Terahertz electroluminescence under conditions of shallow acceptor breakdown in germanium

The spectrum of spontaneous terahertz electroluminescence was obtained near the breakdown threshold of a shallow acceptor (Ga) in germanium. The emission spectra were recorded by the Fourier spectroscopy method at a temperature of ～5.5–5.6 K. The emission spectrum exhibits narrow lines with maxima at ～1.99 THz (8.2 meV) and ～2.36 THz (9.7 meV), corresponding to the optical transitions of nonequilibrium holes from the excited impurity states to the ground state of impurity center. A broad line with a maximum at ～3.15 THz (13 meV) corresponding to the hole transitions from the valence band to the impurity ground state is also seen in the spectrum. The contribution of the hole transitions from the states of the valence band increases upon an increase in the electric-field strength. Simultaneously, the optical transitions of nonequilibrium holes between the subbands of the valence band appear in the emission spectrum. The integral terahertz-emission power is ～17 nW per 1 W of the input power.     

Low-group-velocity and low-dispersion slow light in photonic crystal waveguides

Photonic crystal slab line defect waveguides with slightly small innermost holes are theoretically expected to show light transmission with low-group-velocity and low-dispersion (LVLD) characteristics owing to a linear and almost flat photonic band. In this study, the LVLD characteristics of such waveguides were experimentally confirmed by using modulation phase shift measurement and transmission of ultrashort optical pulses. These results will be applicable to buffering and nonlinearity enhancement of optical signals.     

全矢量有限元模型及其在光波导中的应用

为了研究光波导和光子晶体光纤的模式特性和传输特性,从矢量波动方程出发,推导出了各向异性介质中场微分方程复数泛函表达式,利用棱边/节点混合元离散了该泛函,加入了各向异性介质匹配层边界条件,得到关于传播常量的广义特征值方程.以矩形波导为例,对各向异性介质匹配层边界条件的吸收特性进行了研究,得到了基模以及几个高阶模的场分布、色散曲线和损耗曲线.结果表明该方法可靠有效.对正六边形晶格光子晶体光纤进行了分析.数据表明：光纤有效折射率随空气孔直径或波长的增大而减小,但与空气孔圈数无关;光纤限制损耗(confinement loss)随波长增大近似成指数增大,而增加空气孔直径或者空气孔圈数则可使之显著降低.     

Improved photonic crystal directional coupler with short length

We investigate a photonic crystal (PC) waveguide coupler which is formed by two closely spaced linear waveguides in a two-dimensional triangular lattice of air holes. Our study shows that shifting one row of the air holes between the waveguides affects the dispersion curves of the guided modes and if the triangular lattice of air holes between the waveguides is replaced by a rectangular lattice, this modification results in an ultra-short coupling structure with coupling length less than 3a, where a is the lattice constant. Also, we investigate the effect of changing the radii of air holes that are adjacent to or between the waveguides on the coupling length and show that increasing the radius of air holes between the waveguides decreases the coupling length. We analyze the output spectrum of an ultra-short channel drop filter designed based on this structure.     

Linearly polarized terahertz radiation in uniaxially deformed Ge(Ga) upon the electric breakdown of an impurity

The polarization spectra of spontaneous terahertz radiation in uniaxially deformed germanium have been measured upon the electric breakdown of shallow acceptors. Lines with various degrees of polarization with respect to the compression axis have been observed in the radiation spectrum. These lines are associated with the optical transitions of holes between the excited and ground states of the acceptor, as well as with the transitions of holes from the valence band to the ground state of the impurity. At a pressure of about 3 ± 0.3 kbar in the [111] direction near the impurity breakdown, the linear polarization degree reaches ～80–90% in the main lines of terahertz radiation. As the electric field intensity increases, the depolarization of radiation is observed, which is caused by the heating of nonequilibrium holes by the electric field.     

Continuous adjustment of group delay by tuning the argument of coupling coefficient in microring coupled-resonator optical waveguides

We derive the dispersion relation of coupled-resonator optical waveguides (CROWs) without approximation. And, we use the exact dispersion relation of CROWs established to calculate the group delay of microring CROWs and obtain a result similar to the experimental result reported by Poon et al. Further, through numerical simulation with the parameters used to simulate the experimental result, we found that the output group delay of microring CROWs could be adjusted continuously by changing the argument of the coupling coefficient θ resulting from the shift of the dispersion band. But, the adjustment of output group delay was not linear and meticulous control of θ could lead to a more favorable adjustment of the output group delay. The continuous adjustment of group delay is of great significance for applications of microring CROWs in delay lines and optical buffers of future all-optical communication systems.     

Analysis of optical characteristics of holey photonic crystal devices with the extended coupled-mode formalism

Presented here is a new approach for analysis of the so-called holey photonic crystals—a class of electro-optical components, in which periodicity of air holes in dielectric media is used for confinement of light. This class includes several kinds of microstructured fibers, semiconductor lasers etc. Accurate evaluation of optical characteristics of those devices is usually a complicated problem due to the large dimensions and the fine structure of their refractive index distribution. Furthermore, usually, only numerical solutions for this class of optical components are available. The overwhelming majority of the physical models, suitable for analysis of holey photonic devices, proceed from the “natural” assumption: the devices are considered as arrays of air holes, surrounded by dielectric material. In this work we propose another model. Namely, we treat them as arrays of dielectric spots (waveguides), embedded in the air (cladding material). This model allows utilization of the extended coupled-mode theory (a relatively new approach designed for analysis of infinite arrays of coupled waveguides and previously considered inapplicable to holey optical components) for calculations of the latter. In this sense, we present a new method for analysis of holey photonic crystals. On the one hand, our method allows analytical evaluation of some optical characteristics of holey optical components (such as the number of photonic bands and bandwidth). On the other hand, accurate numerical computation of the photonic band structure of the holey photonic devices, incorporating a large number of holes, can be done with this technique on a timescale of several minutes.     

Impurity spectroscopy in glasses and disordered crystals: Inhomogeneous broadening and electron phonon coupling

Parameters of optical impurity spectra in disordered solids were calculated using the potential energy distribution of the ground state and the guest-host interaction potentials of the lower and upper states. The model can yield inhomogeneous band shapes, pressure shift coefficients of zero phonon lines, (pseudo)local phonon frequencies, and linear and quadratic coupling constants to phonons. Results are compared to properties of Shpol'skii multiplets and zero phonon holes burned over the broad spectra in glasses. Crystal spectra contain discrete lines, but the overall width of multiplets and the bands in weakly polar solvent glasses is similar, and so are the pressure shift coefficients. A decrease of zero phonon transition probability (Debye-Waller factor) with increasing (negative) solvent shift was predicted and confirmed for crystal spectra. In general, no correlation exists between the strength of the first- and second-order couplings, and the vibrational modes involved can be different. Moreover, no relationship was established between the line shift and broadening in a temperature interval from 5 to 100 K.     

Double-hole-mediated coupling of dopants and its impact on band gap engineering in TiO2

A double-hole-mediated coupling of dopants is unraveled and confirmed in TiO2 by density-functional theory calculations. We find that when a dopant complex on neighboring oxygen sites in TiO2 has net two holes, the holes will strongly couple to each other through significant lattice relaxation. The coupling results in the formation of fully filled impurity bands lying above the valence band of TiO2, leading to a much more effective band gap reduction than that induced by monodoping or conventional donor-acceptor codoping. Our results suggest a new path for semiconductor band gap engineering.     

On the origin of photoluminescence in heavily-doped silicon

The origin of the photoluminescence in heavily-doped silicon is examined. Transient photoluminescence data for Si(P) are presented and used to identify the “Low Level” emission bands in terms of recombination of impurity band electrons with holes bound to acceptor sites. The “High Level” bands are attributed to recombination of impurity band electrons with free holes. The energies of the band gap and optical band gap in heavily-doped silicon are determined from the photoluminescence measurements.     

Optical properties of high-delta air silica microstructure optical fibers

We analyze the waveguide properties of microstructure optical fibers consisting of a silica core surrounded by a single ring of large air holes. Although the fibers can support numerous transverse spatial modes, coupling between these modes even in the presence of large perturbations is prevented for small core dimensions, owing to a large wave-vector mismatch between the lowest-order modes. The result is an optical fiber that can appear single mode with propagation properties that can be achieved only in multimode waveguides.     

Design of integrated optical circulator based on photonic crystals

Photonic crystals containing defects produce enhanced Faraday rotation. They have opened up the possibility of fabricating very compact magneto-optics structures. In this work, we have designed a two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguide for use in optical packaging and integrated optical circuits. For design purposes, a temporal coupled mode theory was utilized at the first step. It examined the coupling between cavity and optical ports. After acquiring a general solution, it would be applied to specific problem in hand. Then, optical characteristics of photonic crystal were investigated to design the practical parts such as cavity and waveguides which eventually a triangular crystal lattice of air holes in Bi:YIG (BIG) was considered to be the best candidate. Finally, the results of analytical investigations were evaluated using OptiFDTD software and then were confirmed.     

Ge基二维正方晶格光子晶体带隙优化设计

采用平面波展开法模拟二维光子晶体在E极化和H极化下的能带结构,研究Ge基二维正方晶格光子晶体的填充比以及晶格排列结构对最大禁带宽度的影响。结果表明：在空气背景材料中填充Ge柱的介质柱结构中,可产生TE、TM带隙,且各方向完全带隙出现在r/a=0.19~0.47范围内,最大完全帯隙禁带宽度可以达到0.064（归一化频率）;在选取Ge为背景材料的空气孔型结构中,同样可产生TE、TM带隙,且各方向完全带隙出现在r/a=0.46~0.49范围内,最大完全帯隙禁带宽度可以达到0.051（归一化频率）。同时,不论在介质柱型还是空气孔型结构中,带隙宽度都随着r/a的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势。     

Single-photon diode by exploiting the photon polarization in a waveguide

A single-photon optical diode operates on individual photons and allows unidirectional propagation of photons. By exploiting the unique polarization configuration in a waveguide, we show here that a single-photon optical diode can be accomplished by coupling a quantum impurity to a passive, linear optical waveguide which possesses a locally planar, circular polarization. We further show that the diode provides a near unitary contrast for an input pulse with finite frequency bandwidth and can be implemented in a variety of types of waveguides. Moreover, the performance of the diode is not sensitive to the intrinsic dissipation of the quantum impurity.     

Polarization of valence band holes in the (Ga,Mn)as diluted magnetic semiconductor

We report on direct measurements of the impurity band hole polarization in the diluted magnetic semiconductor (Ga,Mn)As. The polarization of impurity band holes in a magnetic field is strongly enhanced by antiferromagnetic exchange interaction with Mn ions. The temperature dependence of the hole polarization shows a strong increase of this polarization below the Curie temperature. We show that the ground state of the impurity band is formed by uniaxial stress split F=+/-1 states of antiferromagnetically coupled Mn ions (S=5/2) and valence band holes (J=3/2). The gap between the Mn acceptor related impurity band and the valence band is directly measured in a wide range of Mn content.     

光子晶体耦合波导实现光开关效应的研究

提出了一种基于光子晶体耦合波导实现光开关效应的方法:将线缺陷引入二维光子晶体以形成两平行的邻近波导,两邻近波导及其中间的两排介质柱构成了光开关模型耦合区;利用平面波展开法计算了不同介质填充率情况下的色散特性.结果发现:减小介质填充率可以实现波导耦合长度的减小;分段调整中间介质柱的填充率和选择不同的耦合搭配长度,定向耦合...     

Optofluidic microchannels in aerogel

We report optofluidic waveguides made by filling microchannels in aerogel with water. The aerogel cladding is a nanoporous material with an extremely low refractive index of ~1.05, giving a large index step from the water core. Channels were formed by removing embedded optical fibers, which could be nonuniform or multiple. The porosity of the aerogel allowed air to be displaced from the channel, preventing the trapping of bubbles. The attenuation of red light in the highly multimode water core waveguide was no greater than 1.5 dB/cm.     

Optical interleaver based on directional coupler in a 2D photonic crystal slab with triangular lattice of air holes

A small-size optical interleaver based on directional coupler in a 2D photonic crystal slab with triangular lattice of air holes is designed and theoretically simulated using plane wave expansion and finite-difference time-domain method. The interleaver is formed by two parallel and identical photonic crystal slab waveguides which are separated by three rows of air holes. The coupling region is designed below the light line to avoid vertical radiation. The simulated results show that the coupling coefficient is increased and the final length of the interleaver is decreased by enlarging the radius of the middle row of air holes. The transmission properties are analyzed after the interleaver’s structure is optimized, and around 100 GHz channel spacing can be got when the length of the interleaver is chosen as 40.5 μm.     

Impurity absorption in gallium phosphide doped with zinc and oxygen

The extrinsic optical properties were investigated in homogeneous GaP crystals at room temperature. The transmission of extrinsic light is influenced by a simultaneous illumination of an additional light of different frequency. This light changes the occupancy of an impurity level. A simple theory is given, which relates this change in transmission of the extrinsic light to the optical cross sections of the impurity level. We had to use steady light because of the large relaxation time, but still obtained a resolution of 2 × 10⁻⁵ in the relative transmission change. The spectral dependence of the optical cross sections for an impurity level 0·9 eV below the conduction band were calculated. Another level approximately 1·85 eV from a band edge was also seen in these measurements, but it had complex optical properties. Both levels were seen in a direct measurement of the absorption coefficient.     

双氮协同钴掺杂锐钛矿相二氧化钛电子结构的第一性原理研究

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理计算了双氮原子协同钴原子共掺杂TiO2的几何结构和电子结构. 计算结果发现: 双氮原子掺杂引起的双空穴位与钴原子形成了较强的耦合作用, 并引起晶格结构发生明显变化. 共掺杂的协同效应引起TiO2禁带宽度变窄,在价带顶和导带底出现大量杂质能级, 从而引起吸收带边发生明显红移. 该掺杂方式对调制TiO2禁带宽度有明显的效果, 有望指导后续的实验合成.