Highly regenerable ionic liquid microgels as inherently metal‐free green catalyst for H2 generation

Polymeric ionic liquid (PIL) microgel of poly([2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride) (p(MTMA)) was synthesized by using an inverse suspension polymerization technique. The anion‐exchanged PIL microgels via chloride replacement from p(MTMA) were prepared as p(MTMA)‐potassium thiocyanate (p(MTMA)‐KSCN), p(MTMA)‐sodium tetrafluoroborate (p(MTMA)‐NaBF₄), and p(MTMA)‐sodium dicyanamide (p(MTMA)‐NaN(CN)₂) microgels by treatment with corresponding salts of potassium thiocyanate (KSCN), sodium tetrafluoroborate NaBF₄, and sodium dicyanamide NaN(CN)₂ in aqueous media. The prepared microgels were found to be efficient metal‐free catalysts, and their catalytic activity in H₂ production from the methanolysis of NaBH₄ was investigated. Moreover, various parameters affecting H₂ production such as the effect of microgel size, the concentration of NaBH₄, the effect of the anion in the microgel, the reusability of the microgel, and temperature were investigated. The Ea value calculated for the methanolysis reaction of NaBH₄ catalyzed by p(MTMA) microgels was found as 24.1 ± 0.7 kJ mol⁻¹ ranging from −15 to 45°C, and this Ea value is lower than some Ea values for the same reaction. Interestingly, 10‐time successive use of p(MTMA) microgel as catalyst in NaBH4 methanolysis reduced its catalytic activity to 49%, whereas the anion‐exchanged forms of p(MTMA) microgel, p(MTMA)‐KSCN, p(MTMA)‐NaBF₄, and p(MTMA)‐NaN(CN)₂ only reduced their catalytic activity to 89, 86, and 79%, respectively, after 10 consecutive uses. Therefore, these anion‐exchanged microgel catalysts are highly efficient in comparison with virgin p(MTMA) microgels for regenerable H₂ generation from the methanolysis of NaBH₄.     

Spectral time moment analysis of microgel deswelling. Effect of the heating rate

Microgel nanoparticles were synthesized in aqueous solutions of neutral polymer hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) through the self-association of amphiphilic HPC molecules and the subsequent cross linking at room temperature. Dynamic Light Scattering was used to study the transport properties of HPC microgels below and above the volume phase transition. Highly nonexponential, multimodal microgel spectra were observed and successfully analyzed by spectral time moment analysis. This article expands earlier results and focuses on the effect of the heating rate on microgel deswelling. During the fast heating two identified microgel modes with apparent hydrodynamic radii (R_H) of 25–30 nm and 400–650 nm collapse into one mode with R_H = 100–150 nm. This indicates the shrinkage of microgel size distribution and an apparent decrease in the radius of larger microgels. During the slow heating, however, both microgel-identified modes remain present above T_c. Although equally represented below the transition, the dominance of larger microgels' mode increases almost two fold with rising temperature above 40°C. Moreover, R_H for this mode increases from 250–300 nm to about 800–850 nm with a multi-step temperature change from 40 to 42.5°C, indicating the growth (and not shrinkage) of microgels. The second mode is represented by the temperature independent R_H, but its contribution goes down from about 50% to less than 10%. © 2008Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 2792–2802, 2008     

Structural studies of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) microgels: Effect of SDS surfactant concentration in the microgel synthesis

Thermoresponsive colloidal microgels were prepared by polymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) in the presence of a crosslinking monomer, N,N‐methylenebisacrylamide, in water with varying concentrations (<CMC) of an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS). Volume phase transitions of the prepared microgels were studied in D₂O by ¹H NMR spectroscopy including the measurements of spin–lattice (T₁) and spin–spin (T₂) relaxation times for the protons of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) at temperature range 22–50 °C. In addition, microcalorimetry, turbidometry, dynamic light scattering, and electrophoretic mobility measurements were used to characterize the aqueous microgels. As expected, increasing SDS concentration in the polymerization batch decreased the hydrodynamic size of an aqueous microgel. Structures with high mobilities at temperatures above the LCST of PNIPAM were observed in the microgels prepared with small amount of SDS, as indicated by the relaxation times of different PNIPAM protons. It was concluded that the high mobility at high temperatures is in connection to a mobile surface layer with polyelectrolyte nature and with high local LCST. High SDS concentration in the synthesis was observed to prevent the formation of permanent, solid PNIPAM particles. The results from different characterization methods indicated that PNIPAM microgels prepared in high SDS concentrations appear to be more homogeneously structured than their correspondences prepared in low SDS concentration. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3305–3314, 2006     

Dynamic control of volume phase transitions of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) based microgels in water using hydrazide‐aldehyde chemistry

We demonstrate that the volume phase transition temperature (VPTT) of copolymer microgel particles made from N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAm) and methacryloyl hydrazide (MH) can be tailored in a reversible manner upon the reaction of the hydrazide functional groups with aldehydes. The microgels were synthesized by precipitation polymerization in water. Due to the water‐soluble nature of the MH monomer, the VPTT at which the microgel particles contract shifts to higher values by increasing the incorporated amounts of methacryloyl hydrazide from 0 to 5.0 mol %. The VPTT of the copolymer microgel dispersions in water can be fine‐tuned upon addition of hydrophobic/hydrophilic aldehydes, which react with the hydrazide moiety to produce the hydrazone analogue. This hydrazone formation is reversible, which allows for flexible, dynamic control of the thermo‐responsive behavior of the microgels. The ability to “switch” the VPTT was demonstrated by exposing hydrophilic streptomycin sulfate salt incubated microgel particles to an excess of a hydrophobic aldehyde, that is benzaldehyde. The temperature at which these microgels contracted in size upon heating was markedly lowered in these aldehyde exchange experiments. Transformation into benzaldehyde hydrazone derivatives led to assembly of the microgel particles into small colloidal clusters at elevated temperatures. This control of supracolloidal cluster formation was also demonstrated with polystyrene particles which had a hydrazide functionalised microgel shell. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014 , 52, 1745–1754     

Polypyrrole/poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid) thermosensitive and electrically conductive composite microgels

The electrically conductive polypyrrole/dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid/poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid) (PPy/DBSA/poly(NIPAAm‐co‐AA)) composite microgels were synthesized by a chemical oxidation of pyrrole in the presence of DBSA as the primary dopant, and poly(NIPAAm‐co‐AA) microgels as the polymeric codopant and template, in which APS was used as the oxidant. It was proposed to prepare “intelligent” polymer microgel particles containing both thermosensitive and electrically conducting properties. The polymerization of pyrrole took place directly inside the microgel networks, leading to formation of composite microgels and the morphology was observed by transmission electron microscope. PPy particles interacted strongly with microgels, as the acid groups of microgels acted as the polymeric codopant. The composite microgels thus formed showed electrically conducting behavior dependent on humidity and temperature. At temperatures lower than lower critical solution temperature, the conductivity decreased with increasing the humidity and a small hysteresis phenomenon was observed. The hysteresis became indistinct when temperature was near volume phase transition temperature. However, after the treatment of high temperature and high humidity, the conductivity increased surprisingly due to the structure reorganization inside the composite microgels. The distinctive functionality of the PPy composite microgels was expected to be utilized in many attractive applications. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 1648–1659, 2006     

Photo‐triggered microgel aggregation using o‐nitrobenzaldehyde as aggregating power source

In this work, cationic and anionic microgels which are mainly formed from thermal responsive polymer, poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide), are prepared and mixed in water. These microgels interact with each other due to the electrostatic interaction, and aggregate voluntarily. By applying the microgel aggregating system, photo‐responsive aggregating system is constructed by using o‐nitrobenzaldehyde (NBA), which reacts and releases hydrogen triggered by photo stimuli. The microgel aggregates in an aqueous solution of NBA re‐disperse depending on the irradiation time of UV light. In addition, by masking the UV irradiated area, the resultant shapes of microgel aggregates are controlled. The aggregated microgel shows rapid and drastic volume changes in response to heat. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016 , 54, 1317‐1322     

Lead‐sensitive PNIPAM microgels modified with crown ether groups

A series of lead‐sensitive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) microgels with pendant crown ether groups were prepared. Their cation‐sensitive behaviors were studied by dynamic light scattering. When ionic strength is not controlled, adding salts causes the microgel particles to deswell. However, when the salt effect is ruled out by keeping a constant ionic strength, adding Pb²⁺ results in much larger swelling. The Pb²⁺‐induced swelling was explained by the formation of host–guest complex between Pb²⁺ and the pendant crown ether groups, which increases the hydrophilicity of the polymer and accordingly the degree of swelling. The lead sensitivity of the microgels increases with increasing crown ether content. For the modified microgel with the highest crown ether content, it swells to ～430% of its original volume at [Pb²⁺] = 10 mM. Other cations also increase the swelling degree of the modified microgels. The extent of the cation‐induced swelling mainly depends on their affinity to the pendant crown ether groups. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 4120–4127, 2010     

Poly(ethylene glycol) as a biointeractive electron‐beam resist

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) can serve as an electron‐beam (e‐beam) resist to modulate protein adsorption on and cell adhesion to surfaces. PEG preferentially crosslinks under e‐beam irradiation to create microgels with controllable properties. Here, atomic‐force, scanning electron, and confocal microscopies are used to study discrete microgels formed from solvent‐cast PEG thin films by focused e‐beams with energies between 2 and 30 keV and point doses between 10 and 1000 fC. Consistent with experimental findings, Monte Carlo simulation of electron energy deposition identifies three structures within each microgel: a highly crosslinked core near the point of electron incidence; a lightly crosslinked near corona surrounding the core; and a far corona at the PEG–Si interface. The nature and relative sizes of these three regions and, hence, the microgel–protein interactions depend on the incident electron energy and dose. The far corona creates protein‐repulsive surface hundreds of nanometers or more from the microgel core. The highly crosslinked core is largely shielded by the near corona. These findings can help guide the choice of irradiation conditions to most effectively modulate protein–surface interactions via PEG microgels patterned by e‐beam lithography. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013 , 51, 1543–1554     

Dual stimuli‐responsive microgels based on photolabile crosslinker: Temperature sensitivity and light‐induced degradation

The synthesis and characterization of a new photocleavable crosslinker is presented here. Dual stimuli‐responsive P(VCL‐co‐NHMA) microgels were prepared by precipitation polymerization of vinylcaprolactam (VCL) with N‐hydroxymethyl acrylamide (NHMA) and the new crosslinker. The microgels had distinct temperature sensitivity as observed in the case of PVCL‐based particles and their volume phase transition temperature (VPTT) shifted to higher temperature with increasing NHMA content. Photolytic degradation experiments were investigated by irradiation with UV light, which led to microgel disintegration caused by cleavage of the photolabile crosslinking points. The degradation behavior of the microgels was conducted with respect to degradation rates by means of the relative turbidity changes. Hence, the microgels could totally degrade into short linear polymers by UV light, thus representing a great potential as new light and temperature dual responsive nanoscale materials. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014 , 52, 1676–1685     

N‐vinylcaprolactam‐based microgels for biomedical applications

Three types of poly(N‐vinylcaprolactam)‐based temperature‐sensitive microgel particles were synthesized by emulsion polymerization. The uptake of a model drug (calcein) into the particles was analyzed in terms of the amount of calcein absorbed and equilibrium–swelling degree. By incubating the microgels with primary neuronal cell cultures of embrionary rats, cell viability and biocompatibility tests were carried out. The results show that the driving force for the model drug to penetrate into the microgel particles is H‐bonding associations. On the other hand, cell death was microgel concentration and incubation period dependent. Microgels can be stored in a dried state and resuspended in water when necessary without changing their swelling–deswelling ability. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1173–1181, 2010     

Synthesis,characterization, and influence of synthesis parameters on particle sizes of a new microgel family

Poly(p‐nitrophenylacrylate‐co‐methacrylamide) and poly(p‐Nitrophenylacrylate‐co‐N,N′‐isopropylacrylamide) reactive microgels were synthesized by precipitation polymerization. The process was followed qualitatively by infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR) and microgels composition was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR). Scanning electron microscopy of obtained colloidal particles showed strictly spherical morphologies with a moderate polydispersity. The average hydrodynamic particle diameter and particle size distributions were measured by quasi‐elastic light scattering and the particle size distributions obtained ranged from 100 to 600 nm. Several synthetic parameters affect the particle size of these materials and thus, indirectly, their properties and future applications. In this article, we report the influence of different polymerization reaction conditions in the final microgel dimensions. For example, we observed that the different solvent‐comonomer affinity induced a significant change in swollen particle size of the copolymeric microgels. On the other hand, the crosslinking density limited the particle sizes, but an excess of crosslinker content in the reaction mixture resulted in the opposite effect. Finally, we also studied the influence of initiator content in the mean particle size. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 3833–3842, 2007     

Application of photopolymer to core‐hair type microgels with various hair length

The new microgels, called “core‐hair” type microgels, were synthesized. They have a hair moiety consisting of the oxyhexano‐1,7‐diyl (? O? (CH₂)₅? C(O)? ) group as a spacer and the acryloyl group for polymerization. The hair length depends on the number of spacer units, and affects the viscosity and the thixotropy index of the microgel. These core‐hair microgels show the pseudo‐plastic flow of a non‐Newtonian fluid with moderate to high dispersibility in water or alcoholic solvents. Due ­to their viscosities and dispersibilities, these core‐hair microgels are useful for photopolymer, e.g. for screen printing. Therefore, these microgels were actually applied to screen printing and confirmed pattern forming on a screen printing plate through water development. We now discuss the relation between the viscosity, the dispersibility, the photosensitivity, and the rate of photopolymerization to the hair length of the microgel. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fabrication of tailorable pH responsive cationic amphiphilic microgels on a microfluidic device for drug release

Cationic, amphiphilic microgels of differing compositions based on hydrophilic, pH, and thermoresponsive 2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) and hydrophobic, nonionic n‐butyl acrylate (BuA) are synthesized using a lab‐on‐a‐chip device. Hydrophobic oil‐in‐water (o/w) droplets are generated via a microfluidic platform, with the dispersed (droplet) phase containing the DMAEMA and BuA, alongside the hydrophobic cross‐linker, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and a free radical initiator in an organic solvent. Finally, the hydrophobic droplets are photopolymerized via a UV light source as they traverse the microfluidic channel to produce the cationic amphiphilic microgels. This platform enables the rapid, automated, and in situ production of amphiphilic microgels, which do not match the core‐shell structure of conventionally prepared microgels but are instead based on random amphiphilic copolymers of DMAEMA and BuA between the hydrophobic cross‐links. The microgels are characterized in terms of their swelling and encapsulation abilities, which are found to be influenced by both the pH response and the hydrophobic content of the microgels. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018 , 56, 59–66     

N‐vinylcaprolactam‐based microgels: Synthesis and characterization

Poly(N‐vinylcaprolactam) (PVCL) is well known for its thermoresponsive behavior in aqueous solutions. PVCL combines useful and important properties; it is biocompatible polymer with the phase transition in the region of physiological temperature (32–38 °C). This combination of properties allows consideration of PVCL as a material for design biomedical devices and use in drug delivery systems. In this work, PVCL based temperature‐sensitive crosslinked particles (microgels) were synthesized in a batch reactor to analyze the effect of the crosslinker, initiator, surfactant, temperature, and VCL concentration on polymerization process and final microgels characteristics. The mean particle diameters at different temperatures and the volume phase‐transition temperature of the final product were analyzed. To obtain information about the inner structure of microgel particles, semicontinuous polymerizations were carried out and the evolution of the hydrodynamic average particle diameters at different temperatures of the microgel synthesized was investigated. In the case of microgel particles obtained in a batch reactor the size and the swelling‐de‐swelling behavior as a function of the temperature of the medium can be tuned by modulating the reaction variables. When the microgel particles were synthesized in a semibatch reactor different swelling‐de‐swelling behaviors were observed depending on particles inner structure. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 2510–2524, 2008     

Catalytic reduction of 4‐nitrophenol using silver nanoparticles‐engineered poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐acrylamide) hybrid microgels

Nearly monodisperse poly(N ‐isopropylacrylamide‐co ‐acrylamide) [P(NIPAM‐co‐AAm)] microgels were synthesized using precipitation polymerization in aqueous medium. These microgels were used as microreactors to fabricate silver nanoparticles by chemical reduction of silver ions inside the polymer network. The pure and hybrid microgels were characterized using Fourier transform infrared and UV–visible spectroscopies, dynamic light scattering, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and transmission electron microscopy. Results revealed that spherical silver nanoparticles having diameter of 10–20 nm were successfully fabricated in the poly(N ‐isopropylacrylamide‐co ‐acrylamide) microgels with hydrodynamic diameter of 250 ± 50 nm. The uniformly loaded silver nanoparticles were found to be stable for long time due to donor–acceptor interaction between amide groups of polymer network and silver nanoparticles. Catalytic activity of the hybrid system was tested by choosing the catalytic reduction of 4‐nitrophenol as a model reaction under various conditions of catalyst dose and concentration of NaBH₄ at room temperature in aqueous medium to explore the catalytic process. The progress of the reaction was monitored using UV–visible spectrophotometry. The pseudo first‐order kinetic model was employed to evaluate the apparent rate constant of the reaction. It was found that the apparent rate constant increased with increasing catalyst dose due to an increase of surface area as a result of an increase in the number of nanoparticles.     

Nanostructured latexes made by a sequential multistage emulsion polymerization

A series of linear and lightly crosslinked nanostructured latices was prepared by a sequential multistage semicontinuous emulsion polymerization process alternating styrene (S) and n‐butyl acrylate (BA) monomer feeds five times, that is ten stages, and vice versa, along with several control latices. Transmission electron micrographs of the RuO₄‐stained cross sections of nanostructured and copolymer latex particles and films showed that their particle morphologies were not very different from each other, but the nanostructured latex particles were transformed into a nanocomposite film containing both polystyrene (PS) and poly(n‐butyl acrylate) (PBA) nanodomains interconnected by their diffuse polymer mixtures (i.e. interlayers). The thermal mechanical behaviors of the nanostructured latex films showed broad but single T_gs slightly higher than those of their counterpart copolymer films. These single T_gs indicated that their major component phases were the diffuse interlayers and that they behaved like pseudopolymer alloys. The minimum film formation temperatures of nanostructured latices capped with PBA and PS, respectively, were 15 °C lower than and equal to those of their counterpart copolymer latices, but their T_gs were about 10 °C higher. Consequently, nanostructured latices enabled us to combine good film formation with high strengths for adhesives and coatings applications. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2826–2836, 2006     

Amino acid‐derived Poly(L‐Lysine) (p(LL)) microgel as a versatile biomaterial: Hydrolytically degradable,drug carrying,chemically modifiable and antimicrobial material

Here, a microgel of poly(_L‐Lysine) (p(LL)) from an amino acid, _L‐Lysine, was synthesized by microemulsion technique using AOT as surfactant in gasoline. The prepared p(LL) microgel was shown to be hydrolytically degradable at pH values of 5.4, 7.4, and 9 in phosphate buffer solution (PBS). The protonated p(LL) microgel was loaded with model drugs such as naproxen and riboflavin and found to release about 80% of loaded naproxen in 180 minutes and 70% of loaded riboflavin in about 120 minutes suggesting the potential of p(LL) microgels to act as fast drug delivery vehicles. Furthermore, p(LL) microgels were chemically modified with 1‐bromoethane (BE), 1‐bromooctane (BO), and 1‐bromoethylamine (BEA) to render antimicrobial capabilities. It was found that protonated p(LL) microgels had 29 ± 1 mm inhibition zone diameter for Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145. Furthermore, minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values for Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 were also calculated as 1 and 2.5 mg/mL concentrations, respectively, for protonated p(LL) microgels.     

Facile and Efficient Fabrication of Photoresponsive Microgels via Thiol–Michael Addition

A photoresponsive microgel is designed by the combination of a noncovalent assembly strategy with a covalent cross‐linking method. End‐functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) with azobenzene [(PEG‐(Azo)₂)] was mixed with acrylate‐modified β‐CD (β‐CD‐MAA) to form photoresponsive inclusion complex through host–guest interaction. The above photoresponsive complex was cross‐linked by thiol‐functionalized PEG (PEG‐dithiol) via Michael addition click reaction. The photoreversibility of resulted microgel was studied by TEM, UV–Vis spectroscopy, and ¹H NMR measurements. The characterization results indicated that the reversible size changes of the microgel could be achieved by alternative UV–Vis irradiations with good repeatability.     

Thermoregulated phase‐transfer catalysis via PEG‐armed Ru(II)‐bearing microgel core star polymers: Efficient and reusable Ru(II) catalysts for aqueous transfer hydrogenation of ketones

Thermoregulated phase‐transfer catalysis for the transfer hydrogenation of 2‐octanone in 2‐propanol/H₂O biphasic media was achieved with ruthenium‐bearing microgel‐core star polymers with amphiphilic, thermosensitive poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) arms [Ru(II)‐PEG star], which were directly prepared by the ruthenium‐catalyzed living radical polymerization in conjunction with a phosphine ligand‐carrying styrene derivative. The star polymers were first placed in the aqueous (lower) layer at room temperature and immediately moved into the organic (upper) layer at 100 °C, and once again, moved down to the aqueous layer (lower) upon cooling the solution to room temperature. The Ru(II)‐PEG star catalyst was clearly superior to the original Ru(II) catalyst and related non‐microgel catalysts [Ru(II)‐PEG block] in terms of activity and recovery/recycle, due to the unique designer structure of the microgel‐core star polymers. Other substrates (less hydrophobic alkyl ketones and aromatic ketone) were also efficiently hydrogenated into the corresponding sec‐alcohols with the star catalyst in aqueous media. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 373–379, 2010     

Reversible Assembly of Microgels by Metallo‐Supramolecular Chemistry

The combination of supramolecular chemistry and soft colloids as microgels represents an ambitious way to develop multi‐versatile colloidal assemblies. Hereafter, terpyridine‐functionalized poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNiPAM) microgel building blocks are shown to undergo an assemble–freeze–disassemble process. The microgel assemblies, which are controlled by monitoring the attractive and repulsive potentials between the soft colloidal particles, are then frozen by forming inter‐particle metal–terpyridine bis‐complexes upon addition of the metallic cation (such as Fe^II, Co^II). By oxidation of the metal–terpyridine bis‐complex links, the aggregates open up, which is due to the complex dissociation releasing the connected particles in the form of single microgels. We extended our work to the development of 1D filaments and 2D membranes materials made of soft particles connected via supramolecular chemistry.