4-(4′-二甲胺基苯乙烯基)-二苯酮/二苯基碘鎓盐——一种新的电子转移光敏化聚合引发体系

一种新的光敏剂,4-(4′-二甲胺基苯乙烯基)-二苯酮(MABP),已经合成并作了光谱特性表征,MABP和二苯基碘鎓盐(DPIO)组成的体系在近紫外和可见光区具有良好的光响应性,MABP和DPIO体系的光解反应通过电子转移过程快速发生,同时产生MABP的光褪色反应和DPIO的裂解反应,生成具有引发作用的苯自由基,MABP的光褪色速度常数测定为30.7(mol^-1·L·s^-1),甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)的光聚合反应在氮气净化的乙腈溶液中进行,得到的动力学数据表明,聚合速度和MABP,DPIO和MMA的浓度成正比,浓度指数值分别为0.46,0.32和1.0,添加巯基化合物显著地加速聚合反应,光引发机理也作了讨论。     

N,N,N′,N′-对四甲基苯二胺光致电子转移变色体系的研究

研究了由N,N,N′,N′-对四甲基苯二胺(TMPD)/电子受体组成的光致电子转移变色体系,及其在溶液中和高分子膜中的光反应和热稳定性。实验结果表明这类光致变色体系具有较高速度的光响应能力。在不同芳胺/碘鎓盐(DPIOC)组成的体系中,可观察到电子转移速度随芳胺的氧化还原电位下降而增加:TMPD>N,N-二甲基苯胺>三苯胺>二苯胺。光反应速度和反应物浓度具有一定指数关系,分别为0.66(TMPD)和0.16(二苯基碘铕盐)。在TMPD/卤代烃(RX)组成的体系中,发现卤代烃的C—X键较弱时,体系的光致生色反应速度较快。显然,这是由于反应中间产物(RX^-)的分解有利于减少电子逆转移反应的缘故。在聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯高分子膜中的光致生色反应效率显著地高于溶液中的反应效率,并能获得较高的光密度。热稳定性结果表明,温度对色稳定性有显著影响,每经过一次生色/褪色循环,体系的发色能力下降一半左右。     

荧烷染料的光诱导显色反应和机制的研究

荧烷染料是一类重要的功能性染料,广泛地应用于热敏和压敏记录材料.通常采用在酸作用下,使荧烷染料发生显色反应,由内酯环结构的无色体生成开环结构的有色体.并且通过吨环上不同取代基得到各种色调.荧烷染料有色体不稳定,在一般有机介质中容易发生褪色反应,使得荧烷染料作为记录介质普遍存在着色稳定性差、保存期短的缺点.为了改善有色体的稳定性,人们进行了大量的工作^[1-3],但均未取得重要进展.考虑到荧烷染料母核上带有烷胺基取代基,具有电子给体特性,有可能通过电子转移反应的途径进行显色反应.实现这种电子转移显色过程的关键问题是选择合适的电子受体.为此采用盐类化合物如碘盐和硫盐作为电了受体,因为它们容易和不同电子给体组成电子转移光敏反应体系^[4-6].因此,本文研究了以荧烷染料为电子给体和碘盐为电子受体的光致电子转移显色反应,并提出了显色反应机制.     

乙基曙红碘翁盐的染料再生循环光敏体系

本文设计了染料循环再生的光敏反应体系, 通过对占吨碘翁盐电子反应机制的深入研究, 提出了占吨染料在光敏反应过程中的染料再生循环, 它依次由三个反应过程组成: 在光作用下, 通过电子转移反应, 产生染料氧化褪色体(I); 在H给体存在下, 通过H转移反应, 使产物(I)转化为染料酸式隐色体(II); 在碱作用下, (II)发生去质子反应, 染料再生回复到染料的起始结构。其中光、H给体和碱的作用是再生循环的三个要素, 而控制染料酸式隐色体生成比例是染料再生效率的关键。由乙基曙红碘翁盐/三乙胺组成的染料再生体系的染料敏化效率比单一体系高4倍左右, 同时使活性自由基的数量增殖, 这种体系在实际应用方面具有重要意义。     

乙基曙红碘翁盐的染料再生循环光敏体系

本文设计了染料循环再生的光敏反应体系, 通过对占吨碘翁盐电子反应机制的深入研究, 提出了占吨染料在光敏反应过程中的染料再生循环, 它依次由三个反应过程组成: 在光作用下, 通过电子转移反应, 产生染料氧化褪色体(I); 在H给体存在下, 通过H转移反应, 使产物(I)转化为染料酸式隐色体(II); 在碱作用下, (II)发生去质子反应, 染料再生回复到染料的起始结构。其中光、H给体和碱的作用是再生循环的三个要素, 而控制染料酸式隐色体生成比例是染料再生效率的关键。由乙基曙红碘翁盐/三乙胺组成的染料再生体系的染料敏化效率比单一体系高4倍左右, 同时使活性自由基的数量增殖, 这种体系在实际应用方面具有重要意义。     

(7-N,N-二甲氨基)香豆素基-3-甲酸乙酯/二芳基碘鎓盐光敏引发聚合反应体系

本工作合成了(7-N,N-二甲氨基)香豆素基-3-甲酸乙酯(EDACF)光敏剂。在光作用下,激发态的EDACF分子与二芳基碘盐OPPIP分子之间发生电子转移反应,伴随发生EDACF的褪色反应和OPPIP的光解反应,后者生成具有引发活性的芳基自由基。由于EDACF具有CT态特性,使得它与OPPIP之间的光电子转移反应速度随着溶剂极性增加明显减慢。EDACF/OPPIP体系可有效地引发MMA聚合反应,聚合反应动力学方程为R_p=K[OPPIP]^0.47[EDACF]^0.42[MMA]^0.98.     

3,3-双(N-辛基-2-甲基吲哚)邻苯二甲内酯荧烷在乙醇溶液中的显色性能

测试了3,3-双(N-辛基-2-甲基吲哚)邻苯二甲内酯荧烷(ck-16)在显色前后的¹³C NMR谱图,揭示了其显色前后的结构变化及其显色机理。 利用紫外可见吸收光谱法研究了ck-16在乙醇溶液中与不同显色剂作用后的光谱性质,测定了其与常用显色剂间的络合比和不稳定常数,并进一步研究了外界条件的改变对ck-16在乙醇溶液中与特定显色剂作用后显色性能的影响。 研究发现,亲电阳离子进攻ck-16荧烷分子的苯酞环,使苯酞环断裂,推电子的N原子和吸电子的羰基O原子之间建立π电子迁移通道使分子显色。 在乙醇介质中,ck-16与不同显色剂作用后具有不同的显色效果;对路易斯酸和有机弱酸这两类显色剂而言,ck-16与所测的四种显色剂(FeCl₃、草酸、CuCl₂、水杨酸)均以1:1的形式络合,ck-16与Fe³⁺的不稳定常数最小,结合最稳定,草酸其次,与Cu²⁺的相近,ck-16与水杨酸的结合最弱;在乙醇中,放置时间对ck-16/FeCl₃和ck-16/H₂C₂O₄两个体系的吸光度影响不大,但两体系表现出随水含量变化不同的敏感性,ck-16/FeCl₃体系具有比ck-16/H₂C₂O₄体系更为灵敏和快速的水致褪色性能。     

有机电致发光器件中几种常用组分的荧光光谱研究

利用荧光光谱对电致发光器件(OLED)中几种常用化学组分的荧光猝灭和光诱导电子转移问题进行了研究.发现两种常用的空穴传输材料NPB和TPD与常用电子传输材料AlQ₃在光的帮助下可发生电子转移.根据荧光猝灭的Stern-Volmer作图和用单光子记数法测得的荧光寿命而计算得到的猝灭速度常数和扩散速度常数相对应,明确地表明这里的猝灭具有电子转移特征.并对所得的结果进行了讨论.     

曙红染料-碘鎓盐复合体系的光化学性质和引发丙烯酸酯光交联的效果

合成了曙红(EO)二苯基碘鎓盐(DPIO)复合光引发体系,其光响应范围可至可见光区,最大吸收527nm。曙红鎓盐体系无暗反应,但在可见光作用下,由于光诱导电子转移敏化反应使染料发生漂白作用和鎓盐裂解产生活性自由基,由此可引发环氧6101双丙烯酸酯和季戊四醇三丙烯酸酯的光固化。光固化速度与复合体系的结构组成有关,其中曙红双盐(EO(Ph_I)_2)比曙红单盐(EO(Ph_2I))具有更高的引发效率;在同样条件下双分子体系(EONa_2+Ph_2I+BF_4~-)不能引起交联反应。     

具有分子内电子转移特征的氨基蒽醌类有机化合物的合成 及光物理性质研究

合成了一系列1,5-二烷基氨基蒽醌类和含有可光致聚合CH2＝CHCO2基团且具有分子内电子转移特征的烷基氨基蒽醌类有机光功能化合物. 通过1H NMR, IR和MS对合成的化合物进行了结构鉴定. 通过光引发测试等实验证明, 含有可光致聚合CH2＝CHCO2的基团、具有分子内电子转移特征的烷基氨基蒽醌/邻氯六芳基双咪唑(HABI)体系, 在500 nm左右的可见光照射下, 且具有较快的光漂白速度和较高的光引发效率, 可以与Ar＋激光器匹配作为高效可见光敏聚合的光引发-吸收剂使用.     

2,2-二芳基取代萘并吡喃类光致变色化合物的合成与性能研究

从光消色速度和最大吸收强度两个角度出发, 用Grignard试剂和萘并吡喃-2|酮合成了一系列2,2-二芳基取代萘并吡喃类光致变色化合物, 并用 1H NMR, IR, MS和元素分析确定其结构. 研究了其紫外-可见光谱, 并探讨了紫外-可见光谱和光致变色性能之间的关系, 分析了其结构和光消色速度之间的关系, 初步探索到光消色速度快慢和取代基位置之间的规律, 为实用化的有机光致变色化合物的合成提供了有价值的参考依据.     

五氮齿大环金属配合物的光褪色动力学研究

五氮齿大环金属配合物是一类具有潜在应用价值的非线性光学材料。在不同溶液中研究了六种五氮齿金属配合物对不同波长及不同光强下的光褪色动力学过程,实验证明,褪色过程对反应物的初始浓度呈零级反应,是一个受光强控制的光化学过程。光褪色速率常数,对于≥500nm的可见光在1.2×10^-7(苯)～2.0×10^-5h^-1(甲醇)范围内,短波长的可见光使光褪色速率增大一个数量级。吸电子取代基和大半径的金属离子以及强极性溶剂均使该类配合物的光褪色速率增大,但仍然显示出较高的光稳定性。     

Wavelength dependence of light-induced fading and free radical formation in azoreactive dyes

Light-induced stable free radicals (SFRs) were detected in azoreactive dyed cotton fabrics. Extremely slow photofading occurred under exposure to light of relatively long wavelength. The rate of photofading and SFR formation depend on the structure of the dye. Some of them show little drop in the rate of fading with the increasing wavelength, whereas others show nearly negligible changes under incident light of relatively long wavelength. In general a high rate of photofading was found when the SFR concentration was low.     

PHOTOCHROMIC PROPERTIES OF (E)-DICYCLOPROPYLMETHYLENE-(2,5-DIMETHYL-3-FURYLETHYLIDENE)-SUCCINIC ANHYDRIDE DOPED IN POLYSTYRENE THIN FILMS

Fulgide 1-E doped in polystyrene polymer films was heated at various annealing temperatures.Upon irradiation with UV light(366 nm),fulgide 1-E undergoes a conrotatory ring closure to the pink colored closed form 1-C.The later color was switched back to the original color when the films were irradiated with white light.The kinetics of photocoloration and photobleaching processes were followed spectrophotometrically by monitoring the absorbance of the ring closed product 1-C at itsλ_(max) of 525 nm.The fir...     

Photochromic Transformations of Spiro Compounds: 2. The Kinetics of Photocoloration under Continuous Irradiation

The kinetics of photocoloration of spiro compounds under continuous UV irradiation were analyzed. Using spirooxazine as an example, it was shown that the shape of the kinetic curve of spirooxazine absorbance in the course of photocoloration is the most sensitive to the photocoloration quantum yield and the molar decadic absorption coefficient of the colored form in the visible spectral region. The photocoloration rate was found to increase with increasing temperature as a result of the temperature dependence of the photocoloration quantum yield. The activation energies for photocoloration E _col and for thermal bleaching E _bleach were determined for a series of spiropyrans, and it was found that E _col < E _bleach.     

ACTION SPECTRUM FOR ERYTHEMA IN HUMANS INVESTIGATED WITH DYE LASERS

Abstract— Erythema reactions of human skin were reevaluated with improved experimental methods: a tunable, highly monochromatic irradiation source as well as an instrumental measurement of skin reactions were used. The irradiation system consisted of an excimer laser pumped dye laser and a U V fiber optic system. The skin color after irradiation was determined with a colorimeter in the three-dimensional norm system of the Commission Internationale d'Eclairage (CIE). The wavelength dependence for delayed erythema was investigated in the UVB and UVA region from 294 nm to 374 nm in skin type II and III individuals. The maximum of the action spectrum in the UVB range was measured at 298.5 nm and an additional maximum was found at 362 nm in the UVA range. The action spectrum is compared with previous spectra from the literature and with the current standard erythema curve of the CIE as well as with other photobiological action spectra. Our results suggest a UVA/UVB boundary at 330 nm.     

Dosimetric properties of commercial grade plexiglas as a possible routine dosimeter for radiation processing

Dyed and undyed polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) are commercially available for high dose dosimetry in radiation processing applications. In order to investigate the properties of the locally available clear perspex as a subsitute routine dosimeter, we have looked into the optical and dosimetric properties of clear perspex sheets with a thickness of 2 mm.

The selected wavelength used for read out was 314 nm. Absorption spectra obtained showed a sharp cutoff at 260 nm wavelength. Post-irradiation studies at different doses indicate that the optical density decrease with storage time. No significant dose rate dependence in the range of 1.1 to 11 kGy/hr has been observed. The temperature response of the said clear perspex in the range of 0–30°C during irradiation has also been determined.

Comparison of the optical density versus dose for the local clear perspex against that of red perspex from Harwell, at an absorbed dose of 25 kGy, as obtained in our gamma irradiator, IR-136, showed a difference of 3%. The reproducibility of the local clear PMMA has been observed to be also less than 3% in an absorbed dose range of 5 to 50 kGy.     

Excitation wavelength dependence of primary charge separation in reaction centers from Rhodobacter sphaeroides

The excitation wavelength dependence of the initial electron transfer rate in both wild type and mutant reaction centers from Rhodobacter sphaeroides has been studied between 840 and 920 nm as a function of temperature (10-295 K). The dynamics of primary charge separation show no resolvable excitation wavelength dependence at room temperature over this spectral range. A small variation in rate with excitation wavelength is observed at cryogenic temperatures. The low temperature results cannot be explained in terms either of a nonequilibrium model that assumes that the primary charge separation starts from a vibrationally hot state or a model that assumes a static inhomogeneous distribution of electron transfer driving forces. Instead these results are consistent with the concept that primary charge separation kinetics are controlled by the dynamics of protein conformational diffusion.     

Electron capture dissociation Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry in the electron energy range 0-50 eV

Electron capture dissociation (ECD) of polypeptide cations was obtained with pencil and hollow electron beams for both sidekick and gas-assisted dynamic ion trapping (GADT) using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) with an electrostatic ion transfer line. Increasing the number of trapped ions by multiple ICR trap loads using GADT improved the ECD sensitivity in comparison with sidekick ion trapping and ECD efficiency in comparison with single ion trap load by GADT. Furthermore, enhanced sensitivity made it possible to observe ECD in a wide range of electron energies (0-50 eV). The degree, rate and fragmentation characteristics of ECD FTICR-MS were investigated as functions of electron energy, electron irradiation time, electron flux and ion trapping parameters for this broad energy range. The results obtained show that the rate of ECD is higher for more energetic (>1 eV) electrons. Long electron irradiation time with energetic electrons reduces average fragment ion mass and decreases efficiency of formation of c- and z-type ions. The obtained dependencies suggest that the average fragment ion mass and the ECD efficiency are functions of the total fluence of the electron beam (electron energy multiplied by irradiation time). The measured electron energy distributions in low-energy ECD and hot ECD regimes are about 1 eV at full width half maximum in employed experimental configurations.