一种新型芳基硫鎓盐光引发剂的合成及应用

将二苯二硫醚作为硫源与1-甲基-2-苯基吲哚反应合成了含杂原子环的硫醚类化合物,然后再与二芳基碘三氟甲磺酸鎓盐反应,合成了一种新的芳基硫鎓盐。采用1 HNMR、MS等技术对目标化合物进行了表征,并确定了最佳反应条件。在硫醚类化合物与二芳基碘三氟甲磺酸鎓盐的摩尔比为1∶1.2,催化剂为CuI/Cu,溶剂为1,1,2,2-四氯乙烷的反应条件下,目标化合物的产率达到了62.0%。同时,对这类结构的芳基硫鎓盐进行了紫外光固化性能测试,发现其能够在紫外光固化体系中作为阳离子光引发剂得到应用。     

2-炔基苯胺与二芳基碘鎓盐的选择性芳基化/环化串联反应

有机高价碘试剂是一类环境友好、制备简单且性质温和的有机合成新试剂。近年来,有机高价碘试剂因表现出新颖、独特的反应性能而受到化学工作者广泛关注,成为有机合成重要研究领域之一。二芳基碘鎓盐是有机高价碘试剂的一个重要组成部分,是一类具有较高普适性的芳基化试剂,可用于羰基化合物、烯烃、炔烃和杂原子亲核化合物等的芳基化反应。目前,二芳基碘鎓盐作为芳基化试剂对具有单一芳基化位点化合物的芳基化已经有了非常广泛而深入的研究。对于具有两个甚至多个芳基化位点的化合物(如同时具有胺基和炔基),其芳基化选择性问题仍缺乏系统研究。特别是在多个芳基化位点共存时如何能够使芳基化发生在某一特定位点仍然是一大难题。这限制了二芳基碘鎓盐作为芳基化试剂更广泛的应用。因此,我们选用2-炔基苯胺(含有胺基和炔基两个芳基化位点)作为原料,通过溶剂的选择以及溶液酸碱性的调控来改变不同芳基化位点的反应活性,通过催化剂的调变来改变二芳基碘鎓盐芳基化反应的能力,从而找出最优条件实现底物分子的选择性芳基化反应,并利用剩余活性位点实现分子内的环化反应,从而实现芳基化-环化串联反应合成一系列N-芳基吲哚类化合物。在对模型底物进行条件筛选实验时发现,以2-乙基辛酸铜(Cu(OCOC8H17)2)作催化剂,二异丙基乙基胺(DIPEA)作碱,1,2-二氯乙烷(DCE)为溶剂,反应以最高93%的收率得到1,2-二苯基吲哚。使用该最优反应条件,一系列2-炔基苯胺都能与二芳基碘鎓盐很好地发生反应并且以良好到优秀的产率(71%–98%)得到目标产物N-芳基吲哚。此外,2-炔基苯胺与非对称的二芳基碘鎓盐也能发生反应,实验结果证明为位阻较小的芳基对胺基进行了N-芳基化反应。通过空白实验和对比实验,我们提出了可能的反应机理：二芳基碘鎓盐在铜催化剂作用下转化为亲电性的芳基活性中间体,该中间体与底物的胺基发生芳基化反应,然后芳基化产物在铜催化剂作用下环化生成N-芳基吲哚。该反应很好地解决了同时具有胺基和炔基两个芳基化位点的底物与二芳基碘鎓盐反应时C-芳基化和N-芳基化的竞争问题,选择合适反应条件使N-芳基化反应优先进行,为二芳基碘鎓盐的选择性芳基化反应提供了很好的实例,并为其它具有多个芳基化位点化合物的选择性芳基化反应提供了途径。     

2-炔基苯胺与二芳基碘鎓盐的选择性芳基化/环化串联反应（英文）

有机高价碘试剂是一类环境友好、制备简单且性质温和的有机合成新试剂.近年来,有机高价碘试剂因表现出新颖、独特的反应性能而受到化学工作者广泛关注,成为有机合成重要研究领域之一.二芳基碘鎓盐是有机高价碘试剂的一个重要组成部分,是一类具有较高普适性的芳基化试剂,可用于羰基化合物、烯烃、炔烃和杂原子亲核化合物等的芳基化反应.目前,二芳基碘鎓盐作为芳基化试剂对具有单一芳基化位点化合物的芳基化已经有了非常广泛而深入的研究.对于具有两个甚至多个芳基化位点的化合物(如同时具有胺基和炔基),其芳基化选择性问题仍缺乏系统研究.特别是在多个芳基化位点共存时如何能够使芳基化发生在某一特定位点仍然是一大难题.这限制了二芳基碘鎓盐作为芳基化试剂更广泛的应用.因此,我们选用2-炔基苯胺(含有胺基和炔基两个芳基化位点)作为原料,通过溶剂的选择以及溶液酸碱性的调控来改变不同芳基化位点的反应活性,通过催化剂的调变来改变二芳基碘鎓盐芳基化反应的能力,从而找出最优条件实现底物分子的选择性芳基化反应,并利用剩余活性位点实现分子内的环化反应,从而实现芳基化-环化串联反应合成一系列N-芳基吲哚类化合物.在对模型底物进行条件筛选实验时发现,以2-乙基辛酸铜(Cu(OCOC8H17)2)作催化剂,二异丙基乙基胺(DIPEA)作碱,1,2-二氯乙烷(DCE)为溶剂,反应以最高93%的收率得到1,2-二苯基吲哚.使用该最优反应条件,一系列2-炔基苯胺都能与二芳基碘鎓盐很好地发生反应并且以良好到优秀的产率(71%–98%)得到目标产物N-芳基吲哚.此外,2-炔基苯胺与非对称的二芳基碘鎓盐也能发生反应,实验结果证明为位阻较小的芳基对胺基进行了N-芳基化反应.通过空白实验和对比实验,我们提出了可能的反应机理:二芳基碘鎓盐在铜催化剂作用下转化为亲电性的芳基活性中间体,该中间体与底物的胺基发生芳基化反应,然后芳基化产物在铜催化剂作用下环化生成N-芳基吲哚.该反应很好地解决了同时具有胺基和炔基两个芳基化位点的底物与二芳基碘鎓盐反应时C-芳基化和N-芳基化的竞争问题,选择合适反应条件使N-芳基化反应优先进行,为二芳基碘鎓盐的选择性芳基化反应提供了很好的实例,并为其它具有多个芳基化位点化合物的选择性芳基化反应提供了途径.     

带取代基二芳基碘鎓盐直接光解与敏化光解机理的研究

本工作采用瞬态和稳态的方法对带不同取代基碘鎓盐的直接光解和敏化光解问题进行了研究,存两种光解过程中,电子转移均起到重要作用。在直接光解反应中,由于开始时生成的带不同取代基的苯衍生物在进一步反应中起到重要作用,因此它们的光解效率如下:3>2≥1,在敏化光解反应中,由于2—氯代硫杂蒽酮(CTX)作为电子给体参与其中。因此敏化光解效率和所研究鎓盐的得电子能力有关,其次序如下:l>2≥3。     

阳离子型UV光引发剂--三芳基硫鎓盐的合成

以硝基苯、浓硫酸、六氟磷酸钾和碘酸钾为原料,经氧化、取代、置换反应得到3,3′-二硝基二苯基碘六氟磷酸盐(2)。2与苯硫醚在苯甲酸铜的催化下合成了3-硝基苯基二苯基硫六氟磷酸盐(3)。3是一种新型的三芳基硫鎓盐阳离子UV光引发剂,其结构经UV,1H NMR,IR及MS确证。     

碘(钅翁)盐在有机合成中的应用

本文就三价有机碘鎓盐,包括二芳基、芳基全氟烷基、芳基烯基、芳基炔基和芳基烯丙基碘鎓盐以及碘叶立德在有机合成上有用的反应进行综述。这些反应包括C-,O-,N-和S-基化,全氟烷基、烯基、炔基、烯丙基和亚烷基转移反应等。     

几种二苯并碘五环盐及碘代联苯的Heck型反应研究

Heck型反应是一类很好的用于构筑碳碳键的反应[1～3].碘鎓盐作为一种特殊的卤代烃的替代物来参与Heck反应已多有报道,但研究较多的是有关开链的二芳基碘鎓盐及芳基烯基碘鎓盐,而对环状的碘鎓盐(特别是二苯并碘五环盐)参与的反应研究较少[4～6].最近我们拟将Heck反应用于轴手性联苯类化合物的合成而对几种二苯并碘五环盐及碘代联苯与丙烯酸或丙烯酸甲酯的Heck型反应进行了研究,对反应结果(Scheme 1)进行了讨论.     

芳基碘鎓盐促进芳基化反应的应用

二芳基碘鎓盐属于有机高价碘化合物,具有无毒、反应条件温和以及良好的选择性等优点,在有机合成中具有重要地位,受到广大化学工作者的关注。近年来,利用二芳基碘鎓盐在金属催化下进行的芳基化反应为一些难以合成的杂环化合物的合成提供了简便、高效的方法;同时,二芳基碘鎓盐在无催化剂下进行的芳基化反应,为C—C偶联反应开辟了新的绿色合成路线。本文综述了近年来二芳基碘鎓盐在有机合成中促进芳基化反应的最新进展,着重介绍了利用二芳基碘鎓盐作为芳基化试剂与有机金属试剂、烯烃和炔烃类以及杂环化合物进行芳基化反应的研究;总结了二芳基碘鎓盐与杂环化合物反应中钯催化和铜催化下芳基化反应的机理,最后对二芳基碘鎓盐在今后有机合成中的应用作出了展望。     

半菁类染料敏化太阳能电池的光电化学性能研究

研究了三种不同长度碳链取代的半菁类染料2-[4-(N,N-二羧乙基)氨基]苯乙烯基-1,3,3-三甲基苯并吲哚鎓碘(BIDC1)、2-[4-(N,N-二羧乙基)氨基]苯乙烯基-1-丁基-3,3-二甲基苯并吲哚鎓碘(BIDC2)和2-[4-(N,N-二羧乙基)氨基]苯乙烯基-1-辛基-3,3-二甲基苯并吲哚鎓碘(BIDC3)敏化太阳能电池的光电化学性能。其中BIDC1的敏化效果最好,在100mW/cm2氙灯光源下,开路电压、短路电流、填充因子和转换效率分别是430mV、1.31mA/cm2、0.52、0.29%。研究表明,随着半菁染料碳链取代基的增长,光电转换效率逐渐降低。     

带取代基二芳基碘 盐直接光解与敏化光解机理的研究

本工作采用瞬态和稳态的方法对带不同取代基碘 盐的直接光解和敏化光解问题进行了研究, 在两种光解过程中, 电子转移均起到重要作用. 在直接光解反应中, 由于开始时生成的带不同取代基的苯衍生物在进一步反应中起到重要作用, 因此它们的光解效率如下: 3>2≥1, 在敏化光解反应中, 由于2-氯代硫杂蒽酮(CTX)作为电子给体参与其中. 因此敏化光解效率和所研究 盐的得电子能力有关, 其次序如下:1>2≥3。     

Photocationic and radical polymerizations of epoxides and acrylates by novel sulfonium salts

Novel sulfonium salts [methyl‐, 2‐indany‐, or 1‐ethoxycarbonylethyl methyl‐2‐naphthylsulfonium hexafluorophosphate and 2‐indany‐, 1‐ethoxycarbonylethyl‐, 2‐methyl‐2‐phenylpropyl‐, 2‐phenylpropyl‐, 2‐phenylethyl‐, 2‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐ethyl‐, or 3‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐2‐propyl methylphenylsulfonium hexafluorophosphates] were synthesized by the reaction of dimethylsulfate and the corresponding sulfides followed by anion exchange with KPF₆. These sulfonium salts could polymerize epoxy monomers at lower temperatures than previously reported for benzylsulfonium salt initiators. In particular, sulfonium salts with naphthyl groups showed higher photoactivity than already reported for di(4‐tert‐butylphenyl)iodonium and triphenylsulfonium hexafluorophosphates. These sulfonium salts showed higher activity in photoradical polymerization and photocationic polymerization. The photopolymerization was accelerated by the addition of 4‐methoxy‐1‐naphthol, N‐ethylcarbazole, 2,4‐dimethylthioxanthone, phenothiazine, and 2‐ethyl‐9,10‐dimethoxyanthracene as photosensitizers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 3816–3827, 2003     

Factors influencing EB curing of epoxy matrix

The effectiveness of electron beam (EB) curing of epoxy resins was found to be influenced by catalyst. In the presence of iodonium salt (diaryl iodonium hexafluoroantimonate, C3), the EB curing of epoxy resin is easier than in the presence of triaryl sulfonium hexafluoroantimonate (C1), or triaryl sulfonium hexafluorophosphate (C2), or iron arene containing cationic catalyst (Irgacure 261). The epoxy 616 (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A) and 648 (diglycidyl ether of phenolic novolacs) can be cured by the above onium salts catalysts C1–C3. The epoxy with glycidyl amino epoxide group (such as AG 80; AFG 90) could not be cured by onium salts catalyst. The influence of irradiation dose, temperature and the effect of impurities on curing reaction were investigated.     

Copolymerization of butyl vinyl ether and methyl methacrylate by combination of radical and radical promoted cationic mechanisms

Butyl vinyl ether (BVE) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) mixtures were polymerized by using free radical initiators in conjunction with a cationic initiator such as diphenyl iodonium salt. Polymerization mechanism involves free radical polymerization of MMA which is switched to cationic polymerization of BVE by addition of growing poly(MMA) radicals to BVE and subsequent oxidation of electron donating polymeric radicals to the corresponding cations by iodonium ions. Two representative bifunctional monomers, ethylene glycol divinyl ether (EGDVE) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) were also used together with MMA and BVE, respectively, in photo and thermal crosslinking polymerizations. Vinyl ether and methacrylate type monomers can successfully be copolymerized by this double-mode polymerization under photochemical conditions.     

香豆素酮类化合物的瞬态研究——Ⅲ.香豆素酮和碘鎓盐间的电子转移

本工作采用激光闪光光解法对香豆素酮类化合物敏化碘鎓盐化合物问题进行了研究。结果表明:碘鎓盐化合物能通过电子转移机理猝灭香豆素酮的激发三重态。工作中还用甲基紫精(PQ²⁺)为模型化物,观察到它也能使香豆素酮的三重态猝灭,同时可看到在位于610nm处的PQ⁺生成。这些结果说明,在发生电子转移的反应中香豆素酮是电子给体,按Weller公式的计算结果也表明它们之间可发生电子转移反应。     

New High‐Power LEDs Open Photochemistry for Near‐Infrared‐Sensitized Radical and Cationic Photopolymerization

Cyanines derived from heptamethines were investigated in combination with iodonium salts as initiators of the radical polymerization of tripropylene glycol diacrylate and epoxides derived from bisphenol‐A‐diglycidylether. A new near‐infrared (NIR) LED prototype emitting at 805 nm with an exposure intensity of 1.2 W cm^?2 facilitated initiation of both radical and cationic polymerization using sensitizers derived from cyanines. This new light‐emitting device has brought new insight into the photochemistry of cyanines with the general structure 1 because a combination of photonic and thermal processes strongly influences reaction pathways. In particular, cationic cyanines comprising a cyclopentene moiety and diphenylamino group in the center initiated the cationic polymerization of epoxides. Selective oxidation of this unit explains why specifically these derivatives may function as initiators for cationic polymerization. In contrast, when the diphenylamino group was replaced by a barbital group at the meso‐position cationic polymerization of epoxides was not initiated.     

Propenyl ethers. III. Study of the photoinitiated cationic polymerization of propenyl ether monomers

The effects of photoinitiator structure and variations in the experimental parameters on the rate and extent of the photoinitiated cationic polymerization of propenyl ether monomers were studied. It was found that the photoinitiators can be divided into two classes: those which exhibit an induction period and those which do not. It was demonstrated that in those propenyl ether polymerizations using iodonium salts and certain sulfonium salts which do not have an induction period, a free radical chain-induced decomposition of the onium salt takes place. The reactivity of a particular onium salt photoinitiator was shown to be related to its reduction potential. It was also shown that the structure of the monomer plays a major role in the free radical induced decomposition reaction. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Phenacyl onium salt photoinitiators: synthesis, photolysis, and applications

Onium salts, namely sulfonium, phosphonium, ammonium, and pyridinium salts containing phenacyl group are photoinitiators appropriate for the polymerization of monomers such as oxiranes and vinyl ethers, which are not polymerizable by a free-radical mechanism. The initiation is accomplished by direct or indirect (sensitized) photolysis of the salts. Depending on the type of the salt, the direct photoinitiation of cationic polymerization involves reversible or irreversible processes. The photolysis of phenacylsulfonium compounds proceeds by a reversible process, while the other types undergo irreversible photolysis leading to complete fragmentation of the photoinitiator. An additionally useful tool, namely photosensitized generation of initiating species enlarges the versatility of these salts as photoinitiators. Photoinitiated free-radical and zwitterionic polymerizations by using phenacyl-type salts are also addressed. Keto-enol tautomerization of phenacyl pyridinium salts is discussed. Moreover, an interesting application concerning in situ synthesis of clay-poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites with the aid of the phenacyl anilinium salt-based photopolymerization technique is noted.     

Synthesis and activity of aryl benzyl methyl sulfonium salts as cationic initiators: Effect of substituent on aryl group

Benzyl o-, m-, and p-substituted phenyl methyl sulfonium salts ( 2b – 2g ) were synthesized and their activities as cationic initiators were evaluated in the bulk polymerization of phenyl glycidyl ether (PGE). Especially, their activities were estimated with respect to the effect of substituents on the aryl groups. In the polymerizations of PGE with a series of benzyl p-substituted phenyl methyl sulfonium salts, the order of their activities was found to be 2c (CH₃OCOO) > 2b (CH₃COO) > 2d (CH₃O) ～ 2a (HO). In particular, 2c was the most active initiator of all, capable of initiating the polymerization of PGE even at room temperature. In the polymerizations with 2a, 2e (m-Cl), 2f (o-CH₃), and 2g (m-CH₃), the activity of 2e was the highest of all while those of 2a, 2f , and 2g were almost the same. These results strongly suggested that the electron-withdrawing group placed on the aryl group undoubtedly enhanced the activity of the sulfonium salts as the cationic initiators.     

Photochemistry and initiation behavior of phenylethynyl onium salts as cationic photoinitiators

Phenyl(phenylethynyl)iodonium hexafluorophosphate and diphenyl(phenylethynyl)sulfonium hexafluorophosphate were synthesized for application as cationic photoinitiators using simple, straightforward methods. Quantification of the purity of the counterion was determined by FTIR analysis with subsequent mathematical peak deconvolution. Photodecomposition products for direct irradiation were determined in steady state photolysis experiments yielding diphenyl sulfide and phenyl(phenylethynyl) sulfide or iodobenzene, respectively, as main products. Heterolytic cleavage was proposed as main photodecomposition pathway because low yields of phenylacetylene radical recombination products and no photoproducts generated by phenyl radicals, including benzene, were detected. High activity as photoinitiators was verified by photo‐DSC experiments in direct irradiation and in photosensitized initiation using 9,10‐dibutylanthracene, 2‐isopropylthioxanthone, and surprisingly also benzophenone as sensitizers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 3419–3430, 2009     

Cationic photopolymerization of 1,3-di(9-carbazolyl)-2-propanol glycidyl ether

An absorbance probe method was used for the investigation of photolysis of cationic photoinitiators. The rates of the photolysis of diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate (DPIH), diphenyliodonium tetrafluoroborate (DPIB), di(tert-butylphenyl)iodonium tetrafluoroborate (DTIB), di(tert-butylphenyl)iodonium bromate (DTIBr), triphenylsulfonium hexafluorophosphate (TPS) and cyclopropyldiphenylsulfonium tetrafluoroborate (CPS) were studied in the presence of acid indicator quinaldine red (QR) in acetonitrile. Diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate and triphenylsulfonium hexafluorophosphate showed the highest photolysis rate. Photopolymerization of 1,3-di(9-carbazolyl)-2-propanol glycidyl ether (DCPGE) initiated with the iodonium and sulfonium salts in bulk and in solution was studied. It was established that the highest initial rate of polymerization is characteristic of DCPGE photopolymerization initiated with DPIH and TPS in bulk. The oligomers of DCPGE of number average molecular weight ( [`(M<sub>n</sub>)]\overline{M_n} ) ranging from 710 to 1220 were obtained in these reactions in bulk and those with [`(M_n)]\overline{M_n} ranging from 1300 to 1600 were obtained in solution.