基于应用型人才培养的应用化学专业实践课程体系改革研究

在应用型人才培养驱动下,探索了应用化学专业实践课程体系的改革,以“精细化学品的合成与表征”和“精细化学品生产工艺”2个方面训练为目标,构建了“专业实验-实训-生产实习”为一体的专业实践课程体系;通过CDIO模式的教学方法改革,践行了专业实践课程对人才培养的要求,提高了学生应用知识解决实际问题的能力,达到了应用型人才培养的目的。     

新能源科学与工程特色班人才培养探索与实践*

大力发展新能源、实现能源清洁利用将成为解决能源问题、兑现“碳中和”承诺的根本出路。当前,真正毕业进入新能源产业工作的专业人才普遍匮乏,总量不足,人才培养规模尚不能支撑“中国制造、中国创造”的需求。南开大学主动布局国家战略需求,启动新能源科学与工程“新工科”特色班,通过整合化学和电光两大学科师资力量、优化专业课程设置、完善实践实训体系,推动应用理科向工科延伸,实化南开新工科体系建设。特色班实行导师制、小班化、个性化、国际化培养模式,培养面向国家急需的新能源产业方向,在清洁能源领域科学研究、技术开发、工程应用等方面具有扎实的理论基础和较强实践与创新能力的专门人才。     

理工复合型人才联合培养实践与探索*

南开大学化学学院和天津大学化工学院利用各自办学优势和特点,按照“独立办学,紧密合作”要求,坚持“高起点、高标准、创特色、建一流”原则,创办“分子科学与工程”专业。两校每年各招收30人,配备优势师资力量,前两年在南开大学后两年在天津大学集中培养、统一管理,毕业时授予理学和工学双学士学位,培养适应国家发展需要,拥有宽广深厚的化学化工基础,同时具有科学研究、产品研发与产业化能力的“顶天立地”高水平复合型人才。“分子科学与工程”专业培养的学生同时具有理科与工科背景,理论基础扎实、实践创新能力强,就业前景广阔,并得到业界的普遍赞誉。2020年“分子科学与工程专业”入选国家一流专业建设点,已经成为复合型人才培养的专业标杆。     

吉林大学应用化学学科:理工兼备 特色发展

吉林大学应用化学学科始建于1986年,依托吉林大学化学学科深厚理论基础与学术优势,经过几代应用化学学科人的不懈努力,逐渐形成了“理工兼备”的学科特色。在吉林大学化学学科70华诞之际,回顾了应用化学学科的发展历程,着重介绍了应用化学学科在本科教学与专业特色、科学研究与平台建设、人才培养与社会服务等3个方面取得的成绩,以及今后发展的设想。     

农业院校研究生“现代化学化工实验技术”课程的设计与教学实践

“现代化学化工实验技术”是根据农业院校研究生的生源特点和化学工程与技术专业的培养要求开设的一门专业课程。论文介绍了课程教学团队在实验教学体系的构建、教学内容的设计、教学模式的改革和课程网络平台的建设等方面的实践情况。实践表明,该课程对培养应用化学、生物化工、工业催化、化学工程等专业研究生的化学化工基本操作技能以及创新和研究能力发挥了重要作用,为从事学位研究工作打下良好的基础。     

工科无机化学中“分子结构和分子间力”的教学思考与探索

“分子结构和分子间力”在人们认识物质世界的过程中起着承上启下的重要作用。然而,在“新工科”建设背景下,化学教学内容要少而精,以强化专业的应用特色建设。对工科学生历年来对于共价键理论、分子间力和离子极化中易错或不易理解的相关内容进行了分析和讨论,旨在帮助学习者在认识物质世界的过程中能更好地在微观世界和宏观世界之间切换,并学会预测或解释物质的性质及其递变规律,同时落实化学核心素质及德育素质的培养。     

“双一流”背景下化学本科人才培养创新路径探索*

人才培养是高校的核心使命和必然要求。在“双一流”建设背景下,国家对高校人才培养提出了新要求。西北大学化学与材料科学学院围绕“培养什么人”“怎样培养人”,对本科人才培养不断进行探索和创新,搭建 “以本科生导师制为核心”的科研训练体系,“以拓展学术视野为核心”的国际化培养体系,“以调动教师教学投入为核心”的评价激励体系,“以提升创新意识为核心”的实践育人体系等措施,实现高校理科人才培养的创新发展。     

新工科背景下湖南大学应用化学专业教学改革研究与实践

新工科背景下我国高校强调宽口径、跨学科和复合型的应用化学学科人才培养。结合我校近年来应用化学专业教学改革研究的实际情况,从专业综合改革、实践教学、创新创业及海外课程等几个方面,总结了应用化学专业本科教学的改革成果。     

“粉煤灰合成有序介孔硅及其应用”综合性专业实验的设计*

基于应用化学专业教师的科研方向与学校的矿业能源办学特色,设计综合性的“粉煤灰合成有序介孔硅及其应用”应用化学专业实验,包括粉煤灰的预处理、有序介孔硅的合成、样品的表征分析及应用探索。通过该特色鲜明的专业实验的开设,不但可以加强学生对学校特色和专业方向的认知,而且能够提高学生的动手操作和创新实践能力,为学生后续开展科学研究奠定坚实的基础。     

基于交叉优势特色学科的大学化学创新实验教学体系构建与实践*

以大学化学与农林优势学科交叉融合为教学改革任务,构建“基础+模块”的大学化学实验创新教学体系,分别开展“项目式”教学、“科教融合”教学、“产学研”教学、“混合式”教学、“虚实结合”教学等五位一体的实验教学实践,并建立化学创新实验课程评价新体系。本化学创新实验教学体系改革明显提高了学生的实践动手能力与综合素质,为深入开展化学基础学科与农林优势学科交叉融合教学奠定一定基础。     

Determination of the enthalpy of fusion of K<Subscript>3</Subscript>TaO<Subscript>2</Subscript>F<Subscript>4</Subscript> and KTaF<Subscript>6</Subscript>

Areas of fusion and crystallization peaks of K₃TaO₂F₄ and KTaF₆ were measured using the DSC mode of a high-temperature calorimeter (SETARAM 1800 K). On the basis of these quantities, considering the temperature dependence of the calorimeter sensitivity, values of the fusion enthalpy of K₃TaO₂F₄ at the fusion temperature of 1181 K of (43 ± 4) kJ mol⁻¹ and of KTaF₆ at the fusion temperature of 760 K of (8 ± 1) kJ mol⁻¹ were determined.     

2,4‐Di­nitro­phenyl­hydrazones of 2,4‐di­hydroxy­benz­aldehyde, 2,4‐di­hydroxy­aceto­phenone and 2,4‐di­hydroxy­benzo­phenone

In 2,4‐di­hydroxy­benz­aldehyde 2,4‐di­nitro­phenyl­hydrazone N,N‐di­methyl­form­amide solvate {or 4‐[(2,4‐di­nitro­phenyl)­hydrazono­methyl]­benzene‐1,3‐diol N,N‐di­methyl­form­amide solvate}, C₁₃H₁₀N₄O₆·C₃H₇NO, (X), 2,4‐di­hydroxy­aceto­phenone 2,4‐di­nitro­phenyl­hydrazone N,N‐di­methyl­form­am­ide solvate (or 4‐{1‐[(2,4‐di­nitro­phenyl)hydrazono]ethyl}benzene‐1,3‐diol N,N‐di­methyl­form­amide solvate), C₁₄H₁₂N₄O₆·C₃H₇NO, (XI), and 2,4‐di­hydroxy­benzo­phenone 2,4‐di­nitro­phenyl­hydrazone N,N‐di­methyl­acet­amide solvate (or 4‐­{[(2,4‐di­nitro­phenyl)hydrazono]phenyl­methyl}benzene‐1,3‐diol N,N‐di­methyl­acet­amide solvate), C₁₉H₁₄N₄O₆·C₄H₉NO, (XII), the molecules all lack a center of symmetry, crystallize in centrosymmetric space groups and have been observed to exhibit non‐linear optical activity. In each case, the hydrazone skeleton is fairly planar, facilitated by the presence of two intramolecular hydrogen bonds and some partial N—N double‐bond character. Each molecule is hydrogen bonded to one solvent mol­ecule.     

“蒸馏酒”还是“发酵酒”——对《科学史导论》中“spirits” 和“distillation”的再思考

科学史奠基者乔治·萨顿在《科学史导论》第二卷的第一部分对我国宋代酿酒著作《北山酒经》予以了简要描述,出现了“spirits”“distillation”等字样;而《北山酒经》被众多学者认为其描述对象是发酵酒(黄酒)。本文从东西方蒸馏技术和相关著作的文本分析对《科学史导论》中提及的蒸馏技术和蒸馏酒存在的可能性提出了质疑。     

Projection of the liquidus surface of the Sb<Subscript>2</Subscript>Te<Subscript>3</Subscript>-Gd<Subscript>2</Subscript>Te<Subscript>3</Subscript>-Bi<Subscript>2</Subscript>Te<Subscript>3</Subscript> system

Phase equilibria in the Sb₂Te₃-Gd₂Te₃-Bi₂Te₃ ternary system have been studied using differential thermal analysis, namely, X-ray powder diffraction, microstructure examination, thermodynamic analysis, and microhardness and alloy density measurements. Phase diagrams of some polythermal joins and liquidus surface have been constructed. The regions of primary crystallization of phases and the coordinates of all invariant and univariant equilibria in the system under investigation have been established.     

Crystal structure of the synthetic analog of radtkeite Hg<Subscript>3</Subscript>S<Subscript>2</Subscript>Cl<Subscript>1.00</Subscript>I<Subscript>1.00</Subscript>

The results of structural studies of the synthetic analog of the radtkeite mineral Hg₃S₂Cl_1.00I_1.00 are analyzed. The crystal structure of the compound has been refined; the unit cell parameters are a _m = 16.827(4) , b _m = 9.117(1) , c _m = 13.165(5) , = 130.17(2)°, V = 1543.3(8) ³, space group C2/m, Z = 8, R = 0.0527. A possible transition a ₀ = a _m; b ₀ = a _m + 2c _m; c ₀ = –b _m to the pseudo-orthorhombic F cell previously determined for radtkeite, where one of the angles ( ₀ ) is slightly different from 90° (89.55°), has been found. Each sulfur atom in the structure is bonded to three mercury atoms, forming SHg₃ umbrellas with distances 2.240(6) –2.474(8) and angles HgSHg 94.7(2)°–102.9(2)°. The SHg₃ fragments are linked through Hg vertices to form corrugated [Hg₁₂S₈] layers. The halogen atoms lie inside and between the [Hg₁₂S₈] layers; the distances are Hg-Cl and Hg-I 2.783(7) , 2.961(7) , and 3.083(4) –3.311(3) , respectively.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by N. V. Pervukhina, S. V. Borisov, S. A. Magarill, D. Yu. Naumov, V. I. Vasiliev, and B. G. NenashevTranslated from Zhurnal Strukturnoi Khimii, Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 755–758, July–August, 2004.This revised version was published online in April 2005 with a corrected cover date.     

Physicochemical foundations of synthesis of new ferromagnets from chalcopyrites A<Superscript>II</Superscript>B<Superscript>IV</Superscript>C<Stack><Subscript>2</Subscript><Superscript>V</Superscript></Stack>

The results of studying phase equilibria of ternary A^IIB^IVC^V systems have been reported. Physicochemical foundations have been developed for the synthesis of new ferromagnets with Curie temperatures above room temperature structurally compatible with basic semiconducting materials. Methods of synthesis and physicochemical properties of manganese-doped A^IIB^IVC₂^V ferromagnets have been described. The results of theoretical simulation of magnetic properties have been considered and basic approaches to the explanation of the emergence of ferromagnetism in A^IIB^IVC₂^V doped with 3d metals have been surveyed. The most promising ways to produce and study dilute magnetic semiconductors as spintronics materials have been presented.     

Calculations of thermodynamic stability of CpCoC<Subscript>2</Subscript>B<Subscript>9</Subscript>H<Subscript>11</Subscript> cobaltacarborane isomers

Quantum-chemical calculations of the geometry and energies of nine possible isomers of 12-vertex cobaltacarborane CpCoC₂B₉H₁₁ (1) were carried out by the DFT method (PBEPBE/DGDZVP/DGA1). Thermodynamic stability of the isomers increases with increasing distance between the carbon atoms in the cage and is virtually independent of the position of the CpCo vertex. The relative stabilities of the 1,2,3-(17.57 kcal mol⁻¹), 1,2,4-(3.72 kcal mol⁻¹), and 1,2,9-isomers of 1 (0 kcal mol⁻¹) are similar to the corresponding values for the ortho (17.61 kcal mol⁻¹), meta (3.21 kcal mol⁻¹), and para isomers (0 kcal mol⁻¹) of carborane C₂B₁₀H₁₂. The results of the present study confirm a close similarity of the CpCo and BH fragments in metallacarborane chemistry. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 7, pp. 1557–1559, July, 2005.     

Influence of composition on corroding process of Na<Subscript>2</Subscript>O-K<Subscript>2</Subscript>O-CaO-ZrO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> glasses

The corroding process of six glasses of the Na₂O-K₂O-CaO-ZrO₂-SiO₂ system with ZrO₂content 0–2.13 mass % by water was observed during static tests at 121°C and pressure of 0.25 MPa in steam sterilizer. Significant increase of Na⁺ and K⁺ content in leachates was observed after the addition of ZrO₂ into glass. Further increase of the content of ZrO₂ in glasses slowed down the rate of Na⁺ and K⁺ leaching. The leaching process of SiO₂ as well as Na⁺, K⁺, and Ca²⁺ ions was evaluated on the basis of comparison with model leaching processes. Variation of the concentrations of Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and SiO₂ in leachates with time was described by empirical equation. Observed changes in the initial leaching rates of Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and SiO₂ can be ascribed to the content of ZrO₂ in glasses. The presence of ZrO₂ in glasses reduced the overall rate of glass dissolution.     

Determination of the enthalpy of fusion of K<Subscript>3</Subscript>NbO<Subscript>2</Subscript>F<Subscript>4</Subscript>

Areas of fusion and crystallization peaks of K₃NbO₂F₄ were measured using the DCS mode of a high-temperature calorimeter (SETARAM 1800 K). On the basis of these quantities, considering the temperature dependence of the calorimeter sensitivity, the value of the fusion enthalpy of K₃NbO₂F₄ of (98 ± 6) kJ mol⁻¹ was determined at the fusion temperature of 1257 K.     

Ionic conduction of a high-temperature modification of Lu<Subscript>2</Subscript>Ti<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>7</Subscript>

A nanoceramic product of the composition Lu₂Ti₂O₇ is synthesized by a coprecipitation method with a subsequent sublimation drying and an annealing at 650–1650°C. The conduction of Lu₂Ti₂O₇ synthesized at 1650°C is ionic (10^–3 S cm^–1 at 800°C). Thus, a new material with a high ionic conduction has been discovered. The ordering in Lu₂Ti₂O₇ is studied by methods of RFA, RSA, IK spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and impedance spectroscopy. The existence of a low-temperature phase transition fluorite-pyrochlore at 800°C and a high-temperature conversion order-disorder at 1650°C are established.Translated from Elektrokhimiya, Vol. 41, No. 3, 2005, pp. 298–303.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Shlyakhtina, Ukshe, Shcherbakova.