国际大型测评的评价设计对我国中学化学教学评价的启示

以TIMSS、PISA、NAEP这3个国际大型测评的最新科学测评框架和有代表性的科学测评框架为主要研究对象,分析、比较国际大型测评中科学素养测评的评价设计特点、共性和差异;并得出其对我国中学化学教学评价的启示。     

开启新一代的科学教育——美国《K-12年级科学教育框架》述评

美国国家研究理事会于2011年7月发布了《K-12年级科学教育框架》,为开启美国新一代的科学教育奠定基础。《框架》采用“核心学科概念”“交叉观念”和“科学与工程实践”3大维度来建构其结构,将“工程与技术、科学应用”纳入核心学科领域,突出科学的实践本质,并通过“学习进程”来描述科学学习的发展过程。通过对《框架》的解读,开拓我国科学教育改革的视野。     

新旧高中化学课程标准中的科学本质教育内容研究*

理解科学本质是科学教育的重要目标,理科课程标准中倡导的科学本质教育对中学生科学素养发展起重要作用。本研究在构建科学本质内容、呈现方式、复杂度等三维分析框架基础上,对2003年版和2017年版高中化学课程标准中“内容标准”条目中呈现的科学本质教育内容进行纵向对比分析,发现2017年版高中化学课程标准中科学本质教育内容表现维度更全面,2版课程标准在科学本质内容上呈现方式占比皆为隐性大于显性,进阶性体现略有不足。基于此提出以下建议:挖掘科学本质教育内容载体,融合化学学科知识;加强对科学本质教育价值的认识,建立评价体系;重视科学本质内容的多维整合,体现进阶性。     

FRA视角下科学本质内涵分析工具的介绍与应用——《义务教育科学课程标准(2022年版)》

为从不同视域丰富科学本质认知,详细评介了家族相似性视角下科学本质分析框架,在进行本土化改造与表征基础上,应用该分析框架对我国《义务教育科学课程标准(2022年版)》展开研究,并提出相应修订建议,即课程标准修订应形成“社会+个人”科学本质体系;教科书编制应丰富科学家相关的科学史文本内容;科学本质教学应以校内外场景联合学生活动形式为主。     

试论“中学生理解科学探究”评价指标体系的构建

在综合国内外科学教育专家、学者对“理解科学探究”所持观点的基础上,提出了“理解科学探究”评价框架。以此为基础,结合中学生的特点,构建出中学生“理解科学探究”的评价指标体系。     

从PISA视角分析新加坡初中Discover Chemistry教材中的科学探究思想

基于2015年经济合作与发展组织公布的PISA测试的最新结果，以及新加坡学生的科学成绩，结合新加坡初中科学教学大纲对新加坡初中化学教材中体现的科学探究思想进行分析。以Discover Chemistry教材为素材，从中选取实验类、调查类、反思和交流类探究活动，挖掘其蕴含的科学素养，分析教材中的探究思想，旨在为我国教科书中的科学探究内容的编写与修改提供启示，也为教师和学生开展有效的探究活动提供借鉴。     

职前科学教师科学本质教学设计评价研究

科学本质教学设计是科学本质教学实践的基础。本研究评估了35名职前科学教师的科学本质教学设计。数据源包括：科学本质教学设计、半结构化访谈、非正式访谈等多元数据。数据分析以“显性-反思性”教学为框架,分别从科学本质教学设计的目标设定、内容融合、情境创设、问题、讨论、反思等6个方面对职前科学教师的科学本质教学设计进行等级编码。研究结果表明,职前科学教师能够将科学本质作为认知性目标,挖掘课程材料中的科学本质内容,较好地设置科学本质的教学情境,但在具体实施科学本质教学设计的问题、讨论、反思时表现欠佳。这表明职前科学教师在将“显性-反思性”教学转化为具体的、实操层面的教学设计时仍然存在困难。     

科学认识论——化学教育研究的新议题

主要评述国外学生科学认识论研究的最新进展,如科学认识论的作用、概念、理论框架、测评与教学研究等;并据此探讨科学认识论对我国化学教育研究的启示,以期对中学化学教学改革以及化学教师教育提供有益借鉴。     

TIMSS科学测评化学相关试题的分析及启示

以近4次TIMSS科学测评为研究对象，分析其测评框架及发展趋势，从试题结构、知识与能力、信息呈现和情境设计等方面分析TIMSS测评已公开的化学相关试题特点，对我国中学化学教学和教学评价提出可行性建议。     

基于课程标准的科学建模能力试题开发与检验研究

科学建模能力测评是化学学科核心素养评价改革的重要组成部分.如何基于课程标准对学生科学建模能力进行试题开发和评价是目前化学教育研究者和一线教师所共同关注的研究议题.以整体效度理论为理论基础,采用结构中心设计原则和证据中心设计原则作为设计方法论,构建了基于课程标准的科学建模能力试题开发框架,并以“电离与离子反应”主题中具体...     

Examination of Polish Identity Documents by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was applied to the preliminary examination of Polish documents – passports and identity cards – for forensic purposes. Several security features of potentially high discrimination capability were selected at both the passports (Alphagram, serial number, the contour map of Europe, and emblem) and identity cards (kinegram, the date of birth, and emblem). Different elemental compositions were identified after comparing the spectra recorded from various measurement locations. It was possible to identify characteristic atomic emission from several elements (such as Ti, Ca, K, Fe, Cr, Mg, Na, La, Cd, Li, V, Al, Mn, Ni, and Cu) based on the type of document, issue date, and evaluated area. In the case of passports, the potentially good discriminators with unique elemental composition were identified, e.g., the serial number and the contour map of Europe printed with the use of intaglio printing technique. Identity cards with the cover of polycarbonate foil constitute a very difficult sample to analyze because of the foil’s influence on the laser ablation phenomenon. This study presents the potential of LIBS as an effective and useful technique to analyze Polish passports for forensic purposes. Its many advantages provide a good alternative to the analytical methods routinely used for the examination of these objects.     

科学实验教学中启发式科学写作(SWH)工具的发展及应用*

为提高科学写作在实验教学中培养学生能力的目的,韩德(Brain Hand)等人开发了一种实验教学的科学写作工具--启发式科学写作(SWH),是一种建立在科学语言与课堂探究基础上的论证工具,通过“问题、方法、观察、观点、证据、评判、转变”的过程使得科学内容与语言活动联系起来,激发学生参与论证,从而促进学生对科学的理解。SWH在实验教学中的具体应用还受到多种因素的综合影响。SWH从“框架建构到具体实施”、从“理论到实践”的研究思路对其他教学或学习工具的研制具有启示性意义。     

聚合物科学进展

本文对2011~2013年我国高分子科学重要研究进展进行了综述。全文分为高分子化学、响应性高分子、高分子物理、高分子组装、超分子聚合物、光电功能聚合物、生物医用高分子、石墨烯/聚合物复合体系、聚合物杂化体系和高分子工程等10部分。近年我国内地学者发表的高分子领域研究论文总量跃居世界第一,论文引用数跃居第二,在诸多分支领域中学科发展水平大幅提高,达到或接近国际水平的研究成果快速增多,国际影响力逐年提高。我国高分子学者通过基础研究,为高分子工业技术水平提升和创新也做出了许多贡献。本文还对本学科前沿、发展趋势进行了介绍与展望。文中共引用了227篇参考文献。     

Optoelectronic properties of benzotrithiophene isomers: A density functional theory study

Benzotrithiophene (BTT) isomers were investigated using density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent DFT (TD‐DFT) with the aim to explore their structures, linear optical properties, vertical and adiabatic ionization potentials (IP_v and IP_a), electron affinities (EA_v and EA_a), and reorganization energies (λ). The computed bond lengths and bond angles at the B3LYP/6–311+G (d, p) level of theory are in good agreement with experimental crystal structures of the known BTTs. These molecules are planar with zero dihedral angle, making them an ideal backbone for high charge mobility. The UV–visible spectra of BTT isomers are in the range 280–360 nm. All BTT isomers have low hole/electron reorganization energies, which is the main characteristic of good hole/electron transporting materials, and these isomers in turn have potential applications in the field of organic materials.     

Non‐classical Design of High‐Efficiency Sensitizers for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells

The dye regeneration step in a dye‐sensitized solar cell (DSSC) affects significantly the device efficiency. To be able to predict the dye regeneration efficiency by the electrolyte this paper provides a facile way to design high‐efficiency sensitizers for DSSC. This paper proposes, for the first time, a simple and ingenious way to identify the dye regeneration sites and their relative efficiencies when a specific electrolyte is used. Two steps are proposed to identify the dye regeneration sites and their relative regeneration efficiencies: (1) drawing all the resonance structures of the oxidized dye to determine the regeneration sites, and (2) choosing the most favored site for dye regeneration as the chemically softest (when the redox couple used is soft I⁻/I₃⁻ pair) and the least spatially hindered site. The regeneration sites identified by the resonance structures are consistent with the β‐LUSO (β lowest unoccupied spin orbital) distribution, which is generally used for identifying the dye regeneration sites, calculated with DT‐DFT theory. The relative dye regeneration efficiency and photovoltaic performance of both ruthenium and metal‐free organic dyes predicted by the method reported here are supported by experimental data and the proposed dye regeneration mechanism. Several types of dye molecules are used to demonstrate the correctness of this new tool. This non‐classical tool, which uses the well‐known chemical knowledge of the resonance structure and hard–soft acid–base principle, without any computer calculation or physicochemical measurement, provides a very simple and powerful tool to quickly conceive high‐efficiency sensitizers for DSSCs.     

Science and Arts,Philosophy and Science: Why after All? Why Not?

This perspective summarizes some interdisciplinary aspects of science and the relation to philosophy, also including the basic motivations and aims as they might be discussed with young scientists starting their careers and presented also in the form of a commencement speech. The contents of this speech were repeatedly discussed also with Jack Dunitz, who showed great interest in it, given his broad interests. The speech also referred to an earlier commencement speech by Jack Dunitz in 1989. In the introduction of our essay, we mention the early common history of science and humanities under the name of philosophy. This early history can be traced back to ancient Greek philosophy and the ‘academy’ of Platon in Athens with a history of more than 1000 years until closure in 529 AD, in modern times revived as the National Greek Academy in Athens in the 19th and 20th centuries. Other ‘academies’ in Europe started in the 17th century and had publications under various names involving ‘philosophy’ with a focus on what we call science (natural science) today. After about 1800 there was increasing fragmentation of the various fields of knowledge and philosophy was considered to be part of the modern ‘humanities’ quite separate from science, and the natural sciences were fragmented into physics, chemistry, biology etc., and even finer subdivisions. The essay also describes an effort at ETH Zurich, reintegrating the various subfields of science and also stressing an education of scientists and engineers in the humanities. The essay concludes with a discussion of several global risks for mankind and a scientific imperative to maintain life on Earth. The common aspects and the foundations of all sciences as fields of knowledge aiming for an understanding of the world around us and of human beings as part of it are discussed from various perspectives.     

拟除虫菊酯分子设计中的生物同一性

讨论了在拟除虫菊酯分子设计中利用生物同一性，对先导化合物进行一系列化 学改造和修饰，以获得新的拟除虫菊酯。