理论与实验相结合，培养化学创新人才——以气相色谱法分析醇系物实验为例

基础化学实验教学中,学生易由于对相关化学原理理解不足等原因处于被动学习状态,影响实验教学效果。理论化学研究可以直观形象地给出基础化学原理中涉及但无法直接观测的物质之间的相互作用,物质内部电子的运动规律,光、电与分子或分子中电子的相互作用等微观尺度的信息,将抽象的原理和理论教学内容形象化,加深学生对基础化学原理的理解。本文以气相色谱法分析醇系物实验为例,介绍团队将简单理论化学计算融入到基础化学实验教学中,为提高教学质量、实施创新人才培养而采取的举措和实施效果。学生在完成传统实验内容的同时,利用密度泛函理论研究醇系物与吸附材料的相互作用,并完成对计算结果和实验数据的分析和讨论等研究性任务。学情分析表明,该尝试有效地激发了学生学习基础化学理论的热情,加深了他们对化学理论的理解,也培养了学生分析问题、解决问题的能力,提高了实验教学效果,为拔尖创新人才的培养保驾护航。     

针对高中生有关物质结构的前科学概念的探查研究

1　引言现代化学教育的着眼点不是看学生学会了哪些化学知识 ,而是帮助学生理解化学的核心概念 ,形成化学认识 ,发展对物质及其变化的解释力。化学概念众多 ,哪些是核心概念呢 ?目前普遍认为化学核心概念至少包括以下几类 :(1)微粒———原子、分子、离子 ;(2 )微粒间的作用———化学键 ;(3)分子构型———三维化学 ;(4)动力学理论 ;(5 )化学反应 ;(6 )现代化学的新进展。这 6类概念均与对物质结构的微观认识相联系 ,可见使学生形成正确的物质结构微观认识是很重要的任务。然而 ,由于微观世界看不到 ,摸不着 ,学生对微观世界的认识也就形式…     

分子力学的基本原理

本文从基本思想、研究方法入手系统地介绍了分子力学这一结构化学研究的理论工具,并就分子力学计算过程中的有关问题进行了讨论.     

分子印刷板

分子印刷板是一种主体分子修饰的特制表面,通过超分子相瓦作用在该表面上固定客体分子.在分子印刷板的研究过程中发展的"多重相互作用"理论,可以更好地定量理解分子印刷板与客体分子间的超分子相互作用过程.通过对分子印刷板的广泛研究可以加深人们对超分子化学、表面化学、化学生物学等领域的认识,拓展其在纳米技术、分子的表面定位等方面的应用.     

计算化学在分子轨道教学中的应用

分子轨道理论是理解分子电子结构与微观性质的重要理论之一,也是本科生与研究生结构化学教学中的重点与难点。学生对原子轨道组合形成分子轨道、分子轨道能级交叉混合等知识的理解缺乏形象直观、定量的认识。本文通过基于量子化学或密度泛函理论的Gaussian 03计算软件,计算、绘制并分析了F_2、O_2、N_2、HF、CO等的分子轨道能级图,将学生较难理解的内容定量、直观地呈现出来,形象地解释了分子轨道成键原则与电子填充原则等分子轨道理论中的重难点,加深了学生对分子轨道理论的理解,特别是sp轨道混杂导致的σ_(2p_z)与π_(2p)轨道能级交叉这一难点,激发了学生学习的主动性和积极性,提高了教学质量。在此基础上,利用分子轨道理论分析了CO_2的电子结构,使学生学会应用分子轨道理论解决实际问题,巩固了相关课堂理论知识。     

PBL教学法在结构化学休克尔分子轨道理论教学中的应用

休克尔分子轨道理论是结构化学课程中的重要内容,可预测或解释共轭分子性质、电子光谱等问题。其与势箱中粒子运动模型、分子轨道理论、分子对称性等知识点关联密切,综合性强。在该理论教学过程中运用问题式教学法(Problem-Based Learning,PBL),以典型问题引导学生自主学习,在循序渐进的问题中,学生的思考意识逐步增强,知识综合能力可得到有效提升。     

基础理论纵贯化学学科:吉林大学“统计力学与分子模拟”课程建设*

化学的基础理论的演进不断重塑着化学学科。传统的教学体系所依据的理论范式落后于现代化学理论的发展。吉林大学化学学院面向本科学生开设了“统计力学与分子模拟”课程。针对吉林大学本科学生的特点,精心安排了教学内容,通盘考虑知识体系的衔接,优化了教学方法。同时,淬炼了课程中的思政元素,从而在思想、道德、知识等3个方面进一步提升学生的综合素质。     

在教学过程中渗透化学思想方法——以“如何正确书写化学方程式”教学为例

以九年级化学上册“如何正确书写化学方程式”教学为例,分析了化学方程式的教学价值与学生学习的困难,阐述了基于任务和问题促进学生建构化学思想方法的整体思路,并就其中关键环节的设计进行了较为详细的说明。突出以任务和问题为驱动,实现新知识的自然增长;以化学实验和拼插分子模型活动为手段,渗透“物质变化是有条件的”、“定性与定量相结合”、“宏观与微观相结合”以及“分与合”等化学思想方法;以展示学生作品说明化学方程式书写步骤;以对物质化学性质的解释凸显化学方程式的学习价值。     

量子化学现状和展望(上)

量子化学是应用量子力学的原理和方法解决化学问题的一门科学,它包括基础研究和应用研究两个方面。在基础量子化学方面,主要是建立了三种化学键理论,也就是分子轨道理论、价键理论和配位场理论,以及创建了多种计算方法,包括从头算方法和各种半经验方法,例如HMO、EHMO、CNDO与X_α方法等。在应用量子化学方面,过去主要是稳定态分子及其有关性质的研究,近年来激发态分子,催化与表面化学,微观反应动力学,生物大分子与药物大分子的计算正在逐渐增多。量子化学的发展过程是与合成化学、结构化学的发展密切结合的,并且相互促进。本文对上述内容作一简要介绍。     

前言

<正>物理无机化学是一门运用现代物理学的实验与理论方法研究无机化学问题的化学分支学科,包括理论无机化学、结构无机化学、无机化合物反应热力学和动力学以及反应机理等,主要研究无机化合物的反应、制备、结构性能以及有关规律.这一学科的起源可追溯至诺贝尔奖获得者J.H.van’t Hoff和S.Arrhenius(1903年),F.W.Ostwald(1900年)和配位化学创始者A.Werna(1901年)等的早期工作.物理化学的早期发展多以无机化合物为研究对象.无机化学早期也常被喻为狭义的物理化学.20世纪30年代前后,随着基础化学实践深入到原子、分子层次,在量子力学基础上分别建立了酸碱理论、价键理论、分子轨道理论、配位场理论.在近代物理技术的促进下,各种光谱、波谱、能谱和质谱等分析方法对于无机化学的发展起了巨大的促进作用,同时也推动了无机化学与其他化学学科的交叉融合,扩展了无机化学的研究领域,并最终形成了物理无机化学     

指向“教学评一体化”的化学实验测评与教学反思*

依据学习目标、教学活动、评价任务、成绩评定一体化设计的要求,研制中学化学实验试题,通过试题的测评结果开展教学反思,分析实验教学中存在的问题,改进实验教学模式,激活学生从化学实验中认识物质及其变化的好奇心和求知欲,诊断并发展学生的核心素养水平。     

Molecular Modeling and Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement Spectroscopy (NOESY): Tools for Studying the Regioselective Bromination of 3-Bromoanisole

The use of molecular modeling for predicting chemical reactivity has been highly successful in the industrial and academic research communities. For this reason, increased emphasis has been placed on molecular modeling in the undergraduate curriculum. In the described experiment, the bromination of 3-bromoanisole, students are encouraged to use molecular modeling software as a tool for predicting chemical reactivity. Besides introducing students to molecular modeling, this experiment incorporates the use of nontraditional, less hazardous reagents and solvents for electrophilic aromatic bromination reactions. Lastly, nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (NOESY) is introduced as a tool for structural elucidation. Although there are a number of aspects to this experiment, two 3-hour laboratory periods are sufficient because the results from semiempirical (AMI) geometry optimizations, which are complete in seconds, were almost identical to the higher order, more time-intensive ab initio (3-21G*) calculations. In addition, the experimental time was greatly shortened by the discovery that catalytic HCl(aq) reduces the reaction time from 5 hours to 18 minutes.     

A General Chemistry Experiment to Predict and Measure Functional-Group Stretching Frequencies

An experiment suitable for first-year students is reported. In this activity, students use a molecular modeling program to compute infrared spectra for a series of molecules. From the data obtained, students generate a group frequency chart and use it to identify unknowns. This provides students with an introduction to vibrational spectroscopy and the use of molecular modeling.     

Mass Spectrometry—Finding the Molecular Ion and What It Can Tell You: An Undergraduate Organic Laboratory Experiment

Mass spectrometry is a widely used method to obtain information about the structures of molecules. This technique was introduced to beginning first-year organic chemistry students as an experiment that focused on the identification of the molecular ion from experimental data. After students had correctly identified the molecular ion in their samples, they learn other information that can be deduced from the molecular ion.     

Using Molecular Modeling in the Organic Chemistry Course for Majors

Molecular modeling provides a way to correlate theoretical concepts with experimental data; therefore, we have introduced organic chemistry students to molecular modeling early in the first semester. This approach provides students with additional skills for clarifying chemical and theoretical concepts by means of demonstrations in the classroom and hands-on tutorial modules. In this manner the impact of the active-learning process is increased. In addition, this tool allows us to further enhance laboratory experiments already developed using a guided-inquiry approach and to design new experiments. Chemical concepts such as conformational analysis, stereochemistry, IR spectra, molecular and electronic properties, molecular orbitals, and chemical reactivity are emphasized through this approach.     

高分子玻璃化转变过程的分子动力学模拟本科教学实验

玻璃化转变是高分子专业教学中的重要内容,转变过程中自由体积的变化和分子链段的运动是理解玻璃化转变的难点。在计算机上使用分子模拟的方法得到三维的可视化图形,可以更直观地观察到自由体积和分子链的变化。提炼近年分子模拟技术在玻璃化转变研究中的最新科研成果,得到既有理论基础又适合本科教学的课程素材。分子模拟可以实现了仪器测试无法达到的超快速升降温,并与仪器测试得到的实验结果相对照,验证了普通实验很难验证的理论观点,从而拓展了本科实验的范围,达到了很好的教学效果。     

Preparation and Separation of C60 Photopolymers for the Physical Chemistry Instructional Laboratory

We report the development of a new physical chemistry laboratory exercise that uses gel permeation chromatography (GPC) to study pristine and photopolymerized C₆₀ materials. GPC is a well-known method for probing molecular weight distributions because of its ability to separate macromolecules based upon size. In this experiment students are interested in the changing molecular weight distribution with irradiation. Students inject both pristine and photoirradiated C₆₀ into the system and analyze the retention time data with a differential UV detector set at 300 nm. The observation of higher molecular weight oligomers upon irradiation is consistent with intermolecular bond formation by the proposed [2 + 2] cycloaddition pathway. The implementation of this laboratory in the classroom has been very successful, generating consistently positive feedback from the students.     

Evaluating Experiment with Computation in Physical Chemistry: The Particle-In-A-Box Model with Cyanine Dyes

The results from a classic experiment in the undergraduate physical chemistry laboratory, the particle-in-a-box model for spectroscopic transitions of conjugated dyes, is compared to computational results obtained using a molecular mechanics structural approach and the extended Hückel molecular orbital picture. The goal of this exercise is to help students to think critically about their experimental data and to use comparisons of mathematical and computational models to try to understand departures of an experiment from expectations.     

Golem: an algorithm for robust experiment and process optimization

Numerous challenges in science and engineering can be framed as optimization tasks, including the maximization of reaction yields, the optimization of molecular and materials properties, and the fine-tuning of automated hardware protocols. Design of experiment and optimization algorithms are often adopted to solve these tasks efficiently. Increasingly, these experiment planning strategies are coupled with automated hardware to enable autonomous experimental platforms. The vast majority of the strategies used, however, do not consider robustness against the variability of experiment and process conditions. In fact, it is generally assumed that these parameters are exact and reproducible. Yet some experiments may have considerable noise associated with some of their conditions, and process parameters optimized under precise control may be applied in the future under variable operating conditions. In either scenario, the optimal solutions found might not be robust against input variability, affecting the reproducibility of results and returning suboptimal performance in practice. Here, we introduce Golem, an algorithm that is agnostic to the choice of experiment planning strategy and that enables robust experiment and process optimization. Golem identifies optimal solutions that are robust to input uncertainty, thus ensuring the reproducible performance of optimized experimental protocols and processes. It can be used to analyze the robustness of past experiments, or to guide experiment planning algorithms toward robust solutions on the fly. We assess the performance and domain of applicability of Golem through extensive benchmark studies and demonstrate its practical relevance by optimizing an analytical chemistry protocol under the presence of significant noise in its experimental conditions.

Numerous challenges in science and engineering can be framed as optimization tasks. Golem is an uncertain-input algorithm that ensures the reproducible performance of optimized experimental protocols and processes.