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1.
Keith B. Oldham 《Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry》1998,2(6):367-377
When insoluble insulating crystals adhere to an electrode, the three-phase junction – where electrolyte solution, electrode
and crystal meet – is the only feasible site for an electrochemical reaction. Moreover, sustained reaction is possible only
if ions from the electrolyte solution are able to enter the crystal through the three-phase junction and disperse within the
crystal. Here, order-of-magnitude calculations demonstrate that diffusion to the three-phase junction is well able to support
voltammetry under standard experimental conditions. A model is built for cases of adherent cubes of uniform size and thereby
the shapes of chronoamperograms, chronograviograms and cyclic voltammograms are predicted. The model assumes that the ion
concentration at the three-phase junction plays a crucial role in the voltammetry, being determined by quasi-steady-state
ion diffusion from the bulk, the thermodynamics of the electrode reaction, and the extent to which the crystal has already
undergone reaction. Depending on the crystal size and scan rate, cyclic voltammograms may mimic solution-phase voltammograms
from classical thin-layer experiments or from typical stripping experiments. The effect of size heterogeneity on cyclic voltammetry
is simulated for lognormal distributions.
Received: 5 January 1998 / Accepted: 17 April 1998 相似文献
2.
Chronoamperometry of reversible redox reactions with the insertion of cations into solid particles immobilised at an electrode
surface is analysed theoretically using a semiinfinite planar diffusion model. A coupled diffusion of electrons and ions within
the crystal lattice is separated in two differential equations. The redox reaction is initiated by the polarisation of the
three-phase boundary, where the crystal is in contact with both the electrode and the solution. From this contact line the
redox reaction advances on the surface and into the crystal body by the diffusion of ions and conductance of electrons. The
effects of the geometry and conductivity of the particles on the current are discussed.
Received: 28 December 1996 / Accepted: 17 February 1997 相似文献
3.
The electrocatalytic oxidation of quinine sulfate (QS) was investigated at a glassy carbon electrode, modified by a gel containing
multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and room-temperature ionic liquid of 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophate (BMIMPF6) in 0.10 M of phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH 6.8). It was found that an irreversible anodic oxidation peak of QS with
E
pa as 0.99 V appeared at MWCNTs-RTIL/glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The electrode reaction process was a diffusion-controlled
one and the electrochemical oxidation involved two electrons transferring and two protons participation. Furthermore, the
charge-transfer coefficient (α), diffusion coefficient (D), and electrode reaction rate constant (k
f) of QS were found to be 0.87, 7.89 × 10−3 cm2⋅s−1 and 3.43 × 10−2 s−1, respectively. Under optimized conditions, linear calibration curves were obtained over the QS concentration range 3.0 × 10−6 to 1.0 × 10−4 M by square wave voltammetry, and the detection limit was found to be 0.44 μM based on the signal-to-noise ratio of 3. In
addition, the novel MWCNTs-RTIL/GCE was characterized by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and the proposed method
has been successfully applied in the electrochemical quantitative determination of quinine content in commercial injection
samples and the determination results could meet the requirement. 相似文献
4.
Šebojka Komorsky-Lovrić 《Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry》1997,1(1):94-99
Azobenzene solid particles have been mechanically attached to a graphite electrode and measured by cyclic staircase voltammetry.
Well-developed and widely separated cathodic and anodic peaks were observed. Redox reaction is controlled by both the heterogeneous
charge transfer kinetics and the mass transfer. Its mechanism is explained by the surface diffusion model. Reaction starts
at the three-phase boundary, where electrons are transferred from the electrode surface to the attached azobenzene molecules.
The electrons are then propagated over the surface of microcrystals by a series of exchange reactions between hydrazobenzene
and azobenzene molecules, with the participation of proton donors from the solution. The apparent mass transfer occurs in
this way. In the crystal lattice the transmission of protons is not possible, and consequently there is no propagation of
electrons.
Received: 31 January 1997 / Accepted: 21 February 1997 相似文献
5.
Xinping Hou Kok Siong Siow Zhiqiang Gao 《Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry》1999,3(7-8):387-391
One of the approaches to improving the ionic conductivity and the mechanical strength of a solid polymer electrolyte is to
use polymers in modified forms, such as polymer blends, copolymers and cross-linked polymers. In this study, a new polymer
electrolyte based on the acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) copolymer has been prepared. The ionic conductivity, electrochemical
stability and interfacial characteristics of the polymer electrolyte in contact with a lithium electrode have been investigated.
The temperature dependence of the conductivity below 20 °C can be described by the Arrhenius equation, and above 20 °C by
the VTF equation. Lithium passivation appeared to have taken place in the system. The conductivity and electrochemical characteristics
of the system are somewhat similar to those of PAN-based polymer electrolytes.
Received: 9 December 1998 / Accepted: 9 March 1999 相似文献
6.
An Yongxin Cheng Xinqun Zuo Pengjian Liao Lixia Yin Geping 《Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry》2012,16(1):383-389
A new kind of polymer electrolyte is prepared from N-methyl-N-propylpiperidinium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (PP1.3TFSI), polyethylene oxide (PEO), and lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)
imide (LiTFSI). IR and X-ray diffraction results demonstrate that the addition of ionic liquid decreases the crystallization
of PEO. Thermal and electrochemical properties have been tested for the solid polymer electrolytes, the addition of the room
temperature molten salt PP1.3TFSI to the conventional P(EO)20LiTFSI polymer electrolyte leads to the improvement of the thermal stability and the ionic conductivity (x = 1.27, 2.06 × 10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature), and the reasonable lithium transference number is also obtained. The Li/LiFePO4 cell using this polymer electrolyte shows promising reversible capacity, 120 mAh g−1 at room temperature and 164 mAh g−1 at 55 °C. 相似文献
7.
Xiaohu Qu Ayman Nafady Adam Mechler Jie Zhang Alexander R. Harris Anthony P. O’Mullane Lisandra L. Martin Alan M. Bond 《Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry》2008,12(6):739-746
In situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) allows images from the upper face and sides of TCNQ crystals to be monitored during
the course of the electrochemical solid–solid state conversion of 50 × 50 μm2 three-dimensional drop cast crystals of TCNQ to CuTCNQ or M[TCNQ]2(H2O)2 (M = Co, Ni). Ex situ images obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also allow the bottom face of the TCNQ crystals,
in contact with the indium tin oxide or gold electrode surface and aqueous metal electrolyte solution, to be examined. Results
show that by carefully controlling the reaction conditions, nearly mono-dispersed, rod-like phase I CuTCNQ or M[TCNQ]2(H2O)2 can be achieved on all faces. However, CuTCNQ has two different phases, and the transformation of rod-like phase 1 to rhombic-like
phase 2 achieved under conditions of cyclic voltammetry was monitored in situ by AFM. The similarity of in situ AFM results
with ex situ SEM studies accomplished previously implies that the morphology of the samples remains unchanged when the solvent
environment is removed. In the process of crystal transformation, the triple phase solid∣electrode∣electrolyte junction is
confirmed to be the initial nucleation site. Raman spectra and AFM images suggest that 100% interconversion is not always
achieved, even after extended electrolysis of large 50 × 50 μm2 TCNQ crystals. 相似文献
8.
The fabrication and electrochemical characteristics of a penicillamine (PCA) self-assembled monolayer modified gold electrode
were investigated. The electrode can enhance the electrochemical response of uric acid (UA), and the electrochemical reaction
of UA on the PCA electrode has been studied by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. Some electrochemical
parameters, such as diffusion coefficient, standard rate constant, electron transfer coefficient and proton transfer number
have been determined for the electrochemical behavior on the PCA self-assembled monolayer electrode. The electrode reaction
of UA is an irreversible process, which is controlled by the diffusion of UA with two electrons and two protons transfer at
the PCA/Au electrode. In phosphate buffer (pH 5.0), the peak current is proportional to the concentration of UA in the range
of 6.0 × 10−5–7.0 × 10−4 mol L−1 and 2.0 × 10−5–7.0 × 10−4 mol L−1 for the cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry methods with the detection limits of 5.0 × 10−6 and 3.0 × 10−6 mol L−1, respectively. The method can be applied to determine UA concentration in real samples. 相似文献
9.
《Chemical record (New York, N.Y.)》2018,18(3):282-292
Redox chemistry is the cornerstone of various electrochemical energy conversion and storage systems, associated with ion diffusion process. To actualize both high energy and power density in energy storage devices, both multiple electron transfer reaction and fast ion diffusion occurred in one electrode material are prerequisite. The existence forms of redox ions can lead to different electrochemical thermodynamic and kinetic properties. Here, we introduce novel colloid system, which includes multiple varying ion forms, multi‐interaction and abundant redox active sites. Unlike redox cations in solution and crystal materials, colloid system has specific reactivity‐structure relationship. In the colloidal ionic electrode, the occurrence of multiple‐electron redox reactions and fast ion diffusion leaded to ultrahigh specific capacitance and fast charge rate. The colloidal ionic supercapattery coupled with redox electrolyte provides a new potential technique for the comprehensive use of redox ions including cations and anions in electrode and electrolyte and a guiding design for the development of next‐generation high performance energy storage devices. 相似文献
10.
The oxidation of white phosphorus has been studied with graphite rods of varying diameters, which were partially embedded in solid white phosphorus placed on the bottom of a cell filled with aqueous electrolyte solution. During the first scan in linear sweep voltammetry, the current measured at various potentials is directly proportional to the length of the three-phase junction (tpj) line phosphorus|graphite|electrolyte solution. The currents are orders-of-magnitude larger than predicted for a reaction that is strictly confined to a tpj line of atomic size and length of 4–16 mm as used in the experiments. A model is presented which explains the reaction layer as built up of vitreous low-valent phosphorus oxides possessing electron hopping capabilities and ionic conductivity. It is assumed that the reaction starts at the tpj line, however, quickly converts to a reaction where electrons are transferred across an expanding face graphite|phosphorus oxides and where ions are transferred across an expanding face phosphorus oxides|electrolyte solution. 相似文献
11.
Milivoj Lovrić Michael Hermes Fritz Scholz 《Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry》1998,2(6):401-404
A solid-state redox reaction involving an insertion of ions is analyzed with respect to the influence of the concentration
of inserting ions in the solution phase. The voltammetric response is independent of the mass transfer in the solution provided
that z = (D
ss/D
aq)1/2
ρ/[C+]* is smaller than 0.1 (D
ss: diffusion coefficient of the cation C+ in the crystal; D
aq: diffusion coefficient of the cation C+ in the solution; ρ: density of the solid compound; [C+]*: concentration of cations in the bulk of the solution). In real cases this condition will be satisfied at solution concentrations
above 1 mol/l.
Received: 15 December 1997 / Accepted: 5 March 1998 相似文献
12.
The electrochemical behaviors of metol on an ionic liquid N-butylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate modified carbon paste electrode (IL-CPE) were studied in this paper. The results indicated
that a pair of well-defined quasi-reversible redox peaks of metol appeared with the decrease of overpotential and the increase
of redox peak current, which was the characteristics of electrocatalytic oxidation. The electrocatalytic mechanism was discussed
and the electrochemical parameters were calculated with results of the charge-transfer coefficient (α) as 0.45, the electrode reaction rate constant (k
s) as 4.02 × 10−3 s−1, and the diffusion coefficient (D) as 6.35 × 10−5 cm2/s. Under the optimal conditions, the anodic peak current was linear with the metol concentration in the range of 5.0 × 10−6 ∼ 1.0 × 10−3 mol/L (n = 11, γ = 0.994) and the detection limit was estimated as 2.33 × 10−6 mol/L (3σ). The proposed method was successfully applied to determination of metol content in synthetic samples and photographic solutions. 相似文献
13.
Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance study of ion transport accompanying charging-discharging of poly(pyrrole) films 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
György Inzelt Vilmos Kertész Ann-Sofi Nybäck 《Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry》1999,3(5):251-257
Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance studies on poly(pyrrole) electrodes revealed a complex nature of the potential-dependent
sorption of ionic substances. It is found that the relative contribution of anions and cations to the overall charge transport
process depends upon several factors, such as the oxidation state of the polymer, the composition of the supporting electrolyte
as well as on the film thickness. The phenomena observed are discussed in terms of morphological transformations arising as
a result of interactions between the polymer and the mobile substances.
Received: 21 August 1998 / Accepted: 21 October 1998 相似文献
14.
P. Elumalai H. N. Vasan N. Munichandraiah 《Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry》1999,3(7-8):470-473
Charge-transfer resistance [R
ct = (dη/di)η = 0] and Tafel plots of current density (i) versus overpotential (η) data are generally known to yield values of the energy-transfer coefficient (α) and exchange current
density (i
o) of an electrochemical reaction. In the present investigation, the resistance (dη/di)η≠0 that could be calculated by differentiating a wide range of i−η curves was also shown to provide the values of α and i
o, by plotting ln(dη/di)η≠0 against η. Since α and i
o could also be evaluated directly from the experimental DC polarization data, the procedure was not of significant importance.
Nevertheless, it was considered important in evaluating α and i
o from AC impedance data, because the procedure was based on data analysis, which was much simpler than that reported in the
literature. A cobalt electrode prepared from fine metal powder was used in 1 M KOH electrolyte and the hydrogen evolution
reaction was studied by AC impedance at several potentials. The resistance values measured from the complex plane impedance
diagram were plotted against the potential, and the values of α and i
o were evaluated.
Received: 8 October 1998 / Accepted: 11 January 1999 相似文献
15.
Jiawei Zhang Xiaobin Huang Hao Wei Jianwei Fu Yawen Huang Xiaozhen Tang 《Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry》2012,16(1):101-107
Solid composite polymer electrolytes consisting of polyethylene oxide (PEO), LiClO4, and porous inorganic–organic hybrid poly (cyclotriphosphazene-co-4, 4′-sulfonyldiphenol) (PZS) nanotubes were prepared using the solvent casting method. Differential scanning calorimetry
and scanning electron microscopy were used to determine the characteristics of the composite polymer electrolytes. The ionic
conductivity, lithium ion transference number, and electrochemical stability window can be enhanced after the addition of
PZS nanotubes. The electrochemical impedance showed that the conductivity was improved significantly. Maximum ionic conductivity
values of 1.5 × 10−5 S cm−1 at ambient temperature and 7.8 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 80 °C were obtained with 10 wt.% content of PZS nanotubes, and the lithium ion transference number was 0.35. The good
electrochemical properties of the solid-state composite polymer electrolytes suggested that the porous inorganic–organic hybrid
polyphosphazene nanotubes had a promising use as fillers in SPEs and the PEO10–LiClO4–PZS nanotube solid composite polymer electrolyte might be used as a candidate material for lithium polymer batteries. 相似文献
16.
L. C. Rodrigues M. M. Silva H. I. M. Veiga J. M. S. S. Esperança M. Costa M. J. Smith 《Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry》2012,16(4):1623-1629
In this paper, the preparation and purification of an amorphous polymer network, poly[oxymethylene-oligo(oxyethylene)], designated
as aPEO, are described. The flexible CH2CH2O segments in this host polymer combine appropriate mechanical properties, over a critical temperature range from −20 to 60 °C,
with labile salt-host interactions. The intensity of these interactions is sufficient to permit solubilisation of the guest
salt in the host polymer while permitting adequate mobility of ionic guest species. We also report the preparation and characterisation
of a novel polymer electrolyte based on this host polymer with lithium tetrafluoroborate, LiBF4, as guest salt. Electrolyte samples are thermally stable up to approximately 250 °C and completely amorphous above room temperature.
The electrolyte composition determines the glass transition temperature of electrolytes and was found to vary between −50.8
and −62.4 °C. The electrolyte composition that supports the maximum room temperature conductivity of this electrolyte system
is n = 5 (2.10 × 10−5 S cm−1 at 25 °C). The electrochemical stability domain of the sample with n = 5 spans about 5 V measured against a Li/Li+ reference. This new electrolyte system represents a promising alternative to LiCF3SO3 and LiClO4-doped PEO analogues. 相似文献
17.
Fu-Ming Wang Jyh-Tsung Lee Ju-Hsiang Cheng Chin-Shu Cheng Chang-Rung Yang 《Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry》2009,13(9):1425-1431
Poly (acrylate-co-imide)-based gel polymer electrolytes are synthesized by in situ free radical polymerization. Infrared spectroscopy confirms
the complete polymerization of gel polymer electrolytes. The ionic conductivity of gel polymer electrolytes are measured as
a function of different repeating EO units of polyacrylates. An optimal ionic conductivity of the poly (PEGMEMA1100-BMI) gel polymer electrolyte is determined to be 4.8 × 10–3 S/cm at 25 °C. The lithium transference number is found to be 0.29. The cyclic voltammogram shows that the wide electrochemical
stability window of the gel polymer electrolyte varies from −0.5 to 4.20 V (vs. Li/Li+). Furthermore, we found the transport properties of novel gel polymer electrolytes are dependent on the EO design and are
also related to the rate capability and the cycling ability of lithium polymer batteries. The relationship between polymer
electrolyte design, lithium transport properties and battery performance are investigated in this research. 相似文献
18.
Manoj Yadav Wenquan Gong Allan J. Jacobson 《Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry》2011,15(2):293-301
Oxygen gas can be electrochemically separated from ambient air with very high purity and compressed by using a solid-electrolyte
ion-transport membrane. An electrolyte with high ionic conductivity such as gadolinium-doped ceria (CGO) and mixed conducting
electrodes are used to construct the electrochemical cell. To achieve high oxygen flux, the electrodes must exhibit very fast
electrode kinetics. Here, we report the performances of mixed conducting PrBaCo2O5 + x
and NdBaCo2O5 + x
electrodes in oxygen separation in a planar CGO electrolyte-supported cell. The properties of the electrode materials were
evaluated using potentiostatic and potentiodynamic measurements and alternating current impedance spectroscopy. The oxygen
flux was also measured using gas chromatography to confirm the absence of gas leaks. The electrodes demonstrated very low
polarization resistances as a result of very high cathodic and anodic reaction rates at temperatures of 600–800 °C. High oxygen
gas flow rates were observed on applying potentials up to 1 V with an almost linear relationship between the applied potential
and the molar flow rate of oxygen gas. 相似文献
19.
《Electrochemistry communications》2001,3(11):675-681
Potentiometric based electrochemical measurement of diffusion potential at a junction between two flowing flame plasma gases is described. A flame electrochemical cell was constructed using a specially designed burner, which supports two individual flames, each fed by separate premixed methane/oxygen/nitrogen streams. The two flames were in intimate contact, creating a flowing fluid gaseous junction. By aspirating metal salt solutions into these premixed feed gases, the concentration gradient at the interface between the two flames may be controlled. A measurable electrochemical diffusion potential was formed at this junction, the magnitude of which was dependent on the concentration ratio of charged species with different mobilities. In our flame electrolyte, the dominant charged species were atomic or molecular cations and electrons, which have a difference in mobilities of approximately three orders of magnitude. A two-electrode system, in conjunction with a high impedance electrometer was used to measure the potential difference across the flame electrochemical cell. The measured potential difference was analysed using theory developed for the liquid junction potentials by the Henderson equation. 相似文献
20.
Xie Jian Imanishi Nobuyuki Hirano Atsushi Takeda Yashuo Yamamoto Osamu Zhao Xin-Bing Cao Gao-Shao 《Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry》2011,15(9):2031-2039
Ag and Ag2O thin films have been prepared by radio frequency magnetron sputtering on Cu substrates and have been characterized by X-ray
diffraction, scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope. The electrochemical performance of the thin films has
been studied by galvanostatic cycling and cyclic voltammetry. The potential dependence of Li-ion chemical diffusion coefficients,
[(D)\tilde]\textLi {\widetilde{D}_{\text{Li}}} , of the films has been determined by galvanostatic intermittent titration technique and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
It is found that Li-ion chemical diffusion coefficients of the Ag film range from 10−16 to 3 × 10−14 cm2 s−1. The Ag/Li2O composite that is formed from Ag2O after the first cycle exhibits higher
[(D)\tilde]\textLi {\widetilde{D}_{\text{Li}}} values than the Ag film, especially at a low Li-intercalation content. The phase transitions in the two-phase region cause
a significant decrease of chemical diffusion coefficients. 相似文献