Simultaneous direct microdetermination of chlorine,bromine and iodine in organic compounds

Summary A new method for the separate microdetermination of chlorine, bromine and iodine present together in an organic compound is described. A 3–5 mg sample is burnt in an oxygen flask and the products are absorbed in an alkaline solution of hydrazine. Iodide with dichromate and then bromide with permanganate are oxidized to free halogen which is removed, absorbed in alkaline solution of hydrazine and reduced again to halide, while chloride remains in the original solution. The separated halides are then titrated potentiometrically with 0.01N AgNO₃ by using a sulfide ion-selective indicator electrode and a double-junction reference electrode. Accurate results within ±0.27% are obtained in the separate determination of iodine, bromine and chlorine; the corresponding standard deviations are 0.138, 0.144 and 0.159%, resp. Without weighing the sample, determination of the atomic ratios IBrCl in organic compounds is also possible. Of course, this method can be applied to the analysis of halide mixtures.

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Gleichzeitige direkte Mikrobestimmung von Chlor, Brom und Jod in organischen Verbindungen

Zusammenfassung Eine neue Methode zur Mikrobestimmung von Chlor, Brom und Jod nebeneinander in organischen Verbindungen wurde beschrieben. Die Einwaage (3–5 mg) wird in einem Sauerstoffkolben verbrannt. Die Produkte werden in alkalischer Hydrazinlösung absorbiert. Jodid und dann Bromid werden mit Bichromat bzw. Permanganat oxydiert und die entsprechenden freien Halogene entfernt, in alkalischer Hydrazinlösung absorbiert und wieder zu Halogenid reduziert, während Chlorid in der ursprünglichen Lösung verbleibt. Die einzelnen Halogenide werden dann potentiometrisch mit 0,01N AgNO₃ unter Verwendung einer suifidionenselektiven Indikatorelektrode und einer Double-junction-Referenzelektrode titriert. Resultate innerhalb ±0,27% werden bei der Bestimmung von Jod, Brom und Chlor erhalten; die entsprechenden Standardabweichungen sind 0,138, 0,144 bzw. 0,159%. Bei der Analyse einer ungewogenen Substanzmenge ist die Bestimmung der Atomverhältnisse JBrCl in organischen Verbindungen ebenfalls möglich. Diese Methode ist selbstverständlich auf die Analyse von Halogenidgemischen anwendbar.

     

Simultaneous microdetermination of iodine and chlorine or iodine and bromine in organic compounds

Summary A micromethod for simultaneous determination of iodine and chlorine or iodine and bromine in organic compounds is described. After combustion in an oxygen-filled separatory funnel containing acidic sodium nitrite, iodine is produced, separated by carbon tetrachloride and oxidised with bromine water to iodate. After removal of carbon tetrachloride and excess bromine, the iodate is determined iodometrically. The aqueous combustion product is determined mercurimetrically for either chlorine or bromine. The average recoveries are 98.7%, 100.7% and 100.6% with iodine, chlorine and bromine in mixtures of their organically bounded compounds respectively. Microdetermination of iodine in presence of other halogens using sodium nitrite as absorbing agent andLeipert's method is described.

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Zusammenfassung Eine Mikromethode zur gleichzeitigen Bestimmung von J und Cl oder J und Br in organischen Verbindungen wurde beschrieben. Nach der Verbrennung in einem sauerstoffgefüllten Scheidetrichter in Anwesenheit angesäuerter Natriumnitritlösung wird Jod freigesetzt, mit Tetrachlormethan extrahiert und mit Bromwasser zu Jodat oxydiert. Nach Entfernung des Tetrachlorkohlenstoffs und des Bromüberschusses wird das Jodat jodometrisch titriert. In der wäßrigen Lösung wird mercurimetrisch Chlor bzw. Brom bestimmt. Die durchschnittliche Ausbeute beträgt 98,7, 100,7% und 100,6% für Jod, Chlor bzw. Brom in Gemischen ihrer organischen Verbindungen. Die Mikrobestimmung des Jods in Gegenwart anderer Halogene nach Absorption in Nitritlösung nach der Methode vonLeipert wurde beschrieben.

     

Individual microdetermination of chlorine, bromine and iodine in halogenated organic compounds by the oxygen-flask method

A simple and accurate micro-method for the individual determination of Cl, Br and I in halogenated organic compounds by the oxygen-flask method is described. Addition of potassium bromate to oxidize bromide, and of hydrogen peroxide to oxidize iodide, followed by boiling, is used to eliminate these two halides in mixtures with chloride or each other.     

The simultaneous microdetermination of chlorine,bromine, and iodine in organic compounds by the oxygen flask method

Summary A method is described which allows the simultaneous microdetermination of chlorine, bromine and iodine following organic decomposition by the oxygen flask procedure ofSchöniger. Sodium borohydride is employed as a reducing agent in the absorbing solution. The sum of halogens is titrimetrically determined in an aliquot of the absorbing solution by means of 0.01N mercuric perchlorate solution. The bromine and iodine are determined in different aliquots after oxidation to halate. Furthermore individual halogens can be determined by this method. The proposed method is simple, rapid, and highly reproducible.

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Zusammenfassung Ein Verfahren zur gleichzeitigen Bestimmung von Chlor, Brom und Jod nach Zerstörung der organischen Substanz im Verbrennungskolben wurde beschrieben. Natriumborhydrid dient als Reduktionsmittel in der Absorptionslösung. Die Summe der Halogene wird mit 0,01-n Quecksilberperchlorat in einem Teil dieser Lösung titriert. Brom und Jod werden in weiteren Teilen nach ihrer Oxydation zu Halogenat bestimmt. Außerdem kann jedes Halogen für sich nach diesem gut reproduzierbaren Verfahren bestimmt werden.

     

Indirect polarographic microdetermination of chlorine or bromine in organic compounds

A polarographic method for the microdetermination of chlorine or bromine in organic compounds is based on oxygen-flask combustion followed by an exchange reaction of chloride or bromide with excess of solid silver chromate, and polarographic determination of the chromate liberated. The method has been applied satisfactorily to a wide range of chlorine or bromine organic compounds with a coefficient of variation not exceeding 1%.     

Improvements in the microdetermination of chlorine and bromine in organic compounds

Summary Schöniger's method for the microdetermination of halogen has been improved by using ammonium hydroxide solution as an absorbing solution instead of sodium hydroxide solution in order to simplify the after treatment. On boiling the absorbing solution, interfering ions can be removed together with excess ammonia. Ammonium halide which formes in the solution is titrated with AgNO₃ solution in the presence of an adsorption indicator. Satisfactory results are obtained more rapidly.

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Zusammenfassung Um die Weiterbehandlung der Absorptionslösung bei der Mikrobestimmung der Halogene nachSchöniger zu vereinfachen, wurde an Stelle von Natronlauge Ammoniaklösung verwendet. Durch Kochen der Absorptionslösung können störende Ionen zugleich mit dem Ammoniaküberschuß entfernt werden. Das in der Lösung entstandene Ammoniumhalogenid wird mit Silbernitrat in Gegenwart eines Adsorptionsindikators titriert. Bei verkürzter Analysendauer werden zufriedenstellende Ergebnisse erzielt.

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Résumé On a amélioré la méthode deSchöniger pour le microdosage des halogénes en utilisant une solution d'ammoniaque comme absorbant à la place de la solution d'hydroxyde de sodium afin de simplifier le traitement ultérieur. En faisant bouillir la solution d'absorption on peut éliminer les ions gênants avec de l'ammoniaque en excés. On titre l'halogénure d'ammonium qui se forme en solution, par une solution d'AgNO₃ en présence d'un indicateur d'adsorption. On a obtenu des résultats satisfaisants plus rapidement.

     

Iodometric microdetermination of chlorine and bromine in some highly halogenated organic compounds

Summary Highly halogenated organic compounds are combusted in a oxygen flask using water as absorbant in the case of chlorine and 0.05% hydrogen peroxide in the case of bromine. The halogenide ion formed is determined by an iodometric procedure. Results showed an average error of ± 0.1% for Cl and ± 0.2% for Br. They are in close agreement with those obtained by a mercurimetric titration. The iodometric titration is to be preferred because of simplicity and rapidity

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Jodometrische Mikrobestimmung von Chlor und Brom in einigen hochhalogenisierten organischen Verbindungen

Zusammenfassung Die Verbindung wird im Sauerstoffkolben verbrannt, wobei Wasser (Cl) bzw. 0,05%ige Wasserstoffperoxidlösung (Br) als Absorptionsmittel verwendet werden. Die gebildeten Halogenide werden jodometrisch bestimmt. Der durchschnittliche Fehler beträgt ± 0,1% (Cl) bzw. ± 0,2% (Br). Die Ergebnisse stimmen gut mit mercurimetrisch erhaltenen überein. Die jodometrische Titration ist wegen der einfachen und schnellen Durchführbarkeit vorzuziehen.

     

Simultaneous microdetermination of carbon,hydrogen, mercury,chlorine, bromine and sulphur in organic compounds

A simple, reliable method for the simultaneous microdetermination of carbon, hydrogen, mercury, chlorine (or bromine) and sulphur in organic compounds is described. The intermediate storage technique is used. Sulphur and the halogens are absorbed on electrolytic silver and determined gravimetrically or titrimetrically. Mercury is absorbed on gold wire, and is weighed as the metal or desorbed and determined by a mercury-8-hydroxy-quinoline method.     

Application of ion-selective electrodes for the microdetermination of chlorine and bromine in volatile organic compounds

Summary A method is described for the determination of chlorine and bromine in mg samples of highly halogenated volatile organic compounds. The samples are introduced into the combustion system by injection and burnt in a stream of oxygen at 1000° over platinum and quartz. The combustion gases are absorbed in a solution of 80% acetic acid containing some hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid and mercuric chloride or bromide. The halide is then titrated with mercury. The end-point is determined by an ion-specific electrode. One determination takes approximately 15 minutes. The relative standard deviation of the determination is about 1%. The reversibility and durability of the silver sulphide electrode are unaffected as long as the mercury ion concentration is less than 10^–3 M.

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Zusammenfassung Eine Methode für die Bestimmung von Chlor und Brom in Milligramm hochhalogenierter Substanzen wird beschrieben. Die Proben werden in das Verbrennungssystem eingespritzt und in einem Sauerstoffstrom bei 1000° C über Platin und Quarz verbrannt. Die Verbrennungsgase werden in 80% Essigsäure absorbiert, die etwas Perhydrol, Salpetersäure und Quecksilberchlorid oder -bromid enthält. Das Halogen wird mit einer Quecksilber(II)-lösung titriert. Der Endpunkt wird mit Hilfe einer ionenspezifischen Elektrode ermittelt. Eine Analyse dauert etwa 15 Minuten. Die relative Standardabweichung ist ±1%. Die Reversibilität und Dauerhaftigkeit der Silbersulfidelektrode bleibt so lange unbeeinflußt, als die Konzentration der Quecksilberionen geringer ist als 10^–3-m.

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Résumé Une méthode pour le dosage du chlore ou du brome dans des échantillons milligramiques de composés organiques volatiles contenant des quantités élevées d'halogène a été décrite. Les échantillons sont introduits dans le système de combustion par injection et la combustion s'effectue sous courant d'oxygène à 1000° C sur platine et quartz. Les gaz de combustion sont absorbés dans une solution d'acide acétique 80% avec addition de faibles quantités de peroxyde d'hydrogène, acide nitrique et chlorure ou bromure mercurique. Puis l'haloide est titré avec une solution mercurique. Le point d'équivalence est établi à l'aide d'une électrode ion-spécifique. Un dosage prend approximativement 15 minutes et l'écart type est environ 1%. La réversibilité et la durabilité de l'électrode de sulphure d'argent restent intactes pourvu que la concentration mercurique ne surmonte pas celle de 10^–3 M.

     

Simultaneous microdetermination of carbon, hydrogen and chlorine or bromine in organic compounds by various rapid empty-tube combustion methods

A standard Pregl absorption tube packed with polyurethane foam mixed with a cation-exchanger in the silver form, backed with a layer of “Anhydrone”, and connected between the water and carbon dioxide absorption tubes and kept at room temperature, has been employed successfully for the simultaneous determination of chlorine or bromine together with carbon and hydrogen. This foam tube is suitable for use with the Belcher-Ingram, rapid straight empty-tube and rapid flash-combustion methods.     

Iodometric microdetermination of phosphorus,sulfur and chlorine in organic compounds

Summary A method is presented for the determination of phosphorus, sulfur and chlorine in organic compounds in absence of nitrogen by iodometry. The titration is carried out in 50% acetone solution in order to eliminate the interference of hydrogen peroxide.

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Zusammenfassung Ein Verfahren zur jodometrischen Bestimmung von Phosphor, Schwefel und Chlor in stickstofffreien organischen Verbindungen wurde vorgeschlagen. Die Titration erfolgt in 50% acetonischer Lösung, um die Störung durch Wasserstoffperoxid auszuschalten.

     

Simultaneous microdetermination of iodine and sulfur in organic compounds

A simple and rapid method for the simultaneous microdetermination of iodine and sulfur in organic compounds is described. The procedure utilizes the Schöniger flask method for the combustion, the iodide ions titration with 0.01 N mercuric perchlorate solution and diphenylcarbazone as indicator and the sulfate ions titration with 0.01 M barium perchlorate solution and dimethylsulfonazo III as indicator. The results obtained are in good agreement with calculated values.     

Automatic microanalyzers: IV. Automatic analyzer for rapid microdetermination of chlorine or bromine in organic compounds

An automatic microdetermination of chlorine or bromine in organic compounds is described. The sample is weighed out in an aluminum microbeaker which is dropped into a vertical combustion tube, previously described, the quartz combustion chamber of which is heated up to 1050 °C. A flash combustion in oxygen takes place and the gaseous combustion products are absorbed in a cell with a circulating absorption solution of acetic acid and hydrazine hydrate as a reducing reagent in water.Both halogens give halogenide ions in the absorption solution where they are titrated coulometrically by electrolytic silver ions with an amperometric titration end point. The precision of the results is the same as that obtained with common microanalytical techniques.     

Simultaneous determination of microgram amounts of chlorine or bromine or iodine and sulfur in organic compounds

A general method for the simultaneous and rapid determination of microgram amounts of chlorine or bromine or iodine and sulfur in organic compounds is described.The procedure is based on the combustion of the sample, containing approximately 0.005 meq of Cl or Br or I and 0.005 meq of S. by the Schöniger flask technique, using potassium hydroxide and hydrazine hydrate as absorption solution. The excess of hydrazine is eliminated with hydrogen peroxide after combustion.This method allows complete reduction of halogens to halides and oxidation of sulfur to sulfate.The halide ions are titrated with mercuric perchlorate and diphenylcarbazone as indicator; the sulfate ions with barium perchlorate and dimethylsulfonazo(III) as indicator.The results obtained are in good agreement with calculated values.     

Computerized technique in organic microelemental analysis: Part IV: Automated determination of chlorine,bromine, and iodine in organic compounds

The automatic and computerized rapid microanalytical determination of chlorine, bromine, and iodine in organic and organometallic compounds is described. The method consists of combustion of the compound in a large diameter empty tube connected to a titration vessel. The combustion products are transferred from the end of the combustion tube to the titration vessel by means of an automatic reductive SO₂-containing wash. Automatic potentiometric titration with AgClO₄ to the preset endpoint potential, using a combination silver microelectrode, serves as the endpoint detection of the titration of halides. The entire analysis, including automatic preparation of the equipment for the next determination, is programmed in a 6-min cycle. The method is blank-free; the results are accurate. Standard deviations amount to: 0.05, 0.14, and 0.18% absolute for Cl, Br, and I, respectively.The analyzer is interfaced to a real-time, time-sharing computer along with electronic microbalances and other analyzers, as part of the microanalytical laboratory computer service. The results of the analyses are reported on CR-terminals and are stored on magnetic disk for further processing.     

Simultaneous microdetermination of carbon, hydrogen, chlorine, bromine, sulfur, and metals in organometallic compounds

A method for the simultaneous microdetermination of carbon, hydrogen, chlorine, bromine, sulfur, and metals which combines features of the known intermediate storage technique in organic microanalysis and formation of the metal-oxine complex, is described. Carbon and hydrogen are determined gravimetrically as usual. Sulfur and halogens are absorbed and stored on electrolytic silver. After completion of the combustion, the oxygen is replaced first by nitrogen and secondly by hydrogen which liberates the sulfur as sulfur dioxide and halogens as hydrogen halides and regenerates the silver layer. The liberated gases can be easily absorbed by dilute hydrogen peroxide and determined titrimetrically. The metal oxide, remaining in the platinum boat, is dissolved in a mixture of nitric-perchloric acids in a test tube and the metal content is determined gravimetrically and titrimetrically using 8-hydroxyquinoline.