Solution Transformations and Their Effects on the Systems with Open Boundary Conditions

The solution transformations and properties of the R-matrices for two-component systems under these transformations are analyzed in details.Not all transformed R-matrices can be put into the Skalyanin‘s formalism.For those R-matrices with all required properties,the effects of solution transformations to the six-and eight-vertex systems with open boundary conditions are discussed.these effects can be one of the following types:the Hamiltonian is invariant or transposition-invariant or made in a similarity transformation,or its coupling coefficients are multiplied by an overall factor,or the spin of the system is rotated around the z axis or/and reflected with respect to some plane.In these cases,the transformed systems remain to be integrable.     

The Fermi-Pasta-Ulam Problem: Scaling Laws vs. Initial Conditions

Numerical evidence on the relevance of the initial conditions to the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam problem is reported, supported by analytic estimates. In particular, we analyze the special, crucial role played by the phases of the low frequency normal modes initially excited, their energy being the same. The results found are the following. When the phases of the initially excited modes are randomly chosen, the parameter ruling the first stage of the transfer of energy to higher frequency modes turns out to be the energy per degree of freedom (or specific energy) of the system, i.e. an intensive parameter. On the other hand, if the initial phases are “coherently” selected (e.g. they are all equal or equispaced on the unit circle), then the energy cascade is ruled by the total energy of the system, i.e. an extensive parameter. Finally, when a few modes are initially excited, in which case specifying the randomness or coherence of the phases becomes meaningless, the relevant parameter turns out to be again the specific energy (this is the case of the original Fermi-Pasta-Ulam experiment).     

Boundary Conditions for Scalar Conservation Laws from a Kinetic Point of View

Boundary conditions for multidimensional scalar conservation laws are obtained in the context of hydrodynamic limits from a kinetic point of view. The initial boundary value kinetic problem is well posed since inward and outward characteristics of the domain can be distinguished. The convergence of the first momentum of the distribution function to an entropy solution of the conservation law is established. Boundary conditions are obtained. The equivalence with the Bardos, Leroux, and Nedelec conditions is studied.     

Influence of the Interface Kinetics of Crystallization and Dissolution on the Scaling Laws in Solution System for Crystal Growth

The influence of interface kinetics on scaling laws in a solution system for crystal growth is studied. Because the variation of the solution density caused by the solute concentration change can be omitted and only that caused by the temperature change is taken into account, the interface kirtcrics does not affect the scaling laws of the fluid velocity and the temperature distribution index S_θ. By taking the interface kinetics into account, the curves of the concerltration distriluriun index S_Φ versus the Rayleigh number Ra, the Prandtl number Pr or the Schmidt number Sc are changed. When Ra and Sc are small, S_Φ approaches a constant S_Φ⁰: independent of Ra, Sc and λ. When Ra and Sc are large, the influence of the interface kinetics on the curves of S_Φ is negligible. The interface kinetics affects the curves of the average dimensionley crystal growth rate V_cg versus Ra, Sc or Pr only when Ra and Sc are large. In this case, V_cg is still a power function of Ra, Pr or Sc in certain regions of the parameter (Ra, Pr and Sc) space, but the esponents and coefficients of porver functions are varied.     

晕核的标度定律

利用重叠函数的渐近归一化常数(ANC)计算了一系列核的价核子处于核外的几率及价核子密度分布的均方根半径〈r2〉1/2. 由于实验上抽取的核ANC近似与模型参数无关,因此由核ANC计算的核外几率和均方根半径是考察晕核的可靠且有效的观察量. 依价核子处于核外的几率大于50%为条件， 证实了一些核为晕核， 且给出了比较宽松的晕核出现的条件. 此外， 还用〈r2〉/R2≥1.5及〈r2〉1/2/rc≥2.0为判据考察了一系列晕核候选者. 最后， 利用r2算符在有限方势阱中的预期值给出了晕核的标度定律. We have extracted the probability for a valence particle being out the binding potential, as well as the root mean square radius of the probability distribution from the measured nuclear asymptotic normalization coefficients. According to the criterion of nuclear halo, i.e., the valence particle has larger than 50% probability being out of the nuclear binding potential, a number of halo nuclei have been confirmed. Based on these results, we have obtained a very relaxed condition for nuclear halo formation. In addition, a number of nuclear halo candidates have been analyzed with the criteria of 〈r2〉/R2≥1.5 and 〈r2〉1/2/rc≥2.0. Furthermore, we present the scaling laws for the dimensionless quantity 〈r2〉/R2 of the nuclear halo in terms of an analytical expressions of the expectation value for the operator r2 in a finite square well potential.     

Finite-Size Scaling for the 2D Ising Model with Minus Boundary Conditions

We study the magnetization m _L (h, ) for the Ising model on a large but finite lattice square under the minus boundary conditions. Using known large-deviation results evaluating the balance between the competing effects of the minus boundary conditions and the external magnetic field h, we describe the details of its dependence on h as exemplified by the finite-size rounding of the infinite-volume magnetization discontinuity and its shift with respect to the infinite-volume transition point.     

开边界条件下一类新Hubbard模型的精确解

用坐标Bethe ansatz方法详细研究了开边界条件下一类新Hubbard模型的可积性问题. 得到了系统的能谱、可积边界条件和Bethe ansatz方程.     

General Boundary Conditions for a Majorana Single-Particle in a Box in (1 + 1) Dimensions

We consider the problem of a Majorana single-particle in a box in (1 + 1) dimensions. We show that the most general set of boundary conditions for the equation that models this particle is composed of two families of boundary conditions, each one with a real parameter. Within this set, we only have four confining boundary conditions—but infinite not confining boundary conditions. Our results are also valid when we include a Lorentz scalar potential in this equation. No other Lorentz potential can be added. We also show that the four confining boundary conditions for the Majorana particle are precisely the four boundary conditions that mathematically can arise from the general linear boundary condition used in the MIT bag model. Certainly, the four boundary conditions for the Majorana particle are also subject to the Majorana condition.     

Tensorial Relativistic Quantum Mechanics in (1+1) Dimensions and Boundary Conditions

The tensorial relativistic quantum mechanics in (1+1) dimensions is considered. Its kinematical and dynamical features are reviewed as well as the problem of finding the Dirac spinor for given finite multivectors. For stationary states, the dynamical tensorial equations, equivalent to the Dirac equation, are solved for a free particle, for a particle inside a box, and for a particle in a step potential.     

Numerical Studies of a Two-dimensional Navier-Stokes System with New Boundary Conditions

In this paper we describe the results of numerical studies of solutions of the Navier-Stokes System (NSS) under the boundary conditions introduced recently in the paper by Dinaburg et al. (A new boundary problem for the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes system, see this issue of this journal). First, we investigate the decay of Fourier modes, confirming the results and conjectures made in Dinaburg et al. (A new boundary problem for the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes system, see this issue of this journal). Second, we explore the growth of the total energy and enstrophy, which is possible under the adopted boundary conditions. We show that the solutions of the finite-dimensional Galerkin approximations to the NSS may diverge to infinity in finite time, i.e. their energy may blow up. The author thanks Ya. Sinai and D. Li for involving him in this interesting work, N. Simanyi for help in the analysis of eigensolutions, and A. Korepanov for assistance with Mathematica-based computations. The author was partially supported by NSF grant DMS-0652896.     

Boundary Fractal Dimensions from Sections of a Particle Profile

The fractal dimension of particles is commonly evaluated from complete particle boundaries. In this work, a study has been made of the self-similar nature of complete and incomplete boundary profiles of a range of morphologically different copper powders. Boundary images were captured from SEM micrographs of particle boundaries at a range of magnifications up to nearly 14000X. An algorithm was developed to compute the fractal dimension of boundary segments. This algorithm was tested against the Koch Island fractal, and was found to give excellent estimates of the fractal dimension. For the particle system studied, the boundary fractal was found to be sensitive to magnification with appreciable drops in value at high magnification. This demonstrates that the particles studied did not have true fractal boundaries and the use of fractal theory to study particle surface roughness must be used with caution.     

Symmetries and Boundary Conditions with a Twist

Interest in finite-size systems has risen in the last decades, due to the focus on nanotechnological applications and because they are convenient for numerical treatment that can subsequently be extrapolated to infinite lattices. Independently of the envisioned application, special attention must be given to boundary condition, which may or may not preserve the symmetry of the infinite lattice. Here, we present a detailed study of the compatibility between boundary conditions and conservation laws. The conflict between open boundary conditions and momentum conservation is well understood, but we examine other symmetries, as well: we discuss gauge invariance, inversion, spin, and particle-hole symmetry and their compatibility with open, periodic, and twisted boundary conditions. In the interest of clarity, we develop the reasoning in the framework of the one-dimensional half-filled Hubbard model, whose Hamiltonian displays a variety of symmetries. Our discussion includes analytical and numerical results. Our analytical survey shows that, as a rule, boundary conditions break one or more symmetries of the infinite-lattice Hamiltonian. The exception is twisted boundary condition with the special torsion Θ = πL/2, where L is the lattice size. Our numerical results for the ground-state energy at half-filling and the energy gap for L = 2–7 show how the breaking of symmetry affects the convergence to the L → ∞ limit. We compare the computed energies and gaps with the exact results for the infinite lattice drawn from the Bethe-Ansatz solution. The deviations are boundary-condition dependent. The special torsion yields more rapid convergence than open or periodic boundary conditions. For sizes as small as L = 7, the numerical results for twisted condition are very close to the L → ∞ limit. We also discuss the ground-state electronic density and magnetization at half filling under the three boundary conditions.     

Global Existence of Smooth Solution to¶Non-Linear Thermoviscoelastic System with¶Clamped Boundary Conditions in Solid-like Materials

In this paper, we prove the global existence and uniqueness of smooth solution to a system of one-dimensional non-linear thermoviscoelasticity which describes the thermomechanical processes in a class of solid-like materials, such as rubber, etc. The materials satisfy that both ends of the rod are fixed. This assumption was proposed by Dafermos in 1982 (see [6]). A new approach is developed to obtain the crucial estimate of the L^X-norm of the strain u.     

Exact Solution of the One-Dimensional N-Component Bariev Model with a Hard-Core Repulsion under Open Boundary Conditions

We analyse the integrable boundary conditions for the one-dimensional N-component generalized Bariev model with a hard-core repulsion. The Bethe ansatz equations and the energy spectrum are obtained in the framework of the nested Bethe ansatz method.     

Algebraic Bethe Ansatz Solution to CN Vertex Model with Open Boundary Conditions

We present three diagonal reflecting matrices for the CN vertex model with open boundary conditions and exactly solve the model by using the algebraic Bethe ansatz. The eigenvector is constructed and the eigenvalue and the associated Bethe equations are achieved. All the unwanted terms are cancelled out by three kinds of identities.     

Algebraic Bethe Ansatz Solution to CN Vertex Model with Open Boundary Conditions

We present three diagonal reflecting matrices for the CN vertex model with open boundary conditions and exactly solve the model by using the algebraic Bethe ansatz. The eigenvector is constructed and the eigenvalue and the associated Bethe equations are achieved. All the unwanted terms are cancelled out by three kinds of identities.