Calibration of pulse transit time through a cable for EAS experiments

In ground-based extensive air shower experiments, the direction and energy are reconstructed by measuring the relative arrival time of secondary particles, and the energy they deposit. The measurement precision of the arrival time is crucial for determination of the angular resolution. For this purpose, we need to obtain a precise relative time offset for each detector and to apply the calibration process. The time offset is associated with the photomultiplier tube, cable, relevant electronic circuits, etc. In view of the transit time through long cables being heavily dependent on the ambient temperature, a real-time calibration method for the cable transit time is investigated in this paper. Even with a poor-resolution time-to-digital converter, this method can achieve high precision. This has been successfully demonstrated with the Front-End-Electronic board used in the Daya Bay neutrino experiment.     

Full distributed fiber optical sensor for intrusion detection in application to buried pipelines

Based on the microbend effect of optical fiber, a distributed sensor for real-time continuous monitoring of intrusion in application to buried pipelines is proposed. The sensing element is a long cable with a special structure made up of an elastic polymer wire, an optical fiber, and a metal wire. The damage point is located with an embedded optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) instrument. The intrusion types can be indicated by the amplitude of output voltage. Experimental results show that the detection system can alarm adequately under abnormal load and can locate the intrusion point within 22.4 m for distance of 3.023 km.     

Stochastic Resonance of a Periodically Driven Bistable System with Two Different Kinds of Time Delays

In this paper, we study the phenomenon of stochastic resonance （SR） in a periodically driven bistable system with correlations between multiplicative and additive white noise terms when there, are two different kinds of time delays existed in the deterministic and fluctuating forces, respectively. Using the small time delay approximation and the theory of signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） in the adiabatic limit, the expression of SNR is obtained. The effects of the delay time T in the deterministic force, and the delay time 8 in the fluctuating force on SNR are discussed. Based on the numerical computation, it is found that： （i） There appears a reentrant transition between one peak and two peaks and then to one peak again in the curve of SNR when the value of the time delay θ is increased. （ii） SR can be realized by tuning the time delay T or 8 with fixed noise, i.e., delay-induced stochastic resonance （DSR） exists.     

16-channel dual-tuning wavelength division multiplexer/demultiplexer

A 16-channel dual tuning wavelength division multiplexer/demultiplexer based on silicon on insulator platform is demonstrated, which is both peak wavelength tunable and output optical power tunable. The wavelength division multiplexer/demultiplexer consists of an arrayed waveguide grating for wavelength division multiplexing/demultiplexing, a heater for peak wavelength tuning and a variable optical attenuator based on p–i–n carrier-injection structure for optical power tuning. The experimental results show that the insertion loss on chip of the device is 3.7 dB–5.7 dB and the crosstalk is 7.5 dB–9 dB. For the tunability of the peak wavelength, 1.058-nm wavelength tunability is achieved with 271.2-mW power consumption, and the average modulation efficiency is 3.9244 nm/W; for the tunability of the optical power, the optical power equalization is achieved in all 16 channels, 20-dB attenuation is achieved with 144.07-mW power consumption,and the raise/fall time of VOA is 35 ns/42 ns.     

A high sensitivity spectrometer with tunable diode laser for ambient methane monitoring

Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) has been widely employed in atmospheric trace gases detection. In the measurement of these trace gases, harmonic detection combined with a multi-pass white cell could remarkably enhance the detection sensitivity. In this paper, a portable TDLAS system built specifically for long time monitoring methane in the atmosphere is introduced. The detection limit is below 100 ppb that is enough for the monitoring of ambient methane, and the long time monitoring results obtained in Beijing are given, which is well coincident with that of the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.     

Effect of transversal concentration gradient on H_2–O_2 cellular detonation

A two-dimensional detonation in H2–O2 system is simulated by a high-resolution code based on the fifth-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory(WENO) scheme in the spatial discretization and the 3 th-order additive Runge–Kutta schemes in the time discretization, by using a detailed chemical model. The effect of a concentration gradient on cellular detonation is investigated. The results show that with the increase of the concentration gradient, the cell instability of detonation increases and gives rise to the oscillation of average detonation velocity. After a long time, for the case of the lower gradient the detonation can be sustained, with the multi-head mode and single-head mode alternating, while for the higher gradient it propagates with a single-head mode.     

Gain Measurement and Anomalous Decrease of Peak Gain at Long Wavelength for InAs/GaAs Quantum-Dot Lasers

Mode gain spectrum is measured by the Fourier series expansion method for InAs/GaAs quantum-dot （QD） lasers with seven stacks of QDs at different injection currents. Gain spectra with distinctive peaks are observed at the short and long wavelengths of about 1210nm and 1300nm. For a QD laser with the cavity length of 1060μm, the peak gain of the long wavelength first increases slowly or even decreases with the injection current as the peak gain of the short wavelength increases quickly, and finally increases quickly before approaching the saturated values as the injection current further increases.     

Surface plasmon enhanced photoluminescence in amorphous silicon carbide films by adjusting Ag island film sizes

Ag island films with different sizes are deposited on hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide (α-SiC:H) films, and the influences of Ag island films on the optical properties of the α-SiC:H films are investigated. Atomic force microscope images show that Ag nanoislands are formed after Ag coating, and the size of the Ag islands increases with increasing Ag deposition time. The extinction spectra indicate that two resonance absorption peaks which correspond to out-of-plane and in-plane surface plasmon modes of the Ag island films are obtained, and the resonance peak shifts toward longer wavelength with increasing Ag island size. The photoluminescence (PL) enhancement or quenching depends on the size of Ag islands, and PL enhancement by 1.6 times on the main PL band is obtained when the sputtering time is 10 min. Analyses show that the influence of surface plasmons on the PL of α-SiC:H is determined by the competition between the scattering and absorption of Ag islands, and PL enhancement is obtained when scattering is the main interaction between the Ag islands and incident light.     

Pseudo analytical solution to time periodic stiffness systems

An analytical form of state transition matrix for a system of equations with time periodic stiffness is derived in order to solve the free response and also allow for the determination of system stability and bifurcation. A pseudoclosed form complete solution for parametrically excited systems subjected to inhomogeneous generalized forcing is developed,based on the Fourier expansion of periodic matrices and the substitution of matrix exponential terms via Lagrange-Sylvester theorem. A Mathieu type of equation with large amplitude is presented to demonstrate the method of formulating state transition matrix and Floquet multipliers. A two-degree-of-freedom system with irregular time periodic stiffness characterized by spiral bevel gear mesh vibration is presented to find forced response in stability and instability. The obtained results are presented and discussed.     

Fast lateral photovoltaic effect in ferroelectric LiNbO_3 single crystals

We report the fast lateral photovoltaic effect in pure congruent LiNbO3 crystal induced by pulsed laser and continuous wave laser with wavelengths of 355, 532, and 1064 nm. A typical ultrafast photovoltage can be observed on the surface perpendicular to the c axis, With the rise time of 1.5 ns and the full-width at half-maximum of 1-2 ns, when the laser pulse inhomogeneously irradiates on the crystal. The peak open-circuit photovoltages show a linear dependence on the incident laser intensities. The mechanism of the photovoltaic characteristics is proposed.     

Narrow peaks and high dimensionalities: Exploiting the advantages of random sampling

Level of artifacts in spectra obtained by Multidimensional Fourier Transform has been studied, considering randomly sampled signals of high dimensionality and long evolution times. It has been shown theoretically and experimentally, that this level is dependent on the number of time domain samples, but not on its relation to the number of points required in appropriate conventional experiment. Independence of the evolution time domain size (in the terms of both: dimensionality and evolution time reached), suggests that random sampling should be used rather to design new techniques with large time domain than to accelerate standard experiments. 5D HC(CC-TOCSY)CONH has been presented as the example of such approach. The feature of Multidimensional Fourier Transform, namely the possibility of calculating spectral values at arbitrary chosen frequency points, allowed easy examination of resulting spectrum. We present the example of such approach, referred to as Sparse Multidimensional Fourier Transform.     

Comparison of 2D S-Transform Profilometry and 2D Windowed Fourier Transform Profilometry

Both two-dimensional (2D) Windowed Fourier Transform and 2D S Transform are popular time–frequency analysis tools for processing signals. But fewer articles reported the application of 2D S Transform in Fringe pattern analysis. This paper studies the 2D S Transform and compares it with 2D Windowed Fourier Transform. The phase calculation formula based on the 2D Windowed Fourier Transform “ridge” coefficients and 2D S Transform “ridge” coefficients are deduced respectively. A comparison between them is carried out to show their own characteristic in fringe patterns analysis based on the structured-light illumination. It verifies that the 3D reconstruction result of 2D ST is better than that of 2D WFT because of the employment of the adjusted windows by frequency parameters.     

3-D surface profilometry based on modulation measurement by applying wavelet transform method

A new analysis of 3-D surface profilometry based on modulation measurement technique by the application of Wavelet Transform method is proposed. As a tool excelling for its multi-resolution and localization in the time and frequency domains, Wavelet Transform method with good localized time-frequency analysis ability and effective de-noizing capacity can extract the modulation distribution more accurately than Fourier Transform method. Especially for the analysis of complex object, more details of the measured object can be well remained. In this paper, the theoretical derivation of Wavelet Transform method that obtains the modulation values from a captured fringe pattern is given. Both computer simulation and elementary experiment are used to show the validity of the proposed method by making a comparison with the results of Fourier Transform method. The results show that the Wavelet Transform method has a better performance than the Fourier Transform method in modulation values retrieval.     

Vander Lugt相关器中几种空间匹配滤波器算法比较

由于光学傅里叶变换过程中光的衍射作用,在光学相关识别中,输入图像的形状对称性会影响匹配滤波器的畸变容限和输出相关峰值。针对几种典型的匹配滤波器算法,定量分析了利用这些算法设计的匹配滤波器的畸变容限和输出相关峰值受输入图像形状对称性的影响程度,依此来比较这些算法的特性,并进行了模拟和实验。     

飞机电缆屏蔽层接地可靠性测试系统设计

飞机电缆屏蔽层可靠接地对飞机建立完整屏蔽环路,防止复杂电磁场对飞机内部电路产生干扰具有重要意义;因此,接地可靠性测试尤为必要;测试系统以NI CompactRIO机箱为核心,通过连接上位机、辅助电路以及测试工具搭建硬件测试平台,利用LabVIEW可视化编程语言编写控制程序;上位机程序,通过状态机实现人工交互以及系统整体逻辑控制;FPGA控制程序,用于驱动硬件完成信号的产生和采集工作;实时处理器程序,采用DMA技术与FPGA进行通讯,对辅助电路反馈的采集数据进行快速傅里叶变换提取有效信号,随后应用矢量电压电流法求解电缆屏蔽层环路阻抗;实际测量结果证明:基于LabVIEW的飞机电缆屏蔽层接地可靠性测试系统能够以较高精度完成电缆屏蔽层接地可靠性测试。     

同轴电缆测量纳秒脉冲信号衰减的数字补偿

 为了减小较长的信号传输电缆对纳秒量级前沿测量信号波形的畸变,提出了一种同轴电缆信号衰减数字补偿的方法。该方法利用信号在电缆中传输的衰减特性,结合标定或者扫频所得频响进行拟合,得到电缆的频响特性函数,再对电缆的出口信号进行反补,可以重建入口信号。经过实验验证,此补偿方法可以明显改善信号传输系统的频响特性,对于实验中的100 m的SYV-50-7-2同轴电缆,补偿前传输带宽-3dB约在40 MHz处,补偿后传输带宽约为1 GHz。     

Trim-to-Coherence Fourier Transform

We introduce a discrete Fourier transform technique which extracts more spectral information from a given time series data set than conventional discrete Fourier transform (DFT). Valid information is obtained between the spectral bins of conventional DFT, scalloping error is greatly reduced, and amplitude and phase of Fourier components are more true to the process under study as with conventional DFT. We call the general idea Trim-to-Coherence Fourier Transform, and its particular embodiment ‘Phase-Rotation Fourier Transform’. Treatment of the raw data is minimally invasive; e.g. there is no zero padding.     

S变换引导的窗口傅里叶变换相位提取

提出了一种基于S变换引导的自适应窗口傅里叶变换相位提取方法.通过连续S变换,得到局部条纹的最佳变换窗口,可以保证窗口尺寸随变形条纹的频率变化而自动调整,适合复杂物体的面形测量.计算机模拟和实验验证表明,该方法克服了传统窗口傅里叶变换窗口大小固定的缺点,相位提取的误差由-2～8rad降低为-1～1rad,而且还可以得到被...     

蓝色圆珠笔字迹色痕FTIR光谱解析和组分剖析

本文通过对１０８种油墨中部分典型里叶变换红外显微光谱（ＦＴＩＲｍｉｃｒｏｓｐｅｃｔｒｏｓｃｏｐｙ）进行了解析。确定了油墨色痕的主要成分,目的是探讨油墨色痕随时间变化反应机理。为圆珠笔油墨系统分析数据库的建立和字迹色痕形成时间的推断奠定了基础。     

Fast transforms for speckle photography fringe analysis

Two image processing techniques for automatic analysis of the Young's fringes diffraction patterns from a double-exposure speckle photograph are described. The techniques involve two-dimensional spectral analysis of the image using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) or the Fast Walsh Transform (FWT). The accuracy and reliability of the two techniques are compared as a function of the fringe visibility, and the number of pixels used to represent the image. Walsh analysis is found to offer the same accuracy as Fourier analysis, but in about one third the computation time. The Fourier method is more reliable with fringes of the lowest visibility, however. The ideas presented have relevance to the general problem of detecting and accurately determining the frequency components of a sinusoid in the presence of noise.