used as the cationizing agents to enhance the ionization efficiency. Relative ion intensities of the ring compounds (α- and β-cyclodextrins) were much larger than those of the linear ones (maltohexaose and maltoheptaose), and the difference showed an increasing trend with the size of the alkali metal cation. β-Cyclodextrin had higher ionization efficiency than α-cyclodextrin and the difference increased by increasing the size of the alkali metal cation. It was also found that the ionization efficiency was affected by the counter anion of the salt. The higher ionization efficiencies of cyclodextrins were explained with the number of coordination sites and the binding energies.