基于染料的光弹性涂层方法回顾与展望

光弹性涂层法是最常用的实验应变分析测试技术之一,但其实际应用受到诸如准备时间长、基底加强效应、复杂的数据后期处理等固有局限性的影响。近年来,出现了两种通过在光弹性聚合物材料中添加非发光染料或发光染料的新的光弹性涂层制作方法。这种基于染料的光弹性涂层使新方法能够克服上述传统光弹性涂层法应用中的许多局限性,并有望成为重要的应变测量工具。论文回顾了这两种新的基于染料的光弹性涂层方法的提出与发展过程,分别介绍了两种测量方法的实验装置、基本原理及一些实际应用,总结了两种新方法各自的优点与不足。最后指出了基于添加发光染料的发光光弹性涂层的未来发展方向和技术改进。     

基于分子发光原理的光弹性涂层测量方法

在简单介绍分子荧光产生过程的基础上,系统介绍了新的光弹性涂层方法------发光光弹性涂层法的基本原理、涂层结构、系统组成及实验方法.由于新方法采用了气雾剂技术, 并通过在光弹性涂层中添加荧光染料,使新方法与传统的光弹性涂层方法相比, 具有如下优点: (1)更简单、快捷,特别是对于有复杂几何形状的构件; (2)只会引起较小的基底加强效应;(3)能提供更高的空间分辨率; (4)省去了条纹计数和位相去包裹的过程,简化了后续的数据处理过程; (5)发光涂层的发射光是漫射光,使得对曲面进行测量时有较高的相对强度.最后指出了新方法今后的研究方向及其在诸如产品设计流程中与有限元分析相结合等方面的广阔应用前景.      

全息光弹性数据采集的相位检测法

本文提出了一种新的全息光弹性数据采集方法.该方法采用横向塞曼稳频He—Ne 激光器(STZL)作为光源,利用其输出具有小频差 f_b 的正交偏振光,因而光强信号为一交变拍频信号的特性,在相应的光路布置下,通过相位检测的方法,实现主应力方向、主应力差与主应力和的数据自动采集.     

四光束载波全息光弹性法的研究及应用

本文同时利用一台激光器的相干性和两台无位相联系的激光器间的非相干特性,提出了一种新的全息光弹性法,并用于等和线的测量上.该方法具有载波频率连续可调,一次曝光给出某一载荷下的等和载波条纹图的优点;通过滤波解调,能方便地给出模型受力过程中任意两个载荷下的差载等和线,为不能重复性实验(如裂纹扩展)提供了新的实验研究方法。     

光弹性等差条纹级数的识别

本文根据光弹性和光干涉原理,提出了利用双波长测得的扣纹级数小数部分计算条纹全量的方法,并经计算和实验验证其正确性,它的精度取决于小数条纹部分的测量精度.本方法将为光弹性实验数据的自动采集提供了方便.     

光弹性—数字散斑相关混合法在光弹条纹主应力分解中的应用

光弹性法是研究结构内部应力分布问题的一个有效方法.光弹性实验中,通常可以方便地得到等色线条纹图.确定了等色线条纹级数以后,为获得平面模型中任意点的应力完全解,需要借助其它方法给出一个补充方程.本文将光弹性法与数字散斑相关法相结合,提出一种用于光弹性法分离主应力的新方法:光弹性-数字散斑相关混合法.在理论研究的基础上,设计了光弹性-数字散斑相关混合法实验系统,并通过相应的三点弯曲实验对该方法和实验系统的有效性做出分析和论证.该研究为光弹全场应力分解以及动态光弹性-数字散斑相关混合法提供了理论和实验基础.     

柔性膜基结构的应力光学系数测量研究

柔性膜基结构具有轻质化、可折叠、便携等优点，在微机电和柔性电子等前沿领域有广阔的应用前景。相比于传统的刚性结构，柔性膜基结构在制备和随后服役的过程中更容易产生内应力，造成元器件稳定的降低，因此膜基结构的应力测量具有非常重要的意义。本文基于光弹性原理，设计搭建了圆偏振光场下的光弹性实验光路，分别测得了基底和膜基结构在不同应力下的光弹性图像。根据光弹性图像随应力的周期性亮暗变化规律，对图像亮度与所受应力大小进行三角函数拟合，通过拟合结果和所建立的图像亮度与主应力模型对聚酰亚胺基底和金属铜薄膜的应力光学系数进行计算，结果证明了金属铜薄膜具有应力光学效应以及通过透射的方法测量纳米级金属薄膜应力光学系数的可行性。     

用三维光弹性和应变片电测技术分析大型飞机主起落架的应力

主起落架是大型飞机重要的部件，其结构和载荷都十分复杂。为对主起落架进行详细的应力分析，本文不但提出一种整体制作主起落架三维光弹性模型的方法；而且将应变片电测技术应用于光弹性模型上，成功地为主起落架关键部件——活塞杆进行了方案的优化，并使其最大应力下降了４０％；同时提出一种载波计算机自动测量边界应力的方法。以上说明，对主起落架等复杂而重要的结构，实验应力分析方法是一种优化设计的有效工具。     

复合材料光弹性分析的工程方法

本文在推导均衡光弹性复合材料应力(应变)—光定律的基础上,导出了均衡光弹性复合材料的近似应变—光定律。然后加以推广,提出适用于一般光弹性复合材料的近似应变—光定律.精度分析及实验验证表明:作为工程计算,在采用本文推荐的参数时,光弹性复合材料可视作各向同性材料进行光弹性分析。     

挤压凹模强度的光弹性与有限元优化综合分析

本文介绍用光弹性试验测定挤压凹模工作时承受的内压力分布规律,在此基础上作了凹模的有限元优化设计,最后进行了光弹性实验验证.这种综合分析方法为提高模具的承载能力、节省模具材料和改进模具结构设计提供了有益的经验.     

Characterization of a new luminescent photoelastic coating

The luminescent photoelastic coating (LPC) technique measures the full-field shear strain and its principal direction on the surface of complex three-dimensional components. The measured optical strain response is also dependent on the coating thickness. Achieving uniform coating thickness is difficult, and thus requires thickness correction for accurate quantitative strain measurements. The original formulations of LPC employed a dual-layer coating containing luminescent dyes to transmit both strain and thickness information. This paper will document (theory and experiment) a new strategy: a single-layer coating that incorporates both a luminescent dye and an absorption dye. Dependent on the concentration of the absorption and luminescent dyes, the solution is sprayed onto the object of interest to a minimum threshold thickness that corresponds to a predefined penetration depth. Advantages of the single-layer coating are the elimination of thickness dependency, the elimination of compliance and adhesion issues between multiple layers, simpler data acquisition and post-processing methods, and easier and faster coating preparation and application.     

Strain Separation on a Nonplanar Object Using a Luminescent Photoelastic Coating

This paper presents the theoretical modeling and corresponding experimental results of the oblique incidence response of a luminescent photoelastic coating (LPC) applied to a cylinder under load. LPC is a measurement technique to acquire full-field maximum shear strain and its principal strain direction. The technique uses an absorption dye and a luminescent dye within a photoelastic coating, and the coating is applied on the surface of the specimen using conventional aerosol techniques. On 3D objects, the response of the emission field is dependent on the excitation orientation due to the surface inclination of the structural component and the out-of-plane strain component within the coating. Full-field strain separated results have been previously demonstrated on a 2D specimen. The extension of the strain separation technique to a 3D specimen—a cylinder in bending—is the focus of this investigation. Two different responses were obtained from normal and oblique excitation. As a result, the principal strain was separated over ±56° of circumference of the cylinder with RMS error relative to the theoretical result of 87 μɛ for maximum principal strain and 78 μɛ for minimum.     

Luminescent photoelastic coatings

In this paper we describe a new technique to measure the surface strain field on complex three-dimensional structural components under static load. It is cost-efficient to implement and suitable to be integrated in the product design cycle in conjunction with finite element analysis tools. The technique employs novel luminescent photoelastic coatings and digital imaging to map the in-plane strain field. The coatings consist of a binder, generally polymeric in nature, and luminescent dyes that are applied to the surface of a test part using conventional aerosol techniques. When excited with circular polarized ultraviolet or blue illumination, the corresponding emission intensity from the coating is measured via a digital camera. The relative change in emission magnitude and phase as measured after passing through an analyzing polarizer is related to the in-plane shear strain and its corresponding principal direction. Several basic test results are presented and discussed, showing quantitative, repeatable, and high spatial resolution measurements.     

Full-field strain measurement using a luminescent coating

In this paper we describe an optical-based technique, called strain sensitive skin (S³), for measuring in-plane strain data on structural members under static load. The technique employs a coating consisting of a luminescent dye and polymer binder that is applied to the surface of a test part via conventional aerosol techniques. Proper illumination stimulates the dye, which in turn emits higher wavelength luminescence. The excitation and emission intensities have different wavelengths; therefore, enabling optical filtering to separate the two signals. The optical strain response is intensity based. A network of randomized microcracks within the binder scatters the waveguided luminescence from the excited dye molecules. The amount of scattered luminescence is related to the changes in the microcrack openings and orientations via mechanical strain. Various calibration tests show the optical strain response to be proportional to the sum of in-plane principal strains. With this new experimental testing tool, full-field high-resolution strain measurements can be acquired. The optical strain response of this new sensor is minimally dependent on viewing and lighting directions, rendering the technique viable to imaging and determining strain fields for three-dimensional complex geometries.     

Dual emission laser induced fluorescence for direct planar scalar behavior measurements

 In this paper, a new method of measuring scalar behavior in bulk aqueous fluid flows is presented. Using a simple ratiometric scheme, laser induced fluorescence from organic dyes can be normalized so that direct measurements of a scalar in the flow are possible. The technique dual emission laser induced fluorescence (DELIF) relies on normalizing the fluorescence emission intensity of one dye with the fluorescence emission intensity of a second dye. Since each dye fluoresces at a different wavelength, one can optically separate the emission of each dye. This paper contains an overview of the basic ratiometric technique for pH and temperature measurements as well as the spectral properties of nine water soluble dyes. It also covers the three most significant sources of error in DELIF applications. To demonstrate the technique, steady state turbulent jet mixing and temperature fields in a thermal plume were quantified. The accuracy was camera limited at under 3% of the fluorescence ratio which corresponds to 0.1 pH units or 1.8 °C. Received 7 June 1996/Accepted 17 June 1997     

Coupled Strain and Fresnel Response of Photoelastic Coatings at Oblique Incidence

This paper presents a theoretical model and corresponding experimental results of the oblique-incidence response of a luminescent photoelastic coating (LPC). LPCs use a luminescent dye that both partially preserves the stress-modified polarization state and provides high emission signal strength at oblique surface orientations. These characteristics enable the technique to acquire full-field strain separated measurements and principal strain directions, potentially on complex three-dimensional geometries, without the use of supplemental experimental or analytical techniques. Results of a single-layer LPC on a disk in diametral compression are presented to assess a theoretical model and evaluate the measurement sensitivity.

PLIF measurements in aqueous flows using the Nd:YAG laser

 This work identifies a new fluorescent tracer, 5(&6) carboxy-dichlorofluorescein, suitable for use with a Nd:YAG laser for quantitative PLIF concentration measurements in aqueous-phase flows. Fluorescence emission calibrations are performed to validate the use of this laser/dye combination, and to reject other combinations examined. It is found that the commonly used sodium fluorescein dye has a non-linear signal response when excited by the Nd:YAG laser, which makes this laser/dye combination unsuitable for quantitative PLIF measurements, although it is acceptable for purely visualization purposes. The new proposed dye shows a linear response of fluorescent signal both with dye concentration and with laser intensity. Fluid-flow measurements taken with the Nd:YAG/carboxy-dichlorofluorescein system are found in agreement to measurements obtained using a more standard laser/dye combination, namely Copper-vapor with sodium fluorescein, for which signal calibrations tests are also presented. Received: 20 November 1996 / Accepted: 17 March 1997     

光弹法实测正交异性双材料界面裂纹断裂参数

采用光弹贴片法实测正交异性双材料界面裂纹尖端区域的应力应变场, 进而求出界面裂纹的断裂力学参量. 将正交异性双材料板加工成拉伸试件,在聚碳酸酯贴片 的单侧表面镀金属铝膜,以提高贴片的反射效率. 沿贴片后的双材料界面预制裂缝,逐渐加 大载荷,得到一系列清晰的等差线条纹图. 利用正交异性双材料界面裂纹尖端应力分量表达 式计算出应力强度因子. 实验表明,光弹贴片法可有效地分析正交异性双材料界面裂纹问题.