衍生液提取-高效液相色谱法快速测定香菇中的游离甲醛

以2,4-二硝基苯肼乙腈溶液-pH 5磷酸盐缓冲液(体积比为1:1)为提取溶液,提取香菇中游离的甲醛,采用高效液相色谱法测定。结果表明,乙腈-pH 5磷酸盐缓冲液(体积比为1:1)能够有效地抑制香菇中酶反应释放甲醛,达到提取香菇中游离甲醛的目的。在提取液中加入衍生化试剂2,4-二硝基苯肼,将甲醛的提取和衍生化反应相结合,此衍生液提取方法有效地提高了检测效率。鲜香菇样品中分别添加5.0、10.0、20.0 mg/kg的甲醛,平均回收率分别为89.2%、91.7%和90.4%,相对标准偏差(n=6)＜5.0%。方法的定量限（S/N＞10）为5.0 mg/kg。该方法适用于香菇中游离甲醛的检测,且快速简便、重现性好,是确定香菇中甲醛天然本底值的有效方法。     

固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定纤维制品中游离甲醛

本文建立了纤维制品中游离甲醛的固相萃取-气质联用测定方法。试样剪碎后置于饱和NaCl溶液中60℃超声处理30 min,经五氟苯盐酸羟胺(PFBOA)衍生化后,采用顶空固相微萃取和色质联用技术(HS-SPME-GC/MS),选择离子(m/z181)进行定量。该方法适用于各类单层或多层纤维织物中甲醛的测定,加标回收率分别为94.9%~98.7%,相对标准偏差(RSD)在2.97%~4.59%之间,检出限为0.02 mg/kg。     

柱前衍生-萃取阻断反应-高效液相色谱法测定化妆品中游离甲醛

建立了柱前衍生化-萃取阻断反应-高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定化妆品中甲醛的方法。化妆品中甲醛检测的难点是: 甲醛缓释剂类防腐剂在衍生过程中释放甲醛,影响游离甲醛的准确测定。以2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)乙腈溶液-磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 2)(1:1, v/v)为提取溶液,于室温下快速衍生2 min后,立即加入二氯甲烷萃取,阻断衍生反应,经乙腈稀释后进行HPLC测定。以Agilent C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm)为分离柱,乙腈-水(60:40, v/v)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL/min,于355 nm波长下检测。在洗发水、乳液、膏霜、洗手液、牙膏、指甲油、粉饼中分别添加50、100、500、1000 μg/g 4个浓度水平的甲醛,其回收率为81%～106%,相对标准偏差(n=6)＜5.0%。方法的定量限(以信噪比(S/N)＞10计)为50 μg/g。该方法快速、简便、重现性好,且可以有效避免甲醛缓释剂类防腐剂分解释放甲醛,适用于化妆品中游离甲醛的测定。     

微量流动注射-全自动甲醛快速检测仪测定纺织品中甲醛含量

采用自制的微量流动注射-全自动甲醛快速检测仪测定了纺织品中甲醛含量。甲醛与间苯三酚发生显色反应,然后测量体系的吸光度。甲醛的质量浓度在20mg·L-1以内与其吸光度呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3s)为4.0mg.kg-1。方法用于测定纺织品中甲醛的含量,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=7)在1.7%～4.9%之间,加标回收率在91.0%～102%之间。     

纺织品中游离甲醛的气相色谱分析

建立了测定纺织品中游离甲醛的衍生气相色谱法，方法的测定限为0．0015mg/L，线生关系R^2=0.9999;线性范围为0.0015-40mg/L；相对标准偏差为1．8％和3．3％；回收率为93．2％－101．1％。     

整体柱高效液相色谱法测定草甘膦原药中甲醛含量

建立了衍生化-高效液相色谱法对草甘膦原药中痕量甲醛含量进行测定的方法。样品中残留甲醛经超声波水浴提取，与2，4-二硝基苯肼衍生反应，生成的2，4-二硝基苯腙用反相整体柱色谱进行快速分离，在360nm紫外波长下检测，外标法定量。该分析方法在2．0～200mg/L浓度范围呈良好线性，添加回收率在88％～105％之间，相对标准偏差小于5％。样品中甲醛的最小检测浓度为0．5mg/kg。比较了整体色谱柱和常规C18反相柱分离效果，表明整体色谱柱可在1．5min内实现衍生化产物的快速分离并进行定性定量，同时发现相对于常规柱，采用整体柱提高了检测灵敏度约10倍。     

衍生-气相色谱法测定水产品中的游离甲醛

建立了水产品中游离甲醛残留量的衍生-气相色谱快速检测方法,对衍生剂、抗干扰剂、萃取剂、色谱条件进行了研究.用HP-5 (30 m×0.32 mm i.d.,0.25 μm)毛细管色谱柱,程序升温,γ-ECD检测器,外标法定量.甲醛的检出限为0.05 mg/kg,在0.1～20.0 mg/L范围内,其线性相关系数R2=0.9994,标准偏差为0.041,在0.5、 1.5、 5.0 mg/kg 3个添加水平下回收率为89.6%～102.6%.3个实验室间的RSD为2.7%～4.4%.     

乙酰丙酮分光光度法测定土壤中甲醛

建立乙酰丙酮分光光度法测定土壤中甲醛含量的分析方法。在磷酸介质中,土壤中的甲醛经过加热蒸馏提取,与乙酰丙酮反应生成黄色的二乙酰基二氢二甲基吡啶,然后于412 nm波长处测定其吸光度。甲醛含量在0.0~25μg范围内与吸光度呈良好的线性关系,线性相关系数r=0.999 6,加标回收率为76.2%~87.5%,方法检出限为0.03 mg/kg,定量限为0.12 mg/kg,测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.73%~3.68%(n=6)。该方法灵敏度高,分析速度快,适用于土壤中甲醛含量的测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定食品接触材料迁移到7种食品模拟物中的甲醛单体及甲醛总量

建立了高效液相色谱法对7种食品模拟物中甲醛单体和甲醛总量的测定方法。方法以甲醛与2.4-二硝基苯肼的衍生产物甲醛-2.4-二硝基苯腙的含量定量,效果良好。7种模拟物中甲醛单体及其总量测定的标准曲线R2均大于0.9917,线性范围为0.05～15.0 mg/L。方法在水性模拟物与油性模拟物中的检出限分别为0.05 mg/L与0.05 mg/kg,回收率和相对标准偏差分别在98.5%～101.3%和0.01%～1.3%之间。     

气相色谱法快速测定橡皮擦中的甲醛北大核心CSCD

采用柱前衍生-气相色谱法测定橡皮擦中的甲醛。样品经粉碎,过0.180mm筛后,称取2.000 0g,用20mL水于70℃浸提20min,冷却后再超声提取30min,离心。10.0mL提取液中加入2,4-二硝基苯肼0.5mL,于70℃衍生反应15min,冷却后用5mL甲苯萃取2次,萃取液经DB-5色谱柱分离,采用电子捕获检测器对甲醛衍生物进行检测。甲醛的线性范围为0.105~10.5mg·L^(-1),检出限(3S/N)为0.01mg·L^(-1),加标回收率在88.6%~92.4%之间。测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为2.1%。应用该方法测得32种橡皮擦样品中的甲醛的质量比在0.135~48.5mg·kg^(-1)之间。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。