Mitsunobu反应简便合成呋喃糖基苯并咪唑C-核苷

以不保护的五、六元单糖与邻苯二胺反应,得到中间体多羟基链苯并咪唑.进一步,利用Mitsunobu反应,分子内脱水合成了构型翻转和构型保持的呋喃糖基苯并咪唑C-核苷. Mitsunobu反应良好的区域选择性,为呋喃糖基苯并咪唑C-核苷的合成提供一个有效方法.     

鼠李糖基转移酶研究进展

鼠李糖基化属于糖基化反应的一种,是化合物结构修饰及有机合成中广泛涉及到的一类反应.鼠李糖基转移酶是生物体中催化这一类反应的酶,能够将活性鼠李糖基从核苷糖转移到特定受体.这类酶广泛存在于自然界中,参与次生代谢产物的生成,并在生物体的结构组成及多种生理功能中发挥重要的作用.而且,得益于酶催化鼠李糖基化的特异性强、反应条件温和、环境友好等优点,其往往成为化学催化的有力补充,在有机化学合成及苷化修饰中发挥越来越重要的作用.对植物及微生物来源的鼠李糖基转移酶从酶催化功能、蛋白三维结构、鼠李糖基供体合成、酶催化底物杂泛性以及其在催化合成中的应用等方面进行了综述,并对其未来发展趋势进行了展望.     

稀有糖的合成方法研究

稀有糖广泛存在于天然产物及药物分子中, 并发挥着重要的生物作用. 药物分子的糖基多样化修饰使得稀有糖的合成受到越来越多的关注. 从以普通糖为原料合成稀有糖和以非糖化合物为原料合成稀有糖两个方面综述了近年来的稀有糖合成进展.     

8′-溴-次黄嘌呤核■酸(8′-Br-IDP和8′-Br-IMP)的分离纯化及其鉴定

次黄嘌呤核苷二磷酸(5′-IDP)是合成“干扰素”诱导剂聚肌胞(Poly I:C)的主要原料之一。为了合成供示踪研究用的氚标记聚肌胞,我们制备了氚标记次黄嘌呤核苷二磷酸(8′-~3H-IDP);而获得层析纯的8′-溴-次黄嘌呤核苷二磷酸(8′-Br-IDP)则是首要前提。     

糖基转移酶抑制剂研究进展

糖基转移酶是糖蛋白、糖脂中糖链生物合成的关键酶之一, 其活性的非正常表达与肿瘤、免疫系统等疾病的发生、发展有密切关系, 其抑制剂可以用于抗肿瘤、抗免疫系统等疾病的新药研发. 综述了近年来合成的各类糖基转移酶抑制剂的结构及活性研究进展.     

一种合成柔红霉素糖基类似物的新方法

与很多蒽环类抗生素一样,柔红霉素分子中含有3-氨基2,3,6-三脱氧己糖单元,糖基部分对药物分子的活性起着至关重要的作用.本文介绍了一种合成柔红霉素糖基类似物的新方法.     

新型光活性多羟基氮杂核苷类似物的合成

研究开发新的抗癌、抗病毒药物的有效途径之一是设计、合成以及生物活性评价新型结构的核苷类似物。根据核苷结构的特点,核苷类似物的研究包括碱基改造和糖基改造两个方面。现已报道的糖基结构改造的核苷类似物基本分为含氧杂环、碳环、其它杂环(如:含氮杂环,含硫杂环等)以及无环类似物等⁽¹⁾。由于可利用天然单糖作为原料,获得光活性的含多个手性碳的含氧杂环核苷类似物相对较容易;而其它杂环的光活性核苷类似物,则因涉及至少两个手性碳原子的引入,合成难度增加。本文首次报道了用光活性的苹果酸和酒石酸为起始原料,成功地合成了光活性多羟基氮杂核苷类似物(Ⅰ,Ⅱ)。     

复分解反应在核苷类似物合成中的应用

核苷类似物可以参与并干扰细菌（病毒）的DNA或RNA过程,抑制其生长和繁殖,从而有希望发展为抗肿瘤抗病毒药物。一些天然的核苷化合物虽然表现出一定的生理活性,在体内缺乏酶稳定性和靶向选择性却限制了其在医药领域的应用,合成具有生物活性的化学修饰的核苷及其衍生物是核酸药物化学中的重要课题。一类在金属卡宾复合物催化下的分子内或分子间烯烃重组反应-----复分解反应的发展使核苷类似物的合成进入了新阶段, 烯烃复分解反应成为核苷类似物合成的主要途径之一。随着施洛克催化剂、格拉布催化剂等复分解反应催化剂的发现和不断改进,烯烃复分解反应,尤其是关环复分解和交叉复分解反应被广泛应用于构建核苷类似物的糖环(或伪糖)结构或连接核苷类似物单体而形成核苷多聚物。本文对烯烃复分解反应在核苷类似物包括碳环核苷,2’,3’-双脱氧核苷,无环核苷,多环核苷及核苷二聚体或三聚体的合成中的应用进行了综述。     

1-氟代糖在化学-酶法合成糖类中的应用

化学-酶法合成糖类具有立体选择性和区域选择性, 逐渐成为糖类合成的主流. 1-氟代糖作为糖基供体应用于化学-酶法合成反应, 显示出越来越重要的作用, 综述了1-氟代糖在糖基转移酶和糖苷酶催化的糖类合成中的应用.     

离子液体中核苷类似物的化学合成

核苷类似物因其显著的抗病毒、抗肿瘤活性,已作为化疗药物在临床上得到了广泛应用.核苷类似物的高效绿色合成是有机化学和药物化学领域的重要课题.本文对近年来离子液体介质中的核苷改造进行了综述,主要包括羟基和氨基的保护、糖基的改造、碱基的改造、糖基与碱基的耦合和寡核苷酸的合成.离子液体作为一类物理化学性能"可设计"的绿色软介质...     

Donor substrate flexibility study of AtUGT89C1, a glycosyltransferase from Arabidopsis thaliana

AtUGT89C1, a glycosyltransferase from Arabidopsis thaliana, has shown interesting characteristics such as accepting diverse NDP-D/L-sugars as glycosyl donors. Genistein was used as a substrate to probe in vitro reactions in which different NDP-sugars were used as sugar donors. Among nine different NDP-D/L-sugars tested, AtUGT89C1 accepted five of them, including UDP-α-D-glu-cose, UDP-α-D-galactose, dTDP-β-L-rhamnose, GDP-β-L-fucose, and dTDP-α-2-deoxy-D-glucose and conjugated sugar moieties from the respective donors with the 7-hydroxyl position of genistein. Results showed the promiscuous nature of AtUGT89C1 toward donor and acceptor substrates, thus expanding the biotechnological application of this enzyme in the production of natural and unnatural flavonoid glycosides.     

Novel synthesis of oligosaccharides linked with carbamate and urea bonds utilizing modified Curtius rearrangement

We describe a novel synthesis of various carbamate- and urea-linked disaccharides stereospecifically using sugar carboxylic acids and sugar alcohols or sugar amines by the modified Curtius rearrangement. In this reaction, the reactivity of each hydroxyl group in glucose as an acceptor has been disclosed. Furthermore, we applied this method to the synthesis of carbamate-linked oligosaccharides including a dendritic molecule.     

Total synthesis of clavosolide A

For the total synthesis of (−)-clavosolide A described herein, a Schmidt glycosidation reaction was used to attach the sugar moiety at an early stage in the synthesis to the 4-hydroxy group of the substituted tetrahydropyran unit of the molecule, which itself was built following a Ti(III)-mediated method developed by us earlier, and at the end, it was the Yamaguchi reaction that was successfully employed for the cyclodimerization of the two halves of the molecule leading to its total synthesis.     

quiral: a computer program for the synthesis of chiral molecules from sugars

The quiral computer program analyzes the 3D structure of a target organic molecule to find which sugar(s) can be used as a starting material for its synthesis. The program also proposes schemes for the preparation of rare or unavailable sugars whose chiral centers fit with those of the target molecule. Castanospermine, an anti-HIV natural compound is chosen as an example to illustrate what the quiral program achieves.     

Recent Progress in Enzymatic Synthesis of Sugar Nucleotides

Glycosylation is one of the most important reactions in nature as it results in the formation of glycoconjugates with diverse biological functions. Sugar nucleotides serve as the natural donor molecules for the biosynthesis of such glycoconjugates and other carbohydrates. Furthermore, these donor molecules are also indispensable building blocks for the enzymatic synthesis of carbohydrates in vitro using Leloir-type glycosyltransferases. Given such importance, the biosynthetic pathways of sugar nucleotides have been exploited, enabling the development of both chemical and enzymatic approaches to produce these molecules. A survey of recent progress in enzymatic synthesis of common mammalian sugar nucleotides as well as their derivatives is thus presented. As a popular strategy, conjugation of sugar nucleotide synthesis with glycosyltransfer reactions and in vivo production of sugar nucleotides are also included.     

Iterative synthesis of spacered glycodendrons as oligomannoside mimetics and evaluation of their antiadhesive properties

Dendrimer chemistry is an attractive concept for mimicry of the highly branched character of the bioactive carbohydrates found as part of a cell's sugar coat, called the glycocalyx. Glycodendrimers have thus been used to study biological processes occurring on cell surfaces, such as bacterial adhesion. This paper details a new approach in glycodendrimer synthesis, in which a 3,6-diallylated carbohydrate is utilised as core molecule, hydroboration-oxidation is the activating step, and glycosylation with branched and unbranched sugar trichloroacetimidates is used for dendritic growth. To obtain pure dendritic pseudo-tri- and -heptasaccharides in good yields, radical addition of mercaptoethanol to peripheral double bonds was also evaluated with great success. A collection of six new hyperbranched glycodendrons was tested for their potential as inhibitors of type 1 fimbriae-mediated bacterial adhesion in an ELISA and the results were interpreted with regard to sugar valency and spacer characteristics.     

C-glycosylic derivatives. X. Reversed oxadiazole C-nucleosides

The synthesis of «reversed» 1, 3, 4-oxadiazolyl C-nucleosides by treatment of alduronic chlorides with N-benzoylamino-triphenylphosphinimine or by oxidation of aldehydodialdose benzoylphenylhydrazones is described. One of these compounds is the first example of an «reversed» C-amino-nucleoside having a β-heteroaryl-ethylamino grouping, a structural unit whose introduction into a sugar molecule is interesting from a pharmacological standpoint.     

The Catalytic Mechanism of the Retaining Glycosyltransferase Mannosylglycerate Synthase

To protect their intracellular proteins, extremophile microorganisms synthesize molecules called compatible solutes. These molecules are the result of the attachment of a small negatively charged molecule to a sugar molecule. It has been found that these molecules, not only protect the microorganism against osmotic stress but also against other extreme conditions. They can also confer protection against extreme conditions to isolated enzymes from different organisms making them an exciting prospect for potential biotechnological applications. One of the most widespread compatible solute in hyperthermophile organisms is the molecule 2-O-α-D-mannosyl-D-glycerate (MG). In addition to confer protection to proteins against extreme conditions, MG was found to prevent Alzheimer's β-amyloid aggregation and reduce α-synuclein fibril formation in Parkinson's disease. In this work we studied, using computational methods, the catalytic mechanism of the synthesis of MG by the enzyme mannosylglycerate synthase (MGS) from the thermophilic bacteria Rhodothermus marinus.     

Features of the inhibition of transport Na+, K+-ATPase by cardenolide bisglycosides

Summary Bisglycosides of strophanthidol and strophanthidin obtained by partial synthesis behave differently with respect to Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase. Strophanthidol 3,19-bisrhamnoside does not possess the biological activity characteristic for cardiac glycosides. Strophanthidin 3,5-bisrhamnoside and compounds similar to it that are glycosylated at the C-5 hydroxyl possess a reduced capacity for inhibition.A two-center model of the digitalis receptor is put forward which explains the cause of the different activities of cardenolide glycosides differing from one another by structural elements in the steroid part of the molecule or of the sugar component.Institute of Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, Tashkent. Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, Tashkent. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 1, pp. 95–102, January–February, 1978.     

Stereoselective synthesis of oxiranes using oxazolidines derived from 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-allose as chiral auxiliaries

The synthesis of 2,3-epoxyamide derivatives of 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-allose is described. Epoxidation of the corresponding α,β-unsaturated amides with m-CPBA took place with better stereoselectivity when an oxazolidine ring was fused to the 2,3-positions of the sugar molecule. In most cases, both stereoisomers could be isolated and characterized. The stereochemistry of the new stereogenic centers was then determined by cleavage of the oxirane moiety from the chiral auxiliary, which was also recovered.