Sites of Protonation and Unimolecular Fragmenta tion of Protonated N-Hydroxyphthalimide in the Gas Phase

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Protonation of Ferrocene in the Gas Phase

Hydrogen-deuterium exchange, proton and deuteron transfer, and collision-induced dissociation experiments involving protonated ferrocene, [Fe(cC₅H₅)₂]H⁺, and isotopically labeled analogues have been carried out using a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) spectrometer and a double-focusing mass spectrometer of reversed geometry. These experiments reveal that the structure in which the added proton is bound to one of the cyclopentadienyl rings, possibly via agostic interaction with the iron atom, plays an important role in the gas-phase behavior of protonated ferrocene. It is demonstrated that extensive hydrogen atom scrambling occurs in the cyclopentadiene ring and that the extra hydrogen can also switch from one ring to the other, probably via the iron atom. An interpretation is presented which implicates slow thermal unimolecular rearrangement on the FKR time scale from a metal-protonated form to a ring-protonated form which is higher in energy. This interpretation successfully rationalizes the current data as well as previous gas-phase measurements and is found to be in good agreement with solution and matrix isolation studies.     

Protonation Preferentially Stabilizes Minor Tautomers of the Halouracils: IRMPD Action Spectroscopy and Theoretical Studies

Tautomerization induced by protonation of halouracils may increase their efficacy as anti-cancer drugs by altering their reactivity and hydrogen bonding characteristics, potentially inducing errors during DNA and RNA replication. The gas-phase structures of protonated complexes of five halouracils, including 5-fluorouracil, 5-chlorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-iodouracil, and 6-chlorouracil are examined via infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) action spectroscopy and theoretical electronic structure calculations. IRMPD action spectra were measured for each complex in the IR fingerprint region extending from ~1000 to 1900?cm(-1) using the free electron laser (FELIX). Correlations are made between the measured IRMPD action spectra and the linear IR spectra for the stable low-energy tautomeric conformations computed at the B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,2p)//B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory. Absence of an intense band(s) in the IRMPD spectrum arising from the carbonyl stretch(es) that are expected to appear near 1825?cm(-1) provides evidence that protonation induces tautomerization and preferentially stabilizes alternative, noncanonical tautomers of these halouracils where both keto functionalities are converted to hydroxyl groups upon binding of a proton. The weak, but measurable absorption, which does occur for these systems near 1835?cm(-1) suggests that in addition to the ground-state conformer, very minor populations of excited, low-energy conformers that contain keto functionalities are also present in these experiments.     

Vibrational Spectroscopy and Conformational Structure of Protonated Polyalanine Peptides Isolated in the Gas Phase

The conformational structures of protonated polyalanine peptides, Ala(n)H(+), have been investigated in the gas phase for n = 3, 4, 5, and 7 using a combination of resonant-infrared multiphoton dissociation (R-IRMPD) spectroscopy in the NH and OH stretch regions and quantum chemical calculations. Agreement between theoretical IR and experimental R-IRMPD spectral features has enabled the assignment of specific hydrogen-bonded conformational motifs in the short protonated peptides and revealed their conformational evolution under elevated-temperature conditions, as a function of increasing chain length. The shortest peptide, Ala(3)H(+), adopts a mixture of extended and cyclic chain conformations, protonated, respectively, at a backbone carbonyl or the N-terminus. The longer peptides adopt folded, cyclic, and globular charge-solvated conformations protonated at the N-terminus, consistent with previous ion-mobility studies. The longest peptide, Ala(7)H(+), adopts a globular conformation with the N-terminus completely charge-solvated, demonstrating the emergence of "physiologically relevant" intramolecular interactions in the peptide backbone. The computed conformational relative free energies highlight the importance of entropic contributions in these peptides.     

吡咯和呋喃气相质子化过程的密度泛函理论研究

Density functional theory and ab initio calculations have been used to determine structures and stabilities of the protonated aromatics species AH^＋ and AH2^2＋ （A=pyrrole, furan）. Possible mechanisms and relative energetics for protonation of pyrrole and furan by H3O^＋ and AH^＋ in the gas phase have been explored. Calculations show that the Cα-protonated species was the most stable structure for AH^＋, and the protonated AH^＋ might accommodate the second proton to yield AH2^2＋ if the free proton was available. The gas-phase H3O^＋ could protonate pyrrole and furan with significant exothermiCity and almost without barrier. The proton transfer from AH4^＋ to pyrrole and furan has a barrier ranging from 33.5 to 39.3 kJ/mol in the gas phase.     

Mid‐IR Spectroscopy and Structural Features of Protonated Carbonic Acid in the Gas Phase

An anti trihydroxycarbenium ion is revealed to be the gas‐phase structure of protonated carbonic acid by IR multiple‐photon dissociation spectroscopy (see picture for calculated structure and comparison of experimental and computed spectra). Deprotonation yields anti‐H₂CO₃ with a nominal gas‐phase basicity of 724 kJ mol^?1.

     

Factors that Influence Competitive Intermolecular Solvation of Protonated Groups in Peptides and Proteins in the Gas Phase

The ability of 18-crown-6 (18C6) to form noncovalent complexes with cationic groups in the gas phase has been leveraged in numerous, largely orthogonal mass spectrometry-based applications. Although the fundamental interaction between 18C6 and a charged group in the gas phase is quite strong, the strength of attachment of 18C6 to large molecules is more difficult to predict because intramolecular binding of the cation can be competitive. Herein, we demonstrate in experiments with model peptides that 18C6 adducts are not strongly attached to flexible molecules with numerous potential hydrogen bonding sites. 18C6 adduct stability is increased if intramolecular charge complexation is inhibited by sterics or competitive binding. It is demonstrated with molecular mechanics that significant structural changes occur upon loss of 18C6 in model peptides. Examination of the loss of 18C6 adducts from proteins following collisional activation reveals that lower charge states lose the most 18C6. The degree of 18C6 adduct stability may reflect the degree of structural reorganization that occurs following collisional activation, suggesting that lower charge states represent structures that are not similar to gas phase idealized states. In this regard, 18C6 may serve the function of protecting solution phase protein structure. Collisional activation of holomyoglobin with 18C6 adducts attached reveals that heme loss occurs primarily after 18C6 loss, further supporting the notion that 18C6 protects native structure by solvating charged sites.

ChemInform Abstract: Protonated Nitric Acid. Structure and Relative Stability of Isomeric H2NO+ 3 Ions in the Gas Phase.

Gaseous H₂NO₃⁺ ions are generated by direct protonation of HNO₃ by H3⁺, H₃O⁺ and CH₅⁺ and by protonation of C₂H₅ONO₂ followed by C₂H₄ loss.     

Quantum-chemical Studies of Pyrimidin-4-ones. 2. Stability in the Gas Phase of Tautomers of Pyrimidin-2,4-dione, 2-Thioxo-, 2-Selenoxo-, 2-Amino-, and 2-Acetylaminopyrimidin-4-ones, and Their 6-Methyl- and 6-Phenyl Derivatives

The relative stability in the gas phase and the most probable reaction centers for electrophilic attack for the tautomers of pyrimidin-2,4-dione, 2-thioxo-, 2-selenoxo-, 2-amino-, and 2-acetylaminopyrimidin-4-ones, and their 6-methyl- and 6-phenyl derivatives have been investigated on the basis of the results of quantum-chemical calculations, using the semi-empirical PM3 method, without taking solvent effects into account.     

A Theoretical Study of NBO,NICS, and 14N NQR Parameters of Adenine Tautomers in the Gas Phase via DFT

The natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis, nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS), and ¹⁴N NQR parameters of the most stable tautomers of adenine in the gas phase were predicted using density functional theory method. The NBO analysis revealed that the resonance interaction between lone pair of the nitrogen atom and empty non‐Lewis NBO increases with increasing the p character of the nitrogen lone pair. The present investigation indicated the π clouds in both the considered heterocyclic rings containing six electrons, and these tautomers has the aromatic character. The NICS study utilizing the gauge‐invariant atomic orbital method showed that there are diatropic currents in the heterocyclic rings of the tautomers, so we determined the order of overall aromaticity of these tautomers. The results of NQR parameter calculations showed three parameters are effective on nuclear quadrupole coupling constant; the p character value of lone pair electrons of nitrogens, and the related occupancies and whenever, the lone pair electrons of nitrogens participate in the formation of chemical bond and/or π system of the ring, the q_zz and consequently its χ decreases.     

基于 H2/O2 等离子体和钛硅沸石的丙烯气相环氧化方法

 将 H₂/O₂ 非平衡等离子体现场产生的气态 H₂O₂和丙烯与耦合反应器中钛硅沸石 TS-1 直接接触, 实现了丙烯气相环氧化反应. 结果表明, 非平衡等离子体生成气态 H₂O₂ 的速率由介质阻挡放电的输入功率决定, 环氧丙烷的生成速率和选择性取决于钛硅沸石催化剂和反应条件. 在 H₂ 和 O₂ 进料流量分别为 170 和 8 ml/min, 介质阻挡放电输入功率为 3.5 W, 环氧化反应温度为 110 ^oC, 丙烯进料量为 18 ml/min, 催化剂用量为 0.8 g 的条件下, 生成环氧丙烷产率达 246.9 g/(kg•h)、环氧丙烷选择性和 H₂O₂ 有效利用率分别为 95.4% 和 36.1%, 反应 36 h 内未见催化剂失活.     

On the Search for H5O2+centered Water Clusters in the Gas Phase

In searching for H₅O₂⁺-centered water clusters, we employed vibrational predissociation spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. Structures of the clusters were characterized by the free- and hydrogen-bonded-OH stretches of ion cores and solvent molecules. Systematic examination of H⁺(H₂O)_5–7 in a supersonic expansion reveals the presence of both cyclic and noncyclic forms of H₅O₂⁺-centered water clusters. The proton transfer intermediate H₅O₂⁺(H₂O)₄ was identified, for the first time, by its characteristic hydrogen-bonded-OH stretches of the ion core at 3178 cm^?1. Also discovered at n = 7 is the H₅O₂⁺-containing five-membered ring isomer, whose existence is evidenced by the observation of a bonded-OH stretching doublet at 3544 and 3555 cm^?1 of the solvent molecules. The observations are in accord with ab initio calculations which forecast that H₅O₂⁺(H₂O)₄ and H₅O₂⁺(H₂O)₅ are, respectively, the lowest-energy isomers of protonated water hexamers and heptamers.     

气相中呋喃负离子与N2O反应机理的理论研究

采用QCISD和MP2两种计算方法,在6-31＋＋G(d,p)的基组下,对气相中呋喃负离子与N2O反应的微观机理进行了较为系统的计算研究。结果表明,通道1中的路径1和2为此反应体系的主反应路径,其各反应驻点的能量均低于反应物的,并且互为竞争路径。主要产物为C4H3NO- 和NO,同时也应能检测到少量的C4H3O2- 和N2。理论计算结果与实验预测基本一致。此外,对于次要路径也做了简要说明,并且此反应体系的所有反应路径均为强放热过程。