将知识发展为观念的“酸和碱”复习课

从物质类别的角度复习了酸和碱的通性,引入"阴阳鱼太极图"将物质分为酸、碱2大阵营,解释了酸碱反应规律的合理性;再现与工业、农业、生活紧密联系的具体反应,使学生学会从"反应物"、"现象"和"生成物"等多个角度认识反应,帮助学生将酸和碱的知识发展成为化学基本观念。     

国内铅研究十四年主题文献分析

以《维普中刊数据库》为检索工具，以1989-2002年间国内公开发表的12525篇铅主题文献为基础，采用文献计量学方法对相关数据做出定量分析，并依据有关分类法对文献内容和主题做出定性分析，得到文献数量年度分布与预测、核心著者分布、发文地区与机构、文献源期刊、内容类别分析等分析结果，揭示了国内铅研究的进展。     

动物源性食品中小分子有机污染物的多类别多残留分析技术的研究进展

综述了近年来动物源性食品中小分子有机污染物的多类别多残留分析技术的研究进展,包括液液萃取法、加速溶剂萃取法、基质分散固相萃取法等提取方法,液液萃取法、低温冷冻法、固相分散萃取法、固相萃取法等净化方法,以及液相色谱法、质谱法、液相色谱-质谱联用等仪器分析方法。还指出了多类别多残留分析方法潜在的研究方向(引用文献64篇)。     

中国高分子 科学文摘

国内高分子科研工作成果散见于各种刊物,因缺少相应的检索工具难以及时了解全貌.为此,本刊自本期起增辟"国内文摘"栏目,约请中国科学院化学研究所图书馆宋恩兰、胡俊玲同志从国内公开发行的刊物中摘编高分子基础和应用基础文献,连续登载.本栏收集的题录和文摘从1992年开始,并以汉语拼音排序.     

细胞与活体中小分子荧光成像研究进展

本文根据检测活性小分子的类别,概要介绍了近年来分子荧光探针针对还原性活性小分子、氧化性活性小分子、金属离子以及p H的细胞与活体荧光成像研究进展。最后对细胞、活体内活性小分子荧光成像研究领域提出展望。引用文献75篇。     

《化学教育》“调查报告”栏目文献的统计分析——基于1980-2008年的载文研究

以<化学教育>"调查报告"栏目29年来的载文为研究对象,采用系统查阅年度总目录与阅读原始文献相结合的方法,从载文的年度分布、内容、调查研究类型、作者等4方面进行统计分析,在一定程度上反映了改革开放以来关于我国化学教育的调查研究发展历程、现状及趋势,并针对其存在的问题提出了建议.     

“物质结构与性质”中疑难问题突破举隅

以高中化学"物质结构与性质"模块教学内容为例,从分析教材文本和学生学习效果中确定教学问题,通过挖掘文本关键词、创新教学手段、查阅与研究文献对所确立的教学问题进行分析,为突破"物质结构与性质"模块的疑难问题提供参考。     

考查化学学科核心素养的实验题命制——制备氯酸钾和次氯酸钠并探究其氧化能力

整合课程标准和高考评价体系提出考查化学学科核心素养的试题命题流程。以“制备KClO₃和NaClO并探究其氧化能力的实验题”命制为例,针对考试类别与水平确定核心素养测试目标,以2020年全国Ⅲ卷第26题实验题为激发点遴选真实情境,查阅文献资料,基于条件控制初步命制实验探究题。针对初稿中的知识覆盖面不够、能力进阶不够等问题,二次查阅文献,深度挖掘素材创新点,形成试题,并从考查情境、考查内容、考查要求等3个方面对试题进行全面解构,得出命题过程应关注真实情境的科学性、适宜性、包容性;文献资料的权威性、互证性、多元性;必备知识分布的合理性及关键能力考查的层次性。     

“木炭还原氧化铜”实验改进的对比与设计

遵循实验改进的科学原则,立足中学化学教学实际,对文献中"木炭还原氧化铜"的实验改进从反应物的选取、热源和反应装置3个方面分类比对、分析。结合教学实际对该实验进行了显性化设计,提出具体改进建议。     

面向本科生的“量子世界探秘”通识教育课程改革

量子世界探秘"是面向本科生开设的通识教育改革课程,以"通识"为出发点,以现代科学研究文献成果为依据,从"见识、知识、认识"3个层面论述了量子世界的历史、特征以及发展前景;通过具体实例,探讨了经典世界和量子世界的区别与联系,并分析了课程在激发学生的创新性思维、增强学科交叉意识等方面的作用。     

科学发展史中批判性思维的作用和习得途径

Scientific theory innovation needs scientists who have comprehensive critical thinking. Taking the history of science of phlogiston and periodic law of elements as an example, this paper expounds the role of the critical thinking skills and habits, and tries to develop the way for acquisition of critical thinking from the history of science.     

在化学类通识教育课程中开展“课堂辩论”对大学生能力培养的探索与实践

This paper explored "the classroom debates" in "nutrition chemistry" course. After evaluating the students' expectation in participating activities, the participating degree and their gains from the activity, it was found that the performance and gains from the "classroom debate" were influenced by provincial locations, genders and majors. The results showed that "the classroom debates" need to coordinate the students' speculative thinking ability, creative thinking, team playing, medical ethics and professional education as a whole. This would help the students to form a way of critical thinking as well as the right outlook on life and value system.     

Microneedle-based electrochemical devices for transdermal biosensing: a review

Many research efforts over the last decade have been devoted to the development of microneedle-based diagnostic devices for minimally invasive transdermal biosensing and for long-term health monitoring. Transdermal biosensing via microneedle allows the development of minimally invasive easy-to-use point-of-care biodevices. The main objective of this short review is to provide a general overview of the most immediate and relevant progress in microneedle-based transdermal biosensing in the last five years. A critical analysis of the recent literature is finally presented.     

Thermal explosion characteristics in a reduced kinetics model

The problem of thermal explosion arising from a spatially homogeneous reduced five steps reaction kinetic model, which comprises of the chain initiation, chain propagation/branching and chain termination steps is considered. By assuming realistic approximations, the pertubation technique was used to obtain expressions for thermal ignition time for the adiabatic system. In the non-adiabatic system, expressions for the critical heat loss parameter and the ignition temperature in the line of Semenov theory have been obtained. Analysis of the system involving some parameters, and the contributions of the heat released due to the termination reactions on the behaviour of the ignition times and Semenov parameters have been carried out and expressed graphically. Apart from confirming known results in literature, the results shed more light on hitherto unknown behaviour.     

Old materials with new tricks: multifunctional open-framework materials

The literature on open-framework materials has shown numerous examples of porous solids with additional structural, chemical, or physical properties. These materials show promise for applications ranging from sensing, catalysis and separation to multifunctional materials. This critical review provides an up-to-date survey to this new generation of multifunctional open-framework solids. For this, a detailed revision of the different examples so far reported will be presented, classified into five different sections: magnetic, chiral, conducting, optical, and labile open-frameworks for sensing applications. (413 references.)     

Interpreting activity in H(2)O-H(2)SO(4) binary nucleation

Sulfuric acid-water nucleation is thought to be a key atmospheric mechanism for forming new condensation nuclei. In earlier literature, measurements of sulfuric acid activity were interpreted as the total (monomer plus hydrate) concentration above solution. Due to recent reinterpretations, most literature values for H(2)SO(4) activity are thought to represent the number density of monomers. Based on this reinterpretation, the current work uses the most recent models of H(2)O-H(2)SO(4) binary nucleation along with perturbation analyses to predict a decrease in critical cluster mole fraction, increase in critical cluster diameter, and orders of magnitude decrease in nucleation rate. Nucleation rate parameterizations available in the literature, however, give opposite trends. To resolve these discrepancies, nucleation rates were calculated for both interpretations of H(2)SO(4) activity and directly compared to the available parameterizations as well as the perturbation analysis. Results were in excellent agreement with older parameterizations that assumed H(2)SO(4) activity represents the total concentration and duplicated the predicted trends from the perturbation analysis, but differed by orders of magnitude from more recent parameterizations that assume H(2)SO(4) activity represents only the monomer. Comparison with experimental measurements available in the literature revealed that the calculations of the current work assuming a(a) represents the total concentration are most frequently in agreement with observations.     

Designing sedative/hypnotic compounds from a novel substructural graph-theoretical approach

A novel approach to computer-aided molecular design is illustrated. This approach is based on the calculation of the spectral moments of the bond adjacency matrix of graphs representing molecular structures. Spectral moments are then expressed as linear combinations of the different sub-structures present in molecules. Two series of compounds, one containing sedative/hypnotic and the other containing different classes of drugs were used to find a discriminant function with the present approach. Several compounds from the Merck Index were identified by the model as sedative/hypnotic, five of them were found in the recent literature as possessing this activity. The critical fragments, actives and inactive ones, were detected.     

大学化学课程德育的设计与实践

Based on the teaching practice of chemistry courses in university and guided by the training specifications of talents, this paper carried out the ideology of moral education in the course and designed the moral education contents. Specifically, there were five aspects, including the patriotism sentiment, the collaborative spirit, the social responsibility, the innovation and entrepreneurship, the logical thinking and dialectical thinking. Moreover, this paper also putted forward the implementation strategy with combination of the teaching and the self-education.     

在分析化学实验中渗透马克思主义哲学思想的探讨

分析化学实验中蕴含着丰富的马克思主义哲学思想,如对立统一规律、质量互变规律等。如果教师注重从辩证唯物主义的视角来分析问题,并将哲学观点渗透、融入到日常教学中去,不仅有利于学生掌握科学知识,训练科学思维,更有利于学生形成马克思主义哲学观,提高综合素质。笔者结合自己的教学经验,对分析化学实验教学中马克思主义哲学原理的应用进行简要阐述。     

The use of ultrafiltration for the separation and fractionation of organic ligands in fresh waters

The effects of various experimental conditions on the results obtained by using membrane filtration for the separation and fractionation of organic matter in fresh waters (mainly fulvic and humic substances) are described. The technique used (washing or concentration) and the initial concentration of the organic matter to be filtered are the most critical factors. The technique is used for the fractionation of eight water samples, one sample of peat interstitial water, five water extracts of soil and four water samples obtained by decomposition of leaves. The results are compared. A comparison is also made with results cited in the literature.